@NgModule({
  imports: [
    CommonModule,
    InjectionBeyondClassesRoutingModule
  ],
  declarations: [TestProvidersComponent],
  providers: [
    { provide: "API_BASE_HREF", useValue: "http://localhost:5000" },
    { provide: "APP_BASE_HREF", useValue: document.location.pathname },
    { provide: "IS_PROD", useValue: true },
    { provide: "APIKey", useValue: "XYZ1234ABC" },
    { provide: "Random", useValue: Math.random() },
    {
      provide: "emailApiConfig", useValue: Object.freeze({
        apiKey: "email-key",
        context: "registration"
      })
    },
    { provide: "languages", useValue: "en", multi: true },
    { provide: "languages", useValue: "fa", multi: true }
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

import { Component, OnInit, Inject } from "@angular/core";
import { inject } from "@angular/core/testing";

@Component({
  selector: "app-test-providers",
  templateUrl: "./test-providers.component.html",
  styleUrls: ["./test-providers.component.css"]
})
export class TestProvidersComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor(
    @Inject("API_BASE_HREF") public apiBaseHref: string,
    @Inject("APP_BASE_HREF") public appBaseHref: string,
    @Inject("IS_PROD") public isProd: boolean,
    @Inject("APIKey") public apiKey: string,
    @Inject("Random") public random: string,
    @Inject("emailApiConfig") public emailApiConfig: any,
    @Inject("languages") public languages: string[]
  ) { }

  ngOnInit() {
  }
}

<h1>
  Injection Beyond Classes
</h1>
<div class="alert alert-info">
  <ul>
    <li>API_BASE_HREF: {{apiBaseHref}}</li>
    <li>APP_BASE_HREF: {{appBaseHref}}</li>
    <li>IS_PROD: {{isProd}}</li>
    <li>APIKey: {{apiKey}}</li>
    <li>Random-1: {{random}}</li>
    <li>Random-2: {{random}}</li>
    <li>emailApiConfig {{emailApiConfig | json}}</li>
    <li>languages: {{languages | json}}</li>
  </ul>
</div>

import { InjectionToken } from "@angular/core";

export let APP_CONFIG = new InjectionToken<string>("this.module.config");

export interface IThisModuleConfig {
  apiEndpoint: string;
}

export const ThisModuleConfig: IThisModuleConfig = {
  apiEndpoint: "http://localhost:45043/api/"
};

import { InjectionToken } from '@angular/core';
export const EmailService1 = new InjectionToken<string>("EmailService");
export const EmailService2 = new InjectionToken<string>("EmailService");
console.log(EmailService1 === EmailService2); // false

import { ThisModuleConfig, APP_CONFIG } from "./thismodule.config";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    { provide: APP_CONFIG, useValue: ThisModuleConfig }
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

import { IThisModuleConfig, APP_CONFIG } from "./../thismodule.config";
@Component()
export class TestProvidersComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor(
    @Inject(APP_CONFIG) public config: IThisModuleConfig
  ) { }

  ngOnInit() {
  }

}

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    // ------ useFactory
    { provide: "BASE_URL", useFactory: getBaseUrl },
    { provide: "RandomFactory", useFactory: randomFactory }
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

export function getBaseUrl() {
  return document.getElementsByTagName("base")[0].href;
}

export function randomFactory() {
  return Math.random();
}

export class TestProvidersComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor(
    @Inject("BASE_URL") public baseUrl: string,
    @Inject("RandomFactory") public randomFactory: string
  ) { }

import { HttpClient } from "@angular/common/http";
import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";

@Injectable()
export class CarService {

  constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

}

import { CarService } from "./car.service";
import { HttpClient } from "@angular/common/http";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    // ------ useFactory
    { provide: "Car_Service", useFactory: carServiceFactory, deps: [HttpClient] }
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

export function carServiceFactory(http: HttpClient) {
  return new CarService(http);
}

import { CarService } from "./car.service";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    // ------ useClass
    { provide: "Car_Service_Name1", useClass: CarService },
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

import { CarService } from "./car.service";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
        CarService
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

import { CarService } from "./car.service";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    // ------ useClass
    { provide: "Car_Service_Name1", useClass: CarService },
    // ------ useExisting
    { provide: "Car_Service_Token2", useExisting: "Car_Service_Name1" },
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

  defaultChecks() {
    const author = { firstName: "Vahid", lastName: "N" };
    console.log(author.lastname);
    author.lastName.trimStart();
    author.firstName.charCodeAt("1");
  }

  > npm install -g tslint typescript

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "strictNullChecks": true
    }
}

  getSessionItem(key: string): any {
    const data = window.sessionStorage.getItem(key);
    return JSON.parse(data);
  }

[ts]
Argument of type 'string | null' is not assignable to parameter of type 'string'.
Type 'null' is not assignable to type 'string'.
const data: string | null

  getSessionItem(key: string): any {
    const data = window.sessionStorage.getItem(key);
    if (data) {
      return JSON.parse(data);
    } else {
      return null;
    }
  }

  noImplicitReturns(a: number) {
    if (a > 10) {
      return a;
    }
    // No return in this branch
  }

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "noImplicitReturns": true
    }
}

 [ts] Not all code paths return a value.

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "allowUnreachableCode": false
    }
}

    allowUnreachableCode() {
      if (false) {
        console.log("Unreachable code");
      }
      const a = 1;
      if (a > 0) {
        return 10; // reachable code
      }
      return 0;
      console.log("Unreachable code");
    }

  unusedLocals() {
    const a = "foo"; // Error: 'a' is declared but its value is never read
    return "bar";
  }

  unusedParameters(n: number) {
    n = 0; // Never read
  }

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "noUnusedLocals": true,
        "noUnusedParameters": true
    }
}

[ts] 'a' is declared but its value is never read.
[ts] 'n' is declared but its value is never read.

  excessPropertyForObjectLiterals() {
    let x: { foo: number };
    x = { foo: 1, baz: 2 };  // Error, excess property 'baz'
    let y: { foo: number, bar?: number };
    y = { foo: 1, baz: 2 };  // Error, excess property 'baz'
  }

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "suppressExcessPropertyErrors": false
    }
}

[ts]
Type '{ foo: number; baz: number; }' is not assignable to type '{ foo: number; }'.
Object literal may only specify known properties, and 'baz' does not exist in type '{ foo: number; }'.
(property) baz: number

  fallthroughCasesInSwitchStatement(a: number) {
    switch (a) {
      case 0:
        break;

      case 1:
        a += 1;

      case 2:
        a += 2;
        break;
    }
  }

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "noFallthroughCasesInSwitch": true
    }
}

  indexingObjectsLackingIndexSignatures() {
    const x = { a: 0 };
    x["a"] = 1; // ok
    x["b"] = 1; // Error, type '{ a: number; }' has no index signature.
  }

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "suppressImplicitAnyIndexErrors": false
    }
}

[ts] Element implicitly has an 'any' type because type '{ a: number; }' has no index signature.

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "noImplicitAny": true
    }
}

  noImplicitAny(args) { // Error: Parameter 'args' implicitly has an 'any' type.
    console.log(args);
  }

  noImplicitAnyArgs(args: string[]) { // ok with the type information
    console.log(args);
  }

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>latest</LangVersion>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="System.Memory" Version="4.4.0-preview1-25305-02" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

    static class NameValidatorUsingString
    {
        public static bool IsValidName(string name)
        {
            if (name.Length < 2)
                return false;

            if (char.IsLetter(name[0]))
                return true;

            return false;
        }
    }

string fullName = "User 1";
string firstName = fullName.Substring(0, 4);
NameValidatorUsingString.IsValidName(firstName);

char[] anotherFullName = { 'A', 'B' };

NameValidatorUsingString.IsValidName(anotherFullName);

NameValidatorUsingString.IsValidName(new string(anotherFullName));

    static class NameValidatorUsingSpan
    {
        public static bool IsValidName(ReadOnlySpan<char> name)
        {
            if (name.Length < 2)
                return false;

            if (char.IsLetter(name[0]))
                return true;

            return false;

        }
    }

ReadOnlySpan<char> fullName = "User 1".AsSpan();
ReadOnlySpan<char> firstName = fullName.Slice(0, 4);
NameValidatorUsingSpan.IsValidName(firstName);

char[] anotherFullName = { 'A', 'B' };
NameValidatorUsingSpan.IsValidName(anotherFullName);

var arr = new byte[10];
Span<byte> bytes = arr; // Implicit cast from T[] to Span<T>

Span<byte> slicedBytes = bytes.Slice(start: 5, length: 2);
slicedBytes[0] = 42;
slicedBytes[1] = 43;
slicedBytes[2] = 44; // Throws IndexOutOfRangeException
bytes[2] = 45; // OK

var array = new byte[100];
Span<byte> interiorRef1 = array.AsSpan().Slice(start: 20);

Span<byte> interiorRef2 = new Span<byte>(array: array, start: 20, length: array.Length - 20);

class Impossible
{
   Span<byte> field;
}

static async Task<int> ChecksumReadAsync(Memory<byte> buffer, Stream stream)
{
   int bytesRead = await stream.ReadAsync(buffer);
   return Checksum(buffer.Span.Slice(0, bytesRead));
   // Or buffer.Slice(0, bytesRead).Span
}