<add name="ASP.NET v4.0" autoStart="true" managedRuntimeVersion="v4.0" managedPipelineMode="Integrated">
    <processModel identityType="ApplicationPoolIdentity" loadUserProfile="true" setProfileEnvironment="true" />
</add>

{
    "dependencies": {
        "Microsoft.NETCore.App": {
            "version": "1.0.0",
            "type": "platform"
        },
        "Microsoft.AspNetCore.Diagnostics": "1.0.0",
        "Microsoft.AspNetCore.Server.IISIntegration": "1.0.0",
        "Microsoft.AspNetCore.Server.Kestrel": "1.0.0",
        "Microsoft.Extensions.Logging.Console": "1.0.0"
    },

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
 
namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
        }
 
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
        {
            app.UseWelcomePage();
 
            app.Run(async (context) =>
            {
                await context.Response.WriteAsync("Hello DNT!");
            });
        }
    }
}

using System.IO;
using System.Net.Mime;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace MvcWatermark.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        const int ADay = 86400;

        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }

        [OutputCache(VaryByParam = "fileName", Duration = ADay)]
        public ActionResult Image(string fileName)
        {
            fileName = Path.GetFileName(fileName); // تمیز سازی امنیتی است
            var rootPath = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/Images");
            var path = Path.Combine(rootPath, fileName);
            if (!System.IO.File.Exists(path))
            {
                var notFoundImage = "notFound.png";
                path = Path.Combine(rootPath, notFoundImage);
                return File(path, MediaTypeNames.Image.Gif, notFoundImage);
            }
            return File(path, MediaTypeNames.Image.Gif, fileName);
        }
    }
}

<img src="@Url.Action(actionName: "Image", controllerName: "Home", routeValues: new { fileName = "EF_Stra_08.gif" })" />

        private bool isEmbeddedIntoAnotherDomain
        {
            get
            {
                return this.HttpContext.Request.UrlReferrer != null &&
                       !this.HttpContext.Request.Url.Host.Equals(this.HttpContext.Request.UrlReferrer.Host,
                                                                   StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase);
            }
        }

        private byte[] addWaterMark(string filePath, string text)
        {
            var image = new WebImage(filePath);
            image.AddTextWatermark(text);
            return image.GetBytes();
        }

 A Graphics object cannot be created from an image that has an indexed pixel format.

PixelFormatUndefined
PixelFormatDontCare
PixelFormat1bppIndexed
PixelFormat4bppIndexed
PixelFormat8bppIndexed
PixelFormat16bppGrayScale
PixelFormat16bppARGB1555

            if (isEmbeddedIntoAnotherDomain)
            {
                var text = Url.Action(actionName: "Index", controllerName: "Home", routeValues: null, protocol: "http");
                var content = addWaterMark(path, text);
                return File(content, MediaTypeNames.Image.Gif, fileName);
            }
            return File(path, MediaTypeNames.Image.Gif, fileName);

به طور مثال در کلاس بالا یک کارمند می‌تواند فروشنده یا مهندس باشد. پیاده سازی بالا این مورد را با استفاده از دو فیلد نشان داده‌است که در صورت true بودن، مقدار هریک از آن‌ها، نوع کلاس متناظر با آن خواهد بود.

مثلا اگر IsSalesman مقدار true داشته باشد، شیء ما کارمندی با نقش Salesman است و در صورتی که IsEngineer مقدار true داشته باشد ، شیء کارمند، نقش مهندس دارد. بماند که حالت‌های دیگری نیز برای مقادیر این فیلدها وجود دارند! 

تا اینجا مشکل خاصی وجود ندارد؛ بجز کمی ناخوانا شدن کد و کثیف کاری. اما مشکل اساسی زمانی پیش می‌آید که کلاس Employee نیاز به پیاده سازی رفتارهایی مختص به هر یک از این انواع را پیدا کند. به طور مثال شرایط کاری و امکانات مورد نیاز یک مهندس، با فروشنده متفاوت است و مثلا هنگام ثبت حکم یک فرد، نیاز به بررسی شرایط متفاوتی نسبت به نوع یک کارمند، وجود داشته باشد. 

اگر با همین فرمان کدنویسی را ادامه دهیم احتمالا با کلاسی روبرو خواهیم شد که پر است از گذاره‌های if else ، switch و یا مواردی از این دست؛ که ابدا شرایط دلپذیری برای دوستانی که قصد نگهداری از کد ما را دارند، نیست! 

زمانیکه با چنین موردی مواجه می‌شوید. ابتدا به ارتباط معنایی نوع‌های به کار رفته‌ی در کلاس توجه کنید. در صورتیکه می‌توان این انواع را به صورت polymorphic طراحی مجدد کرد، حتما این کار را انجام دهید. البته به ندرت مشاهده کرده‌ام چنین چیزی امکان نداشته باشد. در صورتیکه ارتباط معنایی خاصی وجود نداشته باشد، می‌توانید با استفاده از دیگر بازسازی‌های کد، کلاس‌ها را جدا کرده و دو کلاس مجزا را ایجاد نمایید. یا با استفاده از دیگر بازسازی‌های کد که در آینده خواهم گفت، به طریق دیگری کد را تغییر دهید که خدا را هم خوش بیاید. به طور مثال طراحی زیر می‌تواند نتیجه بازسازی کلاس بالا با روش ذکر شده باشد.  

مراحل انجام این بازسازی کد  

• Which API are you using? – Google+ API
• Where will you be calling the API from? – Web server (e.g. node.js, Tomcat)
• What data will you be accessing? – User data

https://localhost:6001/signin-google

{
  "Authentication": {
    "Google": {
      "ClientId": "xxxx",
      "ClientSecret": "xxxx"
    }
  }
}

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
   // ... 

            services.AddAuthentication()
                .AddGoogle(authenticationScheme: "Google", configureOptions: options =>
                {
                    options.SignInScheme = IdentityServerConstants.ExternalCookieAuthenticationScheme;
                    options.ClientId = Configuration["Authentication:Google:ClientId"];
                    options.ClientSecret = Configuration["Authentication:Google:ClientSecret"];
                });
        }

 public const string ExternalCookieAuthenticationScheme = "idsrv.external";

namespace DNT.IDP.Controllers.Account
{
    [SecurityHeaders]
    [AllowAnonymous]
    public class ExternalController : Controller
    {
        public async Task<IActionResult> Callback()
        {
            var result = await HttpContext.AuthenticateAsync(IdentityServer4.IdentityServerConstants.ExternalCookieAuthenticationScheme);
            var returnUrl = result.Properties.Items["returnUrl"] ?? "~/";

            var (user, provider, providerUserId, claims) = await FindUserFromExternalProvider(result);
            if (user == null)
            {
                // user = AutoProvisionUser(provider, providerUserId, claims);
                
                var returnUrlAfterRegistration = Url.Action("Callback", new { returnUrl = returnUrl });
                var continueWithUrl = Url.Action("RegisterUser", "UserRegistration" ,
                    new { returnUrl = returnUrlAfterRegistration, provider = provider, providerUserId = providerUserId });
                return Redirect(continueWithUrl);
            }

var (user, provider, providerUserId, claims) = await FindUserFromExternalProvider(result);  
foreach (var claim in claims)
{
   _logger.LogInformation($"External provider[{provider}] info-> claim:{claim.Type}, value:{claim.Value}");
}

External provider[Google] info-> claim:http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/name, value:Vahid N.
External provider[Google] info-> claim:http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/givenname, value:Vahid
External provider[Google] info-> claim:http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/surname, value:N.
External provider[Google] info-> claim:urn:google:profile, value:https://plus.google.com/105013528531611201860
External provider[Google] info-> claim:http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress, value:my.name@gmail.com

        [HttpGet]
        public async Task<IActionResult> Callback()
        {
            // ...

            var (user, provider, providerUserId, claims) = await FindUserFromExternalProvider(result);
            if (user == null)
            {
                // user wasn't found by provider, but maybe one exists with the same email address?  
                if (provider == "Google")
                {
                    // email claim from Google
                    var email = claims.FirstOrDefault(c =>
                        c.Type == "http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/emailaddress");
                    if (email != null)
                    {
                        var userByEmail = await _usersService.GetUserByEmailAsync(email.Value);
                        if (userByEmail != null)
                        {
                            // add Google as a provider for this user
                            await _usersService.AddUserLoginAsync(userByEmail.SubjectId, provider, providerUserId);

                            // redirect to ExternalLoginCallback
                            var continueWithUrlAfterAddingUserLogin =
                                Url.Action("Callback", new {returnUrl = returnUrl});
                            return Redirect(continueWithUrlAfterAddingUserLogin);
                        }
                    }
                }


                var returnUrlAfterRegistration = Url.Action("Callback", new {returnUrl = returnUrl});
                var continueWithUrl = Url.Action("RegisterUser", "UserRegistration",
                    new {returnUrl = returnUrlAfterRegistration, provider = provider, providerUserId = providerUserId});
                return Redirect(continueWithUrl);
            }

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Objects;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Caching;

namespace EfSecondLevelCaching.Core
{
    public static class EfHttpRuntimeCacheProvider
    {
        #region Methods (6)

        // Public Methods (2) 

        public static IList<TEntity> ToCacheableList<TEntity>(
                            this IQueryable<TEntity> query,
                            int durationMinutes = 15,
                            CacheItemPriority priority = CacheItemPriority.Normal)
        {
            return query.Cacheable(x => x.ToList(), durationMinutes, priority);
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Returns the result of the query; if possible from the cache, otherwise
        /// the query is materialized and the result cached before being returned.
        /// The cache entry has a one minute sliding expiration with normal priority.
        /// </summary>
        public static TResult Cacheable<TEntity, TResult>(
                            this IQueryable<TEntity> query,
                            Func<IQueryable<TEntity>, TResult> materializer,
                            int durationMinutes = 15,
                            CacheItemPriority priority = CacheItemPriority.Normal)
        {
            // Gets a cache key for a query.
            var queryCacheKey = query.GetCacheKey();

            // The name of the cache key used to clear the cache. All cached items depend on this key.
            var rootCacheKey = typeof(TEntity).FullName;

            // Try to get the query result from the cache.
            printAllCachedKeys();
            var result = HttpRuntime.Cache.Get(queryCacheKey);
            if (result != null)
            {
                debugWriteLine("Fetching object '{0}__{1}' from the cache.", rootCacheKey, queryCacheKey);
                return (TResult)result;
            }

            // Materialize the query.
            result = materializer(query);

            // Adding new data.
            debugWriteLine("Adding new data: queryKey={0}, dependencyKey={1}", queryCacheKey, rootCacheKey);
            storeRootCacheKey(rootCacheKey);
            HttpRuntime.Cache.Insert(
                    key: queryCacheKey,
                    value: result,
                    dependencies: new CacheDependency(null, new[] { rootCacheKey }),
                    absoluteExpiration: DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(durationMinutes),
                    slidingExpiration: Cache.NoSlidingExpiration,
                    priority: priority,
                    onRemoveCallback: null);

            return (TResult)result;
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// Call this method in `public override int SaveChanges()` of your DbContext class 
        /// to Invalidate Second Level Cache automatically.
        /// </summary>        
        public static void InvalidateSecondLevelCache(this DbContext ctx)
        {
            var changedEntityNames = ctx.ChangeTracker
                                      .Entries()
                                      .Where(x => x.State == EntityState.Added ||
                                                  x.State == EntityState.Modified ||
                                                  x.State == EntityState.Deleted)
                                      .Select(x => ObjectContext.GetObjectType(x.Entity.GetType()).FullName)
                                      .Distinct()
                                      .ToList();

            if (!changedEntityNames.Any()) return;

            printAllCachedKeys();
            foreach (var item in changedEntityNames)
            {
                item.removeEntityCache();
            }
            printAllCachedKeys();
        }
        // Private Methods (4) 

        private static void debugWriteLine(string format, params object[] args)
        {
            if (!Debugger.IsAttached) return;
            Debug.WriteLine(format, args);
        }

        private static void printAllCachedKeys()
        {
            if (!Debugger.IsAttached) return;
            debugWriteLine("Available cached keys list:");
            int count = 0;
            var enumerator = HttpRuntime.Cache.GetEnumerator();
            while (enumerator.MoveNext())
            {
                if (enumerator.Key.ToString().StartsWith("__")) continue; // such as __System.Web.WebPages.Deployment
                debugWriteLine("queryKey: {0}", enumerator.Key.ToString());
                count++;
            }
            debugWriteLine("count: {0}", count);
        }

        private static void removeEntityCache(this string rootCacheKey)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(rootCacheKey)) return;
            debugWriteLine("Removing items with dependencyKey={0}", rootCacheKey);
            // Removes all cached items depend on this key.
            HttpRuntime.Cache.Remove(rootCacheKey);
        }

        private static void storeRootCacheKey(string rootCacheKey)
        {
            // The cacheKeys of a cacheDependency that are not already in cache ARE NOT inserted into the cache 
            // on the Insert of the item in which the dependency is used.
            if (HttpRuntime.Cache.Get(rootCacheKey) != null)
                return;

            HttpRuntime.Cache.Add(
                rootCacheKey,
                rootCacheKey,
                null,
                Cache.NoAbsoluteExpiration,
                Cache.NoSlidingExpiration,
                CacheItemPriority.Default,
                null);
        }

        #endregion Methods
    }
}

var data = context.Products.AsQueryable().Cacheable(x => x.FirstOrDefault());

using System.Data.Entity;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Core;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models;

namespace EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.DataLayer
{
    public class ProductContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            this.InvalidateSecondLevelCache();
            return base.SaveChanges();
        }        
    }
}

using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Core;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.DataLayer;
using EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models;
using System;

namespace EfSecondLevelCaching
{
    public static class TestUsages
    {
        public static void RunQueries()
        {
            using (ProductContext context = new ProductContext())
            {
                var isActive = true;
                var name = "Product1";

                // reading from db
                var list1 = context.Products
                                   .OrderBy(one => one.ProductNumber)
                                   .Where(x => x.IsActive == isActive && x.ProductName == name)
                                   .ToCacheableList();

                // reading from cache
                var list2 = context.Products
                                   .OrderBy(one => one.ProductNumber)
                                   .Where(x => x.IsActive == isActive && x.ProductName == name)
                                   .ToCacheableList();

                // reading from cache
                var list3 = context.Products
                                   .OrderBy(one => one.ProductNumber)
                                   .Where(x => x.IsActive == isActive && x.ProductName == name)
                                   .ToCacheableList();

                // reading from db
                var list4 = context.Products
                                   .OrderBy(one => one.ProductNumber)
                                   .Where(x => x.IsActive == isActive && x.ProductName == "Product2")
                                   .ToCacheableList();
            }

            // removes products cache
            using (ProductContext context = new ProductContext())
            {
                var p = new Product()
                {
                    IsActive = false,
                    ProductName = "P4",
                    ProductNumber = "004"
                };
                context.Products.Add(p);
                context.SaveChanges();
            }

            using (ProductContext context = new ProductContext())
            {
                var data = context.Products.AsQueryable().Cacheable(x => x.FirstOrDefault());
                var data2 = context.Products.AsQueryable().Cacheable(x => x.FirstOrDefault());
                context.SaveChanges();
            }
        }
    }
}

Adding new data: queryKey=72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F, dependencyKey=EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
queryKey: 72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F
count: 2

Fetching object 'EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product__72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F' from the cache.

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
queryKey: 72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F
count: 2

Fetching object 'EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product__72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F' from the cache.

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
queryKey: 72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F
count: 2

Adding new data: queryKey=11A2C33F9AD7821A0A31003BFF1DF886, dependencyKey=EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: 72AF5DA1BA9B91E24DCCF83E88AD1C5F
queryKey: 11A2C33F9AD7821A0A31003BFF1DF886
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
count: 3

Removing items with dependencyKey=EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
Available cached keys list:
count: 0
Available cached keys list:
count: 0

Adding new data: queryKey=02E6FE403B461E45C5508684156C1D10, dependencyKey=EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product

Available cached keys list:
queryKey: 02E6FE403B461E45C5508684156C1D10
queryKey: EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product
count: 2


Fetching object 'EfSecondLevelCaching.Test.Models.Product__02E6FE403B461E45C5508684156C1D10' from the cache.

interface Duck {
    walk: () => void;
    swim: () => void;
    quack: () => void;
}

let probablyADuck = {
    walk: () => console.log('walking like a duck'),
    swim: () => console.log('swimming like a duck'),
    quack: () => console.log('quacking like a duck')
}

function FlyOverWater(bird: Duck) { }

FlyOverWater(probablyADuck); // works!

interface Book {
    id: number;
    title: string;
    author: string;
    pages?: number;
    markDamaged: (reason: string) => void;
}

function CreateCustomerID(name: string, id: number): string {
    return name + id;
}

 let IdGenerator: (chars: string, nums: number) => string;

IdGenerator = CreateCustomerID;

interface StringGenerator {
     (chars: string, nums: number): string;
}

 let IdGenerator: StringGenerator;

interface LibraryResource {
   catalogNumber: number;
}

interface LibraryBook {
   title: string;
}

interface Encyclopedia extends LibraryResource, LibraryBook {
   volume: number;
}

let refBook: Encyclopedia = {
   catalogNumber: 1234,
   title: 'The Book of Everything',
   volume: 1
}

interface Librarian {
   doWork: () => void;
}

class ElementarySchoolLibrarian implements Librarian {
   doWork() {
     console.log('Reading to and teaching children...');
   }
}

 let kidsLibrarian: Librarian = new ElementarySchoolLibrarian();
kidsLibrarian.doWork();