using System;

namespace EncryptedModelBinder.Utils
{
    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Property, AllowMultiple = false)]
    public class EncryptedFieldAttribute : Attribute { }
}

namespace EncryptedModelBinder.Utils
{
    public class EncryptedFieldResultFilter : ResultFilterAttribute
    {
        private readonly IProtectionProviderService _protectionProviderService;
        private readonly ILogger<EncryptedFieldResultFilter> _logger;
        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Type, bool> _modelsWithEncryptedFieldAttributes = new ConcurrentDictionary<Type, bool>();

        public EncryptedFieldResultFilter(
            IProtectionProviderService protectionProviderService,
            ILogger<EncryptedFieldResultFilter> logger)
        {
            _protectionProviderService = protectionProviderService;
            _logger = logger;
        }

        public override void OnResultExecuting(ResultExecutingContext context)
        {
            var model = context.Result switch
            {
                PageResult pageResult => pageResult.Model, // For Razor pages
                ViewResult viewResult => viewResult.Model, // For MVC Views
                ObjectResult objectResult => objectResult.Value, // For Web API results
                _ => null
            };

            if (model is null)
            {
                return;
            }

            if (typeof(IEnumerable).IsAssignableFrom(model.GetType()))
            {
                foreach (var item in model as IEnumerable)
                {
                    encryptProperties(item);
                }
            }
            else
            {
                encryptProperties(model);
            }
        }

        private void encryptProperties(object model)
        {
            var modelType = model.GetType();
            if (_modelsWithEncryptedFieldAttributes.TryGetValue(modelType, out var hasEncryptedFieldAttribute)
                && !hasEncryptedFieldAttribute)
            {
                return;
            }

            foreach (var property in modelType.GetProperties())
            {
                var attribute = property.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(EncryptedFieldAttribute), false).FirstOrDefault();
                if (attribute == null)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                hasEncryptedFieldAttribute = true;

                var value = property.GetValue(model);
                if (value is null)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                if (value.GetType() != typeof(string))
                {
                    _logger.LogWarning($"[EncryptedField] should be applied to `string` proprties, But type of `{property.DeclaringType}.{property.Name}` is `{property.PropertyType}`.");
                    continue;
                }

                var encryptedData = _protectionProviderService.Encrypt(value.ToString());
                property.SetValue(model, encryptedData);
            }

            _modelsWithEncryptedFieldAttributes.TryAdd(modelType, hasEncryptedFieldAttribute);
        }
    }
}

namespace EncryptedModelBinder
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddDNTCommonWeb();
            services.AddControllersWithViews(options =>
            {
                options.Filters.Add(typeof(EncryptedFieldResultFilter));
            });
        }

namespace EncryptedModelBinder.Utils
{
    public class EncryptedFieldModelBinderProvider : IModelBinderProvider
    {
        public IModelBinder GetBinder(ModelBinderProviderContext context)
        {
            if (context == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
            }

            if (context.Metadata.IsComplexType)
            {
                return null;
            }

            var propName = context.Metadata.PropertyName;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(propName))
            {
                return null;
            }

            var propInfo = context.Metadata.ContainerType.GetProperty(propName);
            if (propInfo == null)
            {
                return null;
            }

            var attribute = propInfo.GetCustomAttributes(typeof(EncryptedFieldAttribute), false).FirstOrDefault();
            if (attribute == null)
            {
                return null;
            }

            return new BinderTypeModelBinder(typeof(EncryptedFieldModelBinder));
        }
    }
}

namespace EncryptedModelBinder.Utils
{
    public class EncryptedFieldModelBinder : IModelBinder
    {
        private readonly IProtectionProviderService _protectionProviderService;

        public EncryptedFieldModelBinder(IProtectionProviderService protectionProviderService)
        {
            _protectionProviderService = protectionProviderService;
        }

        public Task BindModelAsync(ModelBindingContext bindingContext)
        {
            if (bindingContext == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(bindingContext));
            }

            var logger = bindingContext.HttpContext.RequestServices.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>();
            var fallbackBinder = new SimpleTypeModelBinder(bindingContext.ModelType, logger);
            var valueProviderResult = bindingContext.ValueProvider.GetValue(bindingContext.ModelName);
            if (valueProviderResult == ValueProviderResult.None)
            {
                return fallbackBinder.BindModelAsync(bindingContext);
            }

            bindingContext.ModelState.SetModelValue(bindingContext.ModelName, valueProviderResult);

            var valueAsString = valueProviderResult.FirstValue;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(valueAsString))
            {
                return fallbackBinder.BindModelAsync(bindingContext);
            }

            var decryptedResult = _protectionProviderService.Decrypt(valueAsString);
            bindingContext.Result = ModelBindingResult.Success(decryptedResult);
            return Task.CompletedTask;
        }
    }
}

namespace EncryptedModelBinder
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddDNTCommonWeb();
            services.AddControllersWithViews(options =>
            {
                options.ModelBinderProviders.Insert(0, new EncryptedFieldModelBinderProvider());
                options.Filters.Add(typeof(EncryptedFieldResultFilter));
            });
        }

namespace EncryptedModelBinder.Models
{
    public class ProductInputModel
    {
        [EncryptedField]
        public string Id { get; set; }

        [EncryptedField]
        public int Price { get; set; }

        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace EncryptedModelBinder.Models
{
    public class ProductViewModel
    {
        [EncryptedField]
        public string Id { get; set; }

        [EncryptedField]
        public int Price { get; set; }

        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace EncryptedModelBinder.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            var model = getProducts();
            return View(model);
        }

        public ActionResult<string> Details(ProductInputModel model)
        {
            return model.Id;
        }

        public ActionResult<List<ProductViewModel>> Products()
        {
            return getProducts();
        }

        private static List<ProductViewModel> getProducts()
        {
            return new List<ProductViewModel>
            {
                new ProductViewModel { Id = "1", Name = "Product 1"},
                new ProductViewModel { Id = "2", Name = "Product 2"},
                new ProductViewModel { Id = "3", Name = "Product 3"}
            };
        }
    }
}

@model List<ProductViewModel>

<h3>Home</h3>

<ul>
    @foreach (var item in Model)
    {
        <li><a asp-action="Details" asp-route-id="@item.Id">@item.Name</a></li>
    }
</ul>

• اگر عنصر جدید کوچکتر از ریشه است، با یک تابع بازگشتی عنصر جدید را به زیر درخت چپ اضافه کن.
• اگر عنصر جدید بزرگتر از ریشه است، با یک تابع بازگشتی عنصر جدید را به زیر درخت راست اضافه کن.
• اگر عنصر جدید برابر ریشه هست، هیچ کاری نکن و خارج شو.

public void Insert(T value)
{
    this.root = Insert(value, null, root);
}
 
/// <summary>
/// متدی برای افزودن عنصر به درخت
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">مقدار جدید</param>
/// <param name="parentNode">والد گره جدید</param>
/// <param name="node">گره فعلی که همان ریشه است</param>
/// <returns>گره افزوده شده</returns>
private BinaryTreeNode<T> Insert(T value,
        BinaryTreeNode<T> parentNode, BinaryTreeNode<T> node)
{
    if (node == null)
    {
        node = new BinaryTreeNode<T>(value);
        node.parent = parentNode;
    }
    else
    {
        int compareTo = value.CompareTo(node.value);
        if (compareTo < 0)
        {
            node.leftChild =
                Insert(value, node, node.leftChild);
        }
        else if (compareTo > 0)
        {
            node.rightChild =
                Insert(value, node, node.rightChild);
        }
    }
 
    return node;
}

/// عنصر مورد نظر را جست و جوی می‌کند و اگر مخالف نال بود گره برگشتی را به تابع حذف ارسال می‌کند
public void Remove(T value)
{
    BinaryTreeNode<T> nodeToDelete = Find(value);
    if (nodeToDelete != null)
    {
        Remove(nodeToDelete);
    }
}
 
private void Remove(BinaryTreeNode<T> node)
{
    //بررسی می‌کند که آیا دو فرزند دارد یا خیر
    // این خط باید اول همه باشد که مرحله یک و دو بعد از آن اجرا شود
    if (node.leftChild != null && node.rightChild != null)
    {
        BinaryTreeNode<T> replacement = node.rightChild;
        while (replacement.leftChild != null)
        {
            replacement = replacement.leftChild;
        }
        node.value = replacement.value;
        node = replacement;
    }
 
    // مرحله یک و دو اینجا بررسی میشه
    BinaryTreeNode<T> theChild = node.leftChild != null ?
            node.leftChild : node.rightChild;
 
    // اگر حداقل یک فرزند داشته باشد
    if (theChild != null)
    {
        theChild.parent = node.parent;
 
        // بررسی می‌کند گره ریشه است یا خیر
        if (node.parent == null)
        {
            root = theChild;
        }
        else
        {
            // جایگزینی عنصر با زیر درخت فرزندش
            if (node.parent.leftChild == node)
            {
                node.parent.leftChild = theChild;
            }
            else
            {
                node.parent.rightChild = theChild;
            }
        }
    }
    else
    {
        // کنترل وضعیت موقعی که عنصر ریشه است
        if (node.parent == null)
        {
            root = null;
        }
        else
        {
            // اگر گره برگ است آن را حذف کن
            if (node.parent.leftChild == node)
            {
                node.parent.leftChild = null;
            }
            else
            {
                node.parent.rightChild = null;
            }
        }
    }
}

public void PrintTreeDFS()
{
    PrintTreeDFS(this.root);
    Console.WriteLine();
}
 

private void PrintTreeDFS(BinaryTreeNode<T> node)
{
    if (node != null)
    {
        PrintTreeDFS(node.leftChild);
        Console.Write(node.value + " ");
        PrintTreeDFS(node.rightChild);
    }
}

 PM> Install-Package Rx-Main

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<packages>
  <package id="Rx-Core" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
  <package id="Rx-Interfaces" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
  <package id="Rx-Linq" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
  <package id="Rx-Main" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
  <package id="Rx-PlatformServices" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
</packages>

using System;
using System.Linq;

namespace Rx01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number => number);
            foreach (var number in query)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(number);
            }
            finished();
        }

        private static void finished()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Done!");
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reactive.Linq;

namespace Rx01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number => number);
            var observableQuery = query.ToObservable();
            observableQuery.Subscribe(onNext: number => Console.WriteLine(number), onCompleted: () => finished());
        }

        private static void finished()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Done!");
        }
    }
}

1
2
3
4
5
Done!

 observableQuery.Subscribe(Console.WriteLine, finished);

    class Subject : IObservable<int>
    {
        public IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver<int> observer)
        {
        }
    }

    class Observer : IObserver<int>
    {
        public void OnCompleted()
        {
        }

        public void OnError(Exception error)
        {
        }

        public void OnNext(int value)
        {
        }
    }

public static System.IObservable<TSource> ToObservable<TSource>(
    this System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<TSource> source,
    System.Reactive.Concurrency.IScheduler scheduler)

 var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number => number);
var observableQuery = query.ToObservable();
var observer = Observer.Create<int>(onNext: number => Console.WriteLine(number));
observableQuery.Subscribe(observer);

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reactive.Concurrency;
using System.Reactive.Linq;
using System.Threading;

namespace Rx01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Thread-Id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
            var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number => number);
            var observableQuery = query.ToObservable(scheduler: NewThreadScheduler.Default);
            observableQuery.Subscribe(onNext: number =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine("number: {0}, on Thread-id: {1}", number, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
            }, onCompleted: () => finished());
        }

        private static void finished()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Done!");
        }
    }
}

 Thread-Id: 1
number: 1, on Thread-id: 3
number: 2, on Thread-id: 3
number: 3, on Thread-id: 3
number: 4, on Thread-id: 3
number: 5, on Thread-id: 3
Done!

observableQuery.Subscribe(onNext: number =>
{
   Console.WriteLine("number: {0}, on Thread-id: {1}", number,     
                              Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
}/*, onCompleted: () => finished()*/);
finished();

 Thread-Id: 1
number: 1, on Thread-id: 3
Done!
number: 2, on Thread-id: 3
number: 3, on Thread-id: 3
number: 4, on Thread-id: 3
number: 5, on Thread-id: 3

observableQuery.Subscribe(
  onNext: number => Console.WriteLine(number),
  onError: exception => Console.WriteLine(exception.Message),
  onCompleted: () => finished());

 PM> Install-Package Rx-WPF

 observableQuery.ObserveOn(DispatcherScheduler.Current).Subscribe(...)

 observableQuery.ObserveOnDispatcher().Subscribe(...)

 PM> Install-Package Rx-WinForms

 observableQuery.ObserveOn(SynchronizationContext.Current).Subscribe(...)

 var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number =>
{
   Thread.Sleep(250);
   return number;
});

    public class Person
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
    }

    public class PersonWithCtor
    {
        public PersonWithCtor(string firstName)
        {
            this.FirstName = firstName;
        }

        public string FirstName { get; set; }
    }

Person person = new Person();

var person = new Person();

Person person = new();

Person person = new("User 1");

var personList = new List<Person>
        {
            new ("User 1"),
            new ("User 2"),
            // ...
        };

public void Adopt(Person p)
{
    //...
}

public void CallerMethod()
{
    this.Adopt(new Person("User 1"));
    // C# 9.0
    this.Adopt(new("User 1"));
}

XmlReader.Create(reader, new XmlReaderSettings() { IgnoreWhitespace = true });
// C# 9.0
XmlReader.Create(reader, new() { IgnoreWhitespace = true });

Person person = new
{
   FirstName = "User 2"
};

Person person = new()
{
   FirstName = "User 2"
};

private ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>> _catsBefore = new ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>>();

private ConcurrentDictionary<string, ObservableList<Cat>> _cats = new(); // C# 9.0

public ObservableCollection<Friend> Friends { get; } = new();

public interface IAnimal
{
}

public class Dog : IAnimal
{
}

public class Cat : IAnimal
{
}

Cat cat = null;
Dog dog = new();
IAnimal animal = cat ?? dog;

(int a, int b) t = new(1, 2); // "new" is redundant

(int a, int b) t = new(); // OK; same as (0, 0)

@page "/BlazorJS"

<h3>BlazorJS</h3>

@code
{
}

<li class="nav-item px-3">
    <NavLink class="nav-link" href="BlazorJS">
        <span class="oi oi-list-rich" aria-hidden="true"></span> BlazorJS
    </NavLink>
</li>

@page "/BlazorJS"

@inject IJSRuntime JsRuntime

<h3>BlazorJS</h3>

<div class="row">
    <button class="btn btn-secondary" @onclick="TestConfirmBox">Test Confirm Button</button>
</div>
<div class="row">
    @if (ConfirmResult)
    {
        <p>Confirmation has been made!</p>
    }
    else
    {
        <p>Confirmation Pending!</p>
    }
</div>

@code {
    string ConfirmMessage = "Are you sure you want to click?";
    bool ConfirmResult;

    async Task TestConfirmBox()
    {
        ConfirmResult = await JsRuntime.InvokeAsync<bool>("confirm", ConfirmMessage);
    }
}

dotnet tool install -g Microsoft.Web.LibraryManager.Cli
libman init
libman install bootstrap --provider unpkg --destination wwwroot/lib/bootstrap
libman install jquery --provider unpkg --destination wwwroot/lib/jquery
libman install toastr --provider unpkg --destination wwwroot/lib/toastr

<head>
    <base href="~/" />
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="lib/toastr/build/toastr.min.css" />

</head>
<body>
 
    <script src="lib/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script src="lib/toastr/build/toastr.min.js"></script>
    <script src="_framework/blazor.server.js"></script>
</body>

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <Target Name="DebugEnsureLibManEnv" BeforeTargets="BeforeBuild" Condition=" '$(Configuration)' == 'Debug' ">
    <!-- Ensure libman is installed -->
    <Exec Command="libman --version" ContinueOnError="true">
      <Output TaskParameter="ExitCode" PropertyName="ErrorCode" />
    </Exec>
    <Error Condition="'$(ErrorCode)' != '0'" Text="libman is required to build and run this project. To continue, please run `dotnet tool install -g Microsoft.Web.LibraryManager.Cli`, and then restart your command prompt or IDE." />
    <Message Importance="high" Text="Restoring dependencies using 'libman'. This may take several minutes..." />
    <Exec WorkingDirectory="$(MSBuildProjectDirectory)" Command="libman restore" />
  </Target>
</Project>

window.ShowToastr = (type, message) => {
  // Toastr don't work with Bootstrap 4.2
  toastr.options.toastClass = "toastr"; // https://github.com/CodeSeven/toastr/issues/599

  if (type === "success") {
    toastr.success(message, "Operation Successful", { timeOut: 20000 });
  }
  if (type === "error") {
    toastr.error(message, "Operation Failed", { timeOut: 20000 });
  }
};

    <script src="lib/jquery/dist/jquery.min.js"></script>
    <script src="lib/toastr/build/toastr.min.js"></script>
    <script src="js/common.js"></script>
    <script src="_framework/blazor.server.js"></script>
</body>

@page "/BlazorJS"

@inject IJSRuntime JsRuntime


<div class="row">
    <button class="btn btn-success" @onclick="@(()=>TestSuccess("Success Message"))">Test Toastr Success</button>
    <button class="btn btn-danger" @onclick="@(()=>TestFailure("Error Message"))">Test Toastr Failure</button>
</div>

@code {
    async Task TestSuccess(string message)
    {
        await JsRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("ShowToastr", "success", message);
    }

    async Task TestFailure(string message)
    {
        await JsRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("ShowToastr", "error", message);
    }
}

using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.JSInterop;

namespace BlazorServerSample.Utils
{
    public static class JSRuntimeExtensions
    {
        public static ValueTask ToastrSuccess(this IJSRuntime JSRuntime, string message)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("ShowToastr", "success", message);
        }

        public static ValueTask ToastrError(this IJSRuntime JSRuntime, string message)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("ShowToastr", "error", message);
        }
    }
}

@using BlazorServerSample.Utils

async Task TestSuccess(string message)
{
   //await JsRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("ShowToastr", "success", message);
   await JsRuntime.ToastrSuccess(message);
}

@inject IJSRuntime JsRuntime


@code {
    // ...

    public async Task TestSuccess(string message)
    {
        await JsRuntime.ToastrSuccess(message);
    }
}

@page "/ParentComponent"

<ChildComponent
    OnClickBtnMethod="ShowMessage"
    @ref="ChildComp"
    Title="This title is passed as a parameter from the Parent Component">
    <ChildContent>
        A `Render Fragment` from the parent!
    </ChildContent>
    <DangerChildContent>
        A danger content from the parent!
    </DangerChildContent>
</ChildComponent>

<div class="row">
    <button class="btn btn-success" @onclick="@(()=>ChildComp.TestSuccess("Done!"))">Show Alert</button>
</div>


@code {
    ChildComponent ChildComp;
    // ...
}

• struct: نوع آرگومان ارسالی باید value-type باشد؛ بجز مقادیر غیر NULL.

class C<T> where T : struct {} // value type

• class: نوع آرگومان ارسالی باید reference-type (کلاس، اینترفیس، عامل، آرایه) باشد.

class D<T> where T : class {} // reference type

• ()new: آرگومان ارسالی باید یک سازنده عمومی بدون پارامتر باشد. وقتی این محدوده کننده را با سایر محدود کننده‌ها به صورت همزمان استفاده می‌کنید، این محدوده کننده باید در آخر ذکر شود.

class H<T> where T : new() {} // no parameter constructor

public void MyMethod< T >()
       where T : IComparable, MyBaseClass, new ()
{
  ...
}

• <base class name>: نوع آرگومان ارسالی باید از کلاس ذکر شده یا کلاس مشتق شده آن باشد.

class B {}
class E<T> where T : B {} // be/derive from base class

• <interface name>: نوع آرگومان ارسالی باید اینترفیس ذکر شده یا پیاده ساز آن اینترفیس باشد.

interface I {}
class G<T> where T : I {} // be/implement interface

• U: نوع آرگومان ارسالی باید از نوع یا مشتق شده U باشد.

class F<T, U> where T : U {} // be/derive from U

1. Runtime casting
2. استفاده از محدود کننده‌ها