The eigenvector of "Why we moved from language X to language Y" 

The most popular language of 2014 was JavaScript, says the language index TIOBE. 

SELECT
    [Id], 
    (SELECT top 1  * FROM  [AppUsers] FOR XML auto),
    HASHBYTES ('SHA2_256', (SELECT top 1  * FROM  [AppUsers] FOR XML auto)) AS [hash] -- varbinary(n), since 2012
FROM
    [AppUsers]

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public interface IAuditableEntity
    {
        string Hash { set; get; }
    }

    public static class AuditableShadowProperties
    {
        public static readonly string CreatedDateTime = nameof(CreatedDateTime);
        public static readonly string ModifiedDateTime = nameof(ModifiedDateTime);
    }

    public class Blog : IAuditableEntity
    {
        public int BlogId { get; set; }
        public string Url { get; set; }

        public List<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }

    public class Post : IAuditableEntity
    {
        public int PostId { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string Content { get; set; }

        public int BlogId { get; set; }
        public Blog Blog { get; set; }

        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public class AuditEntry
    {
        public EntityEntry EntityEntry { set; get; }
        public IList<AuditProperty> AuditProperties { set; get; } = new List<AuditProperty>();

        public AuditEntry() { }

        public AuditEntry(EntityEntry entry)
        {
            EntityEntry = entry;
        }
    }

    public class AuditProperty
    {
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public object Value { set; get; }

        public bool IsTemporary { set; get; }
        public PropertyEntry PropertyEntry { set; get; }

        public AuditProperty() { }

        public AuditProperty(string name, object value, bool isTemporary, PropertyEntry property)
        {
            Name = name;
            Value = value;
            IsTemporary = isTemporary;
            PropertyEntry = property;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public static class HashingExtensions
    {
        public static string GenerateObjectHash(this object @object)
        {
            if (@object == null)
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            var jsonData = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(@object, Formatting.Indented);
            using (var hashAlgorithm = new SHA256CryptoServiceProvider())
            {
                var byteValue = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(jsonData);
                var byteHash = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(byteValue);
                return Convert.ToBase64String(byteHash);
            }
        }

        public static string GenerateEntityEntryHash(this EntityEntry entry, string propertyToIgnore)
        {
            var auditEntry = new Dictionary<string, object>();
            foreach (var property in entry.Properties)
            {
                var propertyName = property.Metadata.Name;
                if (propertyName == propertyToIgnore)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                auditEntry[propertyName] = property.CurrentValue;
            }
            return auditEntry.GenerateObjectHash();
        }

        public static string GenerateEntityHash<TEntity>(this DbContext context, TEntity entity, string propertyToIgnore)
        {
            return context.Entry(entity).GenerateEntityEntryHash(propertyToIgnore);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public class BloggingContext : DbContext
    {
        public BloggingContext()
        { }

        public BloggingContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        { }

        public DbSet<Blog> Blogs { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            if (!optionsBuilder.IsConfigured)
            {
                optionsBuilder.EnableSensitiveDataLogging();
                var path = Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "app_data", "EFCore.RowIntegrity.mdf");
                optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer($"Server=(localdb)\\mssqllocaldb;Database=EFCore.RowIntegrity;AttachDbFilename={path};Trusted_Connection=True;");
                optionsBuilder.UseLoggerFactory(new LoggerFactory().AddConsole((message, logLevel) =>
                logLevel == LogLevel.Debug &&
                           message.StartsWith("Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command")));
            }
        }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);

            foreach (var entityType in modelBuilder.Model
                                                   .GetEntityTypes()
                                                   .Where(e => typeof(IAuditableEntity)
                                                   .IsAssignableFrom(e.ClrType)))
            {
                modelBuilder.Entity(entityType.ClrType)
                            .Property<DateTimeOffset?>(AuditableShadowProperties.CreatedDateTime);
                modelBuilder.Entity(entityType.ClrType)
                            .Property<DateTimeOffset?>(AuditableShadowProperties.ModifiedDateTime);
            }
        }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            var auditEntries = OnBeforeSaveChanges();
            var result = base.SaveChanges();
            OnAfterSaveChanges(auditEntries);
            return result;
        }

        private IList<AuditEntry> OnBeforeSaveChanges()
        {
            var auditEntries = new List<AuditEntry>();

            foreach (var entry in ChangeTracker.Entries<IAuditableEntity>())
            {
                if (entry.State == EntityState.Detached || entry.State == EntityState.Unchanged)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                var auditEntry = new AuditEntry(entry);
                auditEntries.Add(auditEntry);

                var now = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;

                foreach (var property in entry.Properties)
                {
                    var propertyName = property.Metadata.Name;
                    if (propertyName == nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (property.IsTemporary)
                    {
                        // It's an auto-generated value and should be retrieved from the DB after calling the base.SaveChanges().
                        auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, null, true, property));
                        continue;
                    }

                    switch (entry.State)
                    {
                        case EntityState.Added:
                            entry.Property(AuditableShadowProperties.CreatedDateTime).CurrentValue = now;
                            auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, property.CurrentValue, false, property));
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Modified:
                            auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, property.CurrentValue, false, property));
                            entry.Property(AuditableShadowProperties.ModifiedDateTime).CurrentValue = now;
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }

            return auditEntries;
        }

        private void OnAfterSaveChanges(IList<AuditEntry> auditEntries)
        {
            foreach (var auditEntry in auditEntries)
            {
                foreach (var auditProperty in auditEntry.AuditProperties.Where(x => x.IsTemporary))
                {
                    // Now we have the auto-generated value from the DB.
                    auditProperty.Value = auditProperty.PropertyEntry.CurrentValue;
                    auditProperty.IsTemporary = false;
                }
                auditEntry.EntityEntry.Property(nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash)).CurrentValue =
                    auditEntry.AuditProperties.ToDictionary(x => x.Name, x => x.Value).GenerateObjectHash();
            }
            base.SaveChanges();
        }
    }
}

public override int SaveChanges()
{
    var auditEntries = OnBeforeSaveChanges();
    var result = base.SaveChanges();
    OnAfterSaveChanges(auditEntries);
    return result;
}

if (property.IsTemporary)
{
   // It's an auto-generated value and should be retrieved from the DB after calling the base.SaveChanges().
   auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, null, true, property));
   continue;
}

private static void CheckRow1IsAuthentic()
{
    using (var context = new BloggingContext())
    {
        var blog1 = context.Blogs.Single(x => x.BlogId == 1);
        var entityHash = context.GenerateEntityHash(blog1, propertyToIgnore: nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash));
        var dbRowHash = blog1.Hash;
        Console.WriteLine($"entityHash: {entityHash}\ndbRowHash:  {dbRowHash}");
        if (entityHash == dbRowHash)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This row is authentic!");
        }
        else
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This row is tampered outside of the application!");
        }
    }
}

entityHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
dbRowHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
This row is authentic!

entityHash: tdiZhKMJRnROGLLam1WpldA0fy/CbjJaR2Y2jNU9izk=
dbRowHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
This row is tampered outside of the application!

var blogs = (from blog in context.Blogs.ToList() // Note: this `ToList()` is necessary here for having Shadow properties values, otherwise they will considered `null`.
             let computedHash = context.GenerateEntityHash(blog, nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash))
             select new
             {
               blog.BlogId,
               blog.Url,
               RowHash = blog.Hash,
               ComputedHash = computedHash,
               IsAuthentic = blog.Hash == computedHash
             }).ToList();

Install-package Microsoft.FeatureManagement.AspNetCore

@addTagHelper *, Microsoft.FeatureManagement.AspNetCore // put this line in _ViewImports

<feature name="feature1,feature2,feature3">
  <li>
        <a asp-area="" asp-controller="Chat" asp-action="index">Stay in contact</a>
    </li>
</feature>

 $(document).ready(function () {
        //چارت 4
        $.ajax({
            type: 'POST',
            url: '@Url.Action("TierStatistics4", "Dashboard", new { area = "Tier" })', 
            dataType: 'json',
            data: { CostCenterId: $("#CostCenterId").val(), QueryIndex: $("#QueryIndex").val() },
            success: function (data) {
                dataSource = new kendo.data.DataSource({
                    data: data,
                    group: {
                        field: "Series"
                    },
                    sort:
                        {
                            field: "Year",
                            dir: "desc"
                        }
                });
                $("#chart4").kendoChart({
                    title: {
                        text: "آمار تعداد/هزینه(ریال) تایر مصرفی شعب به تفکیک مراکز هزینه و ماه‌های سال",
                        font: "irsans",
                    },
                    dataSource: dataSource,
                    series: [{
                        type: "column",
                        field: "Value",
                        categoryField: "Year",
                        name: "#=  group.value  #",
                    }],
                    categoryAxis: {

                        font: "irsans",
                        labels: {
                            font: "irsans"
                        }
                    },
                    valueAxis:
                        {
                            labels: {
                                font: "irsans",
                                visible: true,
                            }
                        },
                    seriesDefaults: {

                        style: "smooth",
                        labels: {
                            position: "Bottom",
                            visible: false,
                            fromat: "{0:n0}",
                            font: "irsans",
                            font: "irsans",
                            format: "{0:n0}",
                        }
                    },
                    legend: {
                        position: "top",
                        labels: {
                            font: "irsans"
                        }
                    },
                    tooltip: {
                        visible: true,
                        format: "{0:n0}",
                        template: "#= series.name #: #= value #",
                        font: "irsans",
                    }
                })
            },
            error: function (ex) {
                alert('خطا در بازیابی اطلاعات' + ex);
            }
        });
        return false;
    });

 public class DashoardViewModel : System.Object
    {
        public DashoardThirdViewModel()
        {
        }
        public string Series { get; set; }
        // **********
        public int Year { get; set; }
        //**********
        public long Value { get; set; }
        // **********


    }

using System;

namespace DI01
{
    public interface ICreditCard
    {
        string Charge();
    }

    public class Visa : ICreditCard
    {
        public string Charge()
        {
            return "Charging with the Visa!";
        }
    }

    public class MasterCard : ICreditCard
    {
        public string Charge()
        {
            return "Swiping the MasterCard!";
        }
    }

    public class Shopper
    {
        private readonly ICreditCard creditCard;

        public Shopper(ICreditCard creditCard)
        {
            this.creditCard = creditCard;
        }

        public void Charge()
        {
            var chargeMessage = creditCard.Charge();
            Console.WriteLine(chargeMessage);
        }
    }    
}

 var shopper = new Shopper(new Visa());
shopper.Charge();

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace DI01
{
    public class Resolver
    {
        //کار ذخیره سازی و نگاشت از یک نوع به نوعی دیگر در اینجا توسط این دیکشنری انجام خواهد شد
        private Dictionary<Type, Type> dependencyMap = new Dictionary<Type, Type>();

        /// <summary>
        /// یک نوع خاص از آن درخواست شده و سپس بر اساس تنظیمات برنامه، کار وهله سازی
        /// نمونه معادل آن صورت خواهد گرفت
        /// </summary>
        public T Resolve<T>()
        {
            return (T)Resolve(typeof(T));
        }

        private object Resolve(Type typeToResolve)
        {
            Type resolvedType;

            // ابتدا بررسی می‌شود که آیا در تنظیمات برنامه نگاشت متناظری برای نوع درخواستی وجود دارد؟
            if (!dependencyMap.TryGetValue(typeToResolve, out resolvedType))
            {
                //اگر خیر، کار متوقف خواهد شد
                throw new Exception(string.Format("Could not resolve type {0}", typeToResolve.FullName));
            }

            var firstConstructor = resolvedType.GetConstructors().First();
            var constructorParameters = firstConstructor.GetParameters();
            // در ادامه اگر این نوع، دارای سازنده‌ی بدون پارامتری است
            // بلافاصله وهله سازی خواهد شد
            if (!constructorParameters.Any())
                return Activator.CreateInstance(resolvedType);


            var parameters = new List<object>();
            foreach (var parameterToResolve in constructorParameters)
            {
                // در اینجا یک فراخوانی بازگشتی صورت گرفته است برای وهله سازی
                // خودکار پارامترهای مختلف سازنده یک کلاس
                parameters.Add(Resolve(parameterToResolve.ParameterType));
            }            
            return firstConstructor.Invoke(parameters.ToArray());
        }

        public void Register<TFrom, TTo>()
        {
            dependencyMap.Add(typeof(TFrom), typeof(TTo));
        }
    }
}

 var resolver = new Resolver();
//تنظیمات اولیه
resolver.Register<Shopper, Shopper>();
resolver.Register<ICreditCard, Visa>();
//تزریق وابستگی‌ها و وهله سازی
var shopper = resolver.Resolve<Shopper>();
shopper.Charge();

 PM> Install-Package Unity

using Microsoft.Practices.Unity;

namespace DI02
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var container = new UnityContainer();

            container.RegisterType<ICreditCard, MasterCard>();

            var shopper = container.Resolve<Shopper>();
            shopper.Charge();
        }
    }
}

 container.RegisterType<ICreditCard, MasterCard>(new InjectionProperty("propertyName", 5));

 container.RegisterType<ICreditCard, MasterCard>(new ContainerControlledLifetimeManager());

public class Rectangle
{
    public int Length { get; set; }
    public int Height { get; set; }

    public void Grow(int length, int height)
    {
        Length += length;
        Height += height;
    }
}

Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
r.Length = 5;
r.Height = 10;
r.Grow(10, 10);// r.Length is 15, r.Height is 20, same instance of r

// After
public class ImmutableRectangle
{
    int Length { get; }
    int Height { get; }

    public ImmutableRectangle(int length, int height)
    {
        Length = length;
        Height = height;
    }

    public ImmutableRectangle Grow(int length, int height) =>
          new ImmutableRectangle(Length + length, Height + height);
}

ImmutableRectangle r = new ImmutableRectangle(5, 10);
r = r.Grow(10, 10);// r.Length is 15, r.Height is 20, is a new instance of r

public static void Main()
{
    Console.WriteLine(GetSalutation(DateTime.Now.Hour));
}

// imparitive, mutates state to produce a result
/*public static string GetSalutation(int hour)
{
    string salutation; // placeholder value

    if (hour < 12)
        salutation = "Good Morning";
    else
        salutation = "Good Afternoon";

    return salutation; // return mutated variable
}*/

public static string GetSalutation(int hour) => hour < 12 ? "Good Morning" : "Good Afternoon";

public static int Count<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
{
    int count = 0;

    foreach (TSource element in source)
    {
        checked
        {
            if (predicate(element))
            {
                count++;
            }
        }
    }

    return count;
}

public static class Extensions
{
    public static Func<T, TReturn2> Compose<T, TReturn1, TReturn2>(this Func<TReturn1, TReturn2> func1, Func<T, TReturn1> func2)
    {
        return x => func1(func2(x));
    }
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Func<int, int> square = (x) => x * x;
        Func<int, int> negate = x => x * -1;
        Func<int, string> toString = s => s.ToString();
        Func<int, string> squareNegateThenToString = toString.Compose(negate).Compose(square);
        Console.WriteLine(squareNegateThenToString(2));
    }
}

string str = new StringBuilder()
  .Append("Hello ")
  .Append("World ")
  .ToString()
  .TrimEnd()
  .ToUpper();

public static class Extensions
{
    public static StringBuilder AppendWhen(this StringBuilder sb, string value, bool predicate) => predicate ? sb.Append(value) : sb;
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        // Extends the StringBuilder class to accept a predicate
        string htmlButton = new StringBuilder().Append("<button").AppendWhen(" disabled", false).Append(">Click me</button>").ToString();
    }
}

public static void Main()
{
    int[] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

    foreach (int n in GreaterThan(a, 3))
    {
        Console.WriteLine(n);
    }
}


/*public static IEnumerable<int> GreaterThan(int[] arr, int gt)
{
    List<int> temp = new List<int>();
    foreach (int n in arr)
    {
        if (n > gt) temp.Add(n);
    }
    return temp;
}*/

public static IEnumerable<int> GreaterThan(int[] arr, int gt)
{
    foreach (int n in arr)
    {
        if (n > gt) yield return n;
    }
}

List<int> collection = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

// Imparative style of programming is verbose
List<int> results = new List<int>();

foreach(var num in collection)
{
  if (num % 2 != 0) results.Add(num);
}

// Declarative is terse and beautiful
var results = collection.Where(num => num % 2 != 0);

{
    "userIsAuthorizedForCourseTranscripts": false,
    "modules": [
        {
            "title": "Course Overview",
            "clips": [
                {
                    "title": "Course Overview",
                    "playerParameters": "author=scott-allen&name=aspdotnet-core-1-0-fundamentals-m0&mode=live&clip=0&course=aspdotnet-core-1-0-fundamentals",
                    "transcripts": [ ]
                }
            ]
        },
        {
            "title": "Building Your First ASP.NET Core Application",
            "clips": [
                {
                    "title": "Introduction",
                    "playerParameters": "author=scott-allen&name=aspdotnet-core-1-0-fundamentals-m1&mode=live&clip=0&course=aspdotnet-core-1-0-fundamentals",
                    "transcripts": [
                        {
                            "displayTime": 0.0,
                            "text": "Hi! This is Scott, and this course will help you build your first application with ASP.NET Core."
                        },
                        {
                            "displayTime": 7.0,
                            "text": "In this course, we'll be using Visual Studio and the new ASP.NET Framework to build a web application that"
                        }
                    ]
                }
            ]
        }
    ]
}

public class PluralsightCourse
{
    public bool UserIsAuthorizedForCourseTranscripts { get; set; }
    public PluralsightCourseItems[] Modules { get; set; }
}
public class PluralsightCourseItems
{
    public string Title { get; set; }
    public PluralsightCourseClip[] Clips { get; set; }
}
public class PluralsightCourseClip
{
    public string Title { get; set; }
    public string PlayerParameters { get; set; }
    public PluralsightCourseClipTranscript[] Transcripts { get; set; }
}
public class PluralsightCourseClipTranscript
{
    public float DisplayTime { get; set; }
    public string Text { get; set; }
}

public static PluralsightCourse ProcessJsonFile(string jsonData)
{
    return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<PluralsightCourse>(jsonData);
}