{
    "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit",
    "title": "You do not have enough credit.",
    "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.",
    "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc",
    "status": 403,
}

var mediaType = response.Content.Headers.ContentType?.MediaType;
if (mediaType != null && mediaType.Equals("application/problem+json", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
{
   var problemDetails = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<ProblemDetails>(null, ct) ?? new ProblemDetails();
   // ...
}

[HttpPost("/sales/products/{sku}/availableForSale")]
public async Task<IActionResult> AvailableForSale([FromRoute] string sku)
{
   return Problem(
            "Product is already Available For Sale.",
            "/sales/products/1/availableForSale",
            400,
            "Cannot set product as available.",
            "http://example.com/problems/already-available");
}

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Content-Type: application/problem+json
Content-Language: en
{
    "type": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.5.1",
    "title": "One or more validation errors occurred.",
    "status": 400,
    "errors": {
        "User": [
            "The user name is not verified."
        ]
    }
}

namespace WebApplication.Controllers
{
    [ApiController]
    [Route("[controller]")]
    public class DemoController : ControllerBase
    {
        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Post()
        {
            var problemDetails = new ProblemDetails
            {
                Detail = "The request parameters failed to validate.",
                Instance = null,
                Status = 400,
                Title = "Validation Error",
                Type = "https://example.net/validation-error",
            };

            problemDetails.Extensions.Add("invalidParams", new List<ValidationProblemDetailsParam>()
            {
                new("name", "Cannot be blank."),
                new("age", "Must be great or equals to 18.")
            });

            return new ObjectResult(problemDetails)
            {
                StatusCode = 400
            };
        }
    }

    public class ValidationProblemDetailsParam
    {
        public ValidationProblemDetailsParam(string name, string reason)
        {
            Name = name;
            Reason = reason;
        }

        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Reason { get; set; }
    }
}

services.AddProblemDetails();

app.UseExceptionHandler();

app.UseStatusCodePages();

app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();

builder.Services.AddProblemDetails(options =>
    options.CustomizeProblemDetails = ctx =>
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Extensions.Add("MachineName", Environment.MachineName));

public class MyErrorFeature
{
    public ErrorType Error  { get; set; }
}
​
public enum ErrorType
{
    ArgumentException
}

    [HttpGet("{value}")]
    public IActionResult MyErrorTest(int value)
    {
        if (value <= 0)
        {
            var errorType = new MyErrorFeature
            {
                Error = ErrorType.ArgumentException
            };
            HttpContext.Features.Set(errorType);
            return BadRequest();
        }
​
        return Ok(value);
    }

services.AddProblemDetails(options =>
    options.CustomizeProblemDetails = ctx =>
    {
        var MyErrorFeature = ctx.HttpContext.Features.Get<MyErrorFeature>();
​
        if (MyErrorFeature is not null)
        {
            (string Title, string Detail, string Type) details = MyErrorFeature.Error switch
            {
                ErrorType.ArgumentException =>
                (
                    nameof(ArgumentException),
                    "This is an argument-exception.",
                    "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.5.1"
                ),
                _ =>
                (
                    nameof(Exception),
                    "default-exception",
                    "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.6.1"
                )
            };
​
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Title = details.Title;
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Detail = details.Detail;
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Type = details.Type;
        }
    }
);

public class MyCustomException : Exception
{
    public MyCustomException(
        string message,
        HttpStatusCode statusCode = HttpStatusCode.BadRequest
    ) : base(message)
    {
        StatusCode = statusCode;
    }
​
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; }
}

    [HttpGet("{value}")]
    public IActionResult MyErrorTest(int value)
    {
        if (value <= 0)
        {
            throw new MyCustomException("The value should be positive!");
        }
​
        return Ok(value);
    }

app.UseExceptionHandler(exceptionHandlerApp =>
{
    exceptionHandlerApp.Run(async context =>
    {
        context.Response.ContentType = "application/problem+json";
​
        if (context.RequestServices.GetService<IProblemDetailsService>() is { } problemDetailsService)
        {
            var exceptionHandlerFeature = context.Features.Get<IExceptionHandlerFeature>();
            var exceptionType = exceptionHandlerFeature?.Error;
​
            if (exceptionType is not null)
            {
                (string Title, string Detail, string Type, int StatusCode) details = exceptionType switch
                {
                    MyCustomException MyCustomException =>
                    (
                        exceptionType.GetType().Name,
                        exceptionType.Message,
                        "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.5.1",
                        context.Response.StatusCode = (int)MyCustomException.StatusCode
                    ),
                    _ =>
                    (
                        exceptionType.GetType().Name,
                        exceptionType.Message,
                        "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.6.1",
                        context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError
                    )
                };
​
                await problemDetailsService.WriteAsync(new ProblemDetailsContext
                {
                    HttpContext = context,
                    ProblemDetails =
                    {
                        Title = details.Title,
                        Detail = details.Detail,
                        Type = details.Type,
                        Status = details.StatusCode
                    }
                });
            }
        }
    });
});
​

 InvalidCastExceptio

internal class Employee {
...
}    
public sealed class Program {
     public static void Main() {
        // بدون ذکر نام والد تبدیل صورت میگیرد
        Object o = new Employee();

      // برای تبدیل والد به یکی از مشتقات آن نیاز است
        // نوع آن به طور صریح ذکر گردد
         // در بعضی زبان‌های مثل ویژوال بیسیک نیازی به ذکر آن نیست
        Employee e = (Employee) o;
     }
  }

Object o = new Object();
  Boolean b1 = (o is Object);   // b1 is true.
  Boolean b2 = (o is Employee); // b2 is false.

if (o is Employee) 
{     
         Employee e = (Employee) o;
}

Employee e = o as Employee;
  if (e != null) {
     .....
  }

System.Text

public sealed class Program {
     public static void Main() {
        System.IO.FileStream fs = new System.IO.FileStream(...);
        System.Text.StringBuilder sb = new System.Text.StringBuilder();
     }
  }

using System.IO;    // Try prepending "System.IO." 
 using System.Text;  // Try prepending "System.Text." 
  
public sealed class Program {
     public static void Main() {
        FileStream fs = new FileStream(...); 
       StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder();
     }
  }

using Microsoft; 
using Dotnettips ;
public sealed class Program {
     public static void Main() {
        Widget w = new Widget();// An ambiguous reference
     } 
 }

 'Widget' is an ambiguous reference between 'Microsoft.Widget' and 'Dotnettips.Widget

using Microsoft; 
using Dotnettips;
   
public sealed class Program {
     public static void Main() {
        Dotnettips.Widget w = new Dotnettips.Widget(); // Not ambiguous
     }
  }

using Microsoft; 
using Dotnettips;
using DotnettipsWidget = Dotnettips.Widget;   

public sealed class Program {
     public static void Main() {
        DotnettipsWidget w = new DotnettipsWidget (); // No error now
     }
  }

> create-react-app sample-03
> cd sample-03
> npm start

const colors = ["red", "green", "blue"];

const items = colors.map(function(color) {
  return "<li>" + color + "</li>";
});
console.log(items);

const items2 = colors.map(color => "<li>" + color + "</li>");
console.log(items2);

const items3 = colors.map(color => `<li>${color}</li>`);
console.log(items3);

const street1 = address.street;
const city1 = address.city;
const country1 = address.country;

const { street, city, country } = address;

const { street: st } = address;
console.log(st);

const first = [1, 2, 3];
const second = [4, 5, 6];

const combined = first.concat(second);
console.log(combined);

 const combined2 = [...first, ...second];
console.log(combined2);

 const combined2 = [...first, "a", ...second, "b"];
console.log(combined2);

const clone = [...first];
console.log(clone);

const firstObject = { name: "User 1" };
const secondObject = { job: "Job 1" };
const combinedObject = { ...firstObject, ...secondObject, location: "Here" };
console.log(combinedObject);

 {name: "User 1", job: "Job 1", location: "Here"}

const clonedObject = { ...firstObject };
console.log(clonedObject);

const person = {
  name: "User 1",
  walk() {
    console.log("walk");
  }
};

const person2 = {
  name: "User 2",
  walk() {
    console.log("walk");
  }
};

class Person {
  constructor(name) {
    this.name = name;
  }

  walk() {
    console.log("walk");
  }
}

const person3 = new Person("User 3");
console.log(person3.name);
person3.walk();

class Teacher extends Person {
  teach() {
    console.log("teach");
  }
}

const teacher = new Teacher("User 4");

console.log(teacher.name);
teacher.teach();
teacher.walk();

class Teacher extends Person {
  constructor(name, degree) {}

 Uncaught ReferenceError: Must call super constructor in derived class before accessing 'this' or returning from derived constructor

class Teacher extends Person {
  constructor(name, degree) {
    super(name);
    this.degree = degree;
  }

  teach() {
    console.log("teach");
  }
}

const teacher = new Teacher("User 4", "MSc");

 export class Teacher extends Person {

import { Person } from "./Person";

export class Teacher extends Person {

import { Person } from "./Person";
import { Teacher } from "./Teacher";

 export default class Teacher extends Person {

 import Teacher from "./Teacher";

import { Person } from "./Person";

export function testTeacher() {
  console.log("Test Teacher");
}

export default class Teacher extends Person {

 import Teacher, { testTeacher } from "./Teacher";

import React, { Component } from 'react';

<ComboBox Name="President" ItemsSource="{Binding}" FontSize="30"
                  Height="50"
                  Width="550">
            <ComboBox.ItemTemplate>
                <DataTemplate>
                    <StackPanel Orientation="Horizontal">
                        <TextBlock Text="{Binding Name}"/>
                        <TextBlock Text="{Binding Title}" Margin="5,0,0,0"/>
                    </StackPanel>
                </DataTemplate>
            </ComboBox.ItemTemplate>
 </ComboBox>

در زمانیکه در عملیات Data Binding نوع داده‌ی خصوصیت ما در Source (منبع داده) با نوع داده‌ی خصوصیت ما در target  (کنترل یا View) متفاوت است، به یک مبدل در حین Binding نیاز داریم. این کار را از طریق یک کلاس که اینترفیس IValueConvertor را پیاده سازی کرده است، انجام می‌دهیم.

public class Order
{
    public string CustomerId { get; set; }
    public LineItem[] LineItems { get; set; }
    public double TotalPrice { get; set; }
}
 
public class Customer
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Address { get; set; }
    public short Age { get; set; }
    public string HashedPassword { get; set; }
}

var order = session.Include<Order>(x => x.CustomerId)
                   .Load("orders/1234");
 
// این کوئری از کش سشن خوانده می‌شود و کاری به سرور ندارد
var cust = session.Load<Customer>(order.CustomerId);

var orders = session.Include<Order>(x => x.CustomerId)
    .Load("orders/1234", "orders/4321");
 
foreach (var order in orders)
{
    // این کوئری‌ها سمت کلاینت هستند و به سرور ارسال نمی‌شوند
    var cust = session.Load<Customer>(order.CustomerId);
}

var orders = session.Query<Order>()
    .Customize(x => x.Include<Order>(o => o.CustomerId))
    .Where(x => x.TotalPrice > 100)
    .ToList();
 
foreach (var order in orders)
{
    // این کوئری‌ها سمت کلاینت اجرا می‌شوند
    var cust = session.Load<Customer>(order.CustomerId);
}

public class Order
{
    public string CustomerId { get; set; }
    public string[] SupplierIds { get; set; }
    public LineItem[] LineItems { get; set; }
    public double TotalPrice { get; set; }
}

var orders = session.Include<Order>(x => x.SupplierIds)
    .Load("orders/1234", "orders/4321");
 
foreach (var order in orders)
{
    foreach (var supplierId in order.SupplierIds)
    {
        // از کش سشن خوانده می‌شود
        var supp = session.Load<Supplier>(supplierId);
    }
}

public class Order
{
    public string CustomerId { get; set; }
    public string[] SupplierIds { get; set; }
    public Referral Refferal { get; set; }
    public LineItem[] LineItems { get; set; }
    public double TotalPrice { get; set; }
}

public class Referral
{
    public string CustomerId { get; set; }
    public double CommissionPercentage { get; set; }
}

var order = session.Include<Order>(x => x.Refferal.CustomerId)
    .Load("orders/1234");
 
// از کش سشن خوانده می‌شود
var referrer = session.Load<Customer>(order.Refferal.CustomerId);

public class LineItem
{
    public string ProductId { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Quantity { get; set; }
    public double Price { get; set; }
}

var order = session.Include<Order>(x => x.LineItems.Select(li => li.ProductId))
    .Load("orders/1234");
 
foreach (var lineItem in order.LineItems)
{
    // از کش سمت کلاینت خوانده می‌شود
    var product = session.Load<Product>(lineItem.ProductId);
}

var order = session.Load<Order>("orders/1");
var customer = session.Load<Customer>(order.CustomerId);

• از کلمه کلیدی this برای نعریف Indexer استفاده می‌شود و یک Indexer نام ندارد.
  
• از دستیاب get برای برگرداندن مقدار و از دستیاب set جهت مقدار دهی و انتساب استفاده می‌شود.
  
• الزامی به پیاده سازی Indexer با مقادیر صحیح عددی نیست و شما می‌توانید Indexer ی با پارامترهایی از نوع string یا double داشته باشید.
  
• Indexer‌ها قابلیت سربارگذاری (overloaded) دارند.
  
• Indexer‌ها می‌توانند چندین پارامتری باشند مانند آرایه‌های دو بعدی که دو پارامتری هستند.
  

\Windows\system32\inetsrv

call "%VS80COMNTOOLS%\vsvars32.bat" > NULL 
gacutil.exe /if "$(TargetPath)"

نکته:در صورتی که از VS2005 استفاده می‌کنید در تب Debug در قسمت Start External Program مسیر زیر را قرار بدهید. اینکار برای تست و دیباگینگ پروژه به شما کمک خواهد کرد. این تنظیم شامل نسخه‌های اکسپرس نمی‌شود.

 \windows\system32\inetsrv\inetmgr.exe

%windir%\system32\inetsrv\Administration.config

using System;
using System.Security;
using Microsoft.Web.Management.Server;
    
namespace IIS7Demos           
{
    class imageCopyrightUIProvider : ModuleProvider
    {
        public override Type ServiceType              
        {
            get { return null; }
        }

        public override ModuleDefinition GetModuleDefinition(IManagementContext context)
        {
            return new ModuleDefinition(Name, typeof(imageCopyrightUI).AssemblyQualifiedName);
        }

        public override bool SupportsScope(ManagementScope scope)
        {
            return true;
        }
    }            
}

 public override bool SupportsScope(ManagementScope scope)
        {
            return (scope == ManagementScope.Application) ;
        }

 internal class imageCopyrightUI : Module
    {
        protected override void Initialize(IServiceProvider serviceProvider, ModuleInfo moduleInfo)
        {            
            base.Initialize(serviceProvider, moduleInfo);
            IControlPanel controlPanel = (IControlPanel)GetService(typeof(IControlPanel));
            ModulePageInfo modulePageInfo = new ModulePageInfo(this, typeof(imageCopyrightUIPage), "Image Copyright", "Image Copyright",Resource1.Visual_Studio_2012,Resource1.Visual_Studio_2012);
            controlPanel.RegisterPage(modulePageInfo);
        }
    }

    public sealed class imageCopyrightUIPage : ModulePage
    {
        public string message;
        public bool featureenabled;
        public string color;

        ComboBox _colCombo = new ComboBox();
        TextBox _msgTB = new TextBox();
        CheckBox _enabledCB = new CheckBox();

        public imageCopyrightUIPage()
        {
            this.Initialize();
        }


        void Initialize()
        {
            Label crlabel = new Label();
            crlabel.Left = 50;
            crlabel.Top = 100;
            crlabel.AutoSize = true;
            crlabel.Text = "Enable Image Copyright:";
            _enabledCB.Text = "";
            _enabledCB.Left = 200;
            _enabledCB.Top = 100;
            _enabledCB.AutoSize = true;

            Label msglabel = new Label();
            msglabel.Left = 150;
            msglabel.Top = 130;
            msglabel.AutoSize = true;
            msglabel.Text = "Message:";
            _msgTB.Left = 200;
            _msgTB.Top = 130;
            _msgTB.Width = 200;
            _msgTB.Height = 50;

            Label collabel = new Label();
            collabel.Left = 160;
            collabel.Top = 160;
            collabel.AutoSize = true;
            collabel.Text = "Color:";
            _colCombo.Left = 200;
            _colCombo.Top = 160;
            _colCombo.Width = 50;
            _colCombo.Height = 90;
            _colCombo.Items.Add((object)"Yellow");
            _colCombo.Items.Add((object)"Blue");
            _colCombo.Items.Add((object)"Red");
            _colCombo.Items.Add((object)"White");

            Button apply = new Button();
            apply.Text = "Apply";
            apply.Click += new EventHandler(this.applyClick);
            apply.Left = 200;
            apply.AutoSize = true;
            apply.Top = 250;

            Controls.Add(crlabel);
            Controls.Add(_enabledCB);
            Controls.Add(collabel);
            Controls.Add(_colCombo);
            Controls.Add(msglabel);
            Controls.Add(_msgTB);
            Controls.Add(apply);
        }

        public void ReadConfig()
        {
            try
            {
                ServerManager mgr;
                ConfigurationSection section;
                mgr = new ServerManager();
                Configuration config =
                mgr.GetWebConfiguration(
                       Connection.ConfigurationPath.SiteName,
                       Connection.ConfigurationPath.ApplicationPath +
                       Connection.ConfigurationPath.FolderPath);

                section = config.GetSection("system.webServer/imageCopyright");
                color = (string)section.GetAttribute("color").Value;
                message = (string)section.GetAttribute("message").Value;
                featureenabled = (bool)section.GetAttribute("enabled").Value;

            }

            catch
            { }

        }
      
        void UpdateUI()
        {
            _enabledCB.Checked = featureenabled;
            int n = _colCombo.FindString(color, 0);
            _colCombo.SelectedIndex = n;
            _msgTB.Text = message;
        }


        protected override void OnActivated(bool initialActivation)
        {
            base.OnActivated(initialActivation);
            if (initialActivation)
            {
                ReadConfig();
                UpdateUI();
            }
        }



        private void applyClick(Object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            try
            {
                UpdateVariables();
                ServerManager mgr;
                ConfigurationSection section;
                mgr = new ServerManager();
                Configuration config =
                mgr.GetWebConfiguration
                (
                       Connection.ConfigurationPath.SiteName,
                       Connection.ConfigurationPath.ApplicationPath +
                       Connection.ConfigurationPath.FolderPath
                );

                section = config.GetSection("system.webServer/imageCopyright");
                section.GetAttribute("color").Value = (object)color;
                section.GetAttribute("message").Value = (object)message;
                section.GetAttribute("enabled").Value = (object)featureenabled;

                mgr.CommitChanges();

            }

            catch
            { }

        }

        public void UpdateVariables()
        {
            featureenabled = _enabledCB.Checked;
            color = _colCombo.Text;
            message = _msgTB.Text;
        }
    }

mgr.CommitChanges();

%vs110comntools%\vsvars32.bat

GACUTIL /l ClassLibrary1

<add name="imageCopyrightUI" type="ClassLibrary1.imageCopyrightUIProvider,   ClassLibrary1, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=d0b3b3b2aa8ea14b"/>

%windir%\system32\inetsrv\config\administration.config

از آنجا که این مقاله طولانی شده است، باقی موارد ویرایشی روی این UI را در مقاله بعدی بررسی خواهیم کرد.