public class User
{
    public User(string name)
    {
        Name = name;
    }
 
    public string Name { get; }
}


object[] data = { null, 42, new User("User 1"), new User("User 2") };
foreach (var item in data)
{
    if (item is null) Console.WriteLine("it's a const pattern");
    if (item is 42) Console.WriteLine("it's 42");
}

object[] data = { null, 42, new User("User 1"), new User("User 2") };
foreach (var item in data)
{
    if (item is int i) Console.WriteLine($"it's a type pattern with an int and the value {i}");
    if (item is User p) Console.WriteLine($"it's a person: {p.Name}");
    if (item is User p2 && p2.Name.StartsWith("U"))
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"it's a person starting with U {p2.Name}");
    }
}

object obj1 = "Hello, World!";
var str1 = obj1 as string;
if (str1 != null)
{
   Console.WriteLine(str1);
}

object obj2 = "Hello, World!";
if (obj2 is string str2)
{
   Console.WriteLine(str2);
}

object[] data = { null, 42, new User("User 1"), new User("User 2") };
foreach (var item in data)
{
    if (item is var x) Console.WriteLine($"it's a var pattern with the type {x?.GetType()?.Name}");
}

public static void SwitchPattern(object o)
{
    switch (o)
    {
        case null:
            Console.WriteLine("it's a constant pattern");
            break;
        case int i:
            Console.WriteLine("it's an int");
            break;
        case User p when p.Name.StartsWith("U"):
            Console.WriteLine($"a U person {p.Name}");
            break;
        case User p:
            Console.WriteLine($"any other person {p.Name}");
            break;
        case var x:
            Console.WriteLine($"it's a var pattern with the type {x?.GetType().Name} ");
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

Select Case age
  Case 50
    ageBlock = "the big five-oh"
  Case 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
    ageBlock = "octogenarian"
  Case 90 To 99
    ageBlock = "nonagenarian"
  Case Is >= 100
    ageBlock = "centenarian"
  Case Else
    ageBlock = "just old"
End Select

string ageBlock;
var age = 40;
switch (age)
{
    case 50:
        ageBlock = "the big five-oh";
        break;
    case var testAge when (new List<int> { 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 }).Contains(testAge):
        ageBlock = "octogenarian";
        break;
    case var testAge when ((testAge >= 90) && (testAge <= 99)):
        ageBlock = "nonagenarian";
        break;
    case var testAge when (testAge >= 100):
        ageBlock = "centenarian";
        break;
    default:
        ageBlock = "just old";
        break;
}

Bootstrap 4 در واقع یک اقدام بزرگ بود که پس از یک سال توسعه، بزرگی این اقدام در خط به خط کدها احساس می‌گردد. تصمیم گرفتیم تا نسخه‌ی اولیه‌ی آن را به اشتراک بگذاریم و انتقادات و پیشنهادات شما را بشنویم. برای بهبود و پیشرفت در این زمینه، بسیاری از اخبار مرتبط را در اختیار شما قرار می‌دهیم. امیدواریم که ما را در بهتر شدن یاری کنید.

امکانات جدید Bootstrap

انتقال از Less به Sass

بهبود grid system مبتنی بر "rems"

h1 { /* 16 * 2.5 = 40px */
}

تغییر panel و wells به cards

var first = someArray[0];
var second = someArray[1];
var third = someArray[2];

 var [first, second, third] = someArray;

 let [one, two, three] = ['globin', 'ghoul', 'ghost', 'white walker'];
console.log(`one is ${one}, two is ${two}, three is ${three}`)
// => one is globin, two is ghoul, three is ghost

 let [firstMonster, , , fourthMonster] =  ['globin', 'ghoul', 'ghost', 'white walker'];
console.log(`the first monster is ${firstMonster}, the fourth is ${fourthMonster}`)
// => one is globin, two is ghoul, three is ghost

 let nested = [1, [2, 3], 4];
let [a, [b], d] = nested;
console.log(a); // 1
console.log(b); // 2
console.log(d); // 4

 let point = [1, 2];
let [xVal, yVal] = point;
[xVal, yVal] = [yVal, xVal];
console.log(xVal); // 2
console.log(yVal); // 1

 let pouch = {coins: 10};

 let coins = pouch.coins;

 let {coins} = pouch;

 let pouch = {coins: 10};
let {coins: newVar1 } = pouch;
console.log(newVar1); //10

let point = {
    x: 1,
    y: 2,
    z: {
         one: 3,
         two: 4
    }
};
let { x: a, y: b, z: { one: c, two: d } } = point;
console.log(a); // 1
console.log(b); // 2
console.log(c); // 3
console.log(d); // 4

let mixed = {
    one: 1,
    two: 2,
    values: [3, 4, 5]
};
let { one: a, two: b, values: [c, , e] } = mixed;
console.log(a); // 1
console.log(b); // 2
console.log(c); // 3
console.log(e); // 5

 function removeBreakpoint({ url, line, column }) {
  // ...
}

 function random ({ min=1, max=300 }) {
    return Math.floor(Math.random() * (max - min)) + min
}
console.log(random({}))
// <- 174
console.log(random({max: 24}))
// <- 18

 jQuery.ajax = function (url, {
  async = true,
  beforeSend = noop,
  cache = true,
  complete = noop,
  crossDomain = false,
  global = true,
  // ... more config
}) {
    // ... do stuff
};
 

 function returnMultipleValues() {
     return [1, 2];
}
var [foo, bar] = returnMultipleValues();

function returnMultipleValues() {
  return {
            foo: 1,
            bar: 2
     };
}
var { foo, bar } = returnMultipleValues();

var {foo=3} = { bar: 2 }
console.log(foo)
// <- 3

var {foo=3} = { foo: 2 }
console.log(foo)
// <- 2

var {foo=3} = { foo: undefined }
console.log(foo)
// <- 3

var [b=10] = [undefined]
console.log(b)
// <- 10

var [c=10] = []
console.log(c)
// <- 10

function inc(number, increment) {
        increment = increment || 1;
        return number + increment;
}
console.log(inc(2, 2)); // 4
console.log(inc(2)); // 3

function inc(number, increment = 1) {
        return number + increment;
}
console.log(inc(2, 2)); // 4
console.log(inc(2)); // 3

function sum(a, b = 2, c) {
     return a + b + c;
}
console.log(sum(1, 5, 10)); // 16 -> b === 5
console.log(sum(1, undefined, 10)); // 13 -> b as default

 function getDefaultIncrement() {
    return 1;
}
function inc(number, increment = getDefaultIncrement()) {
    return number + increment;
}
console.log(inc(2, 2)); // 4
console.log(inc(2)); // 3

function sum(a, b, c) {
   return a + b + c;
}

 var args = [1, 2, 3];
console.log(sum(…args)); // 6

var args = [1, 2];
console.log(sum(…args, 3)); // 6

 a = list[0], rest = list.slice(1)

 [a, ...rest] = list

 [1, 2].concat(more)

[1, 2, ...more]

 list.push.apply(list, [3, 4])

 list.push(...[3, 4])

function sum() {
     var numbers = Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments),
     result = 0;
     numbers.forEach(function (number) {
          result += number;
    });
    return result;
}

console.log(sum(1)); // 1
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); // 15

function sum(…numbers) {
      var result = 0;
      numbers.forEach(function (number) {
          result += number;
      });
      return result;
}
console.log(sum(1)); // 1
console.log(sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)); // 15

 function sum(…numbers, last) { // causes a syntax error

var numbers1_CS11 = new[] { 1, 2, 3 };

var numbers1_CS_11 = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };

int[] numbers1_CS12 = [ 1, 2, 3 ];

error CS9176: There is no target type for the collection expression.

Span<string> span1_CS11 = new string[] { "AC", "AL" };

Span<string> span1_CS12 = [ "AC", "AL" ];

ReadOnlySpan<string> readOnlySpan_CS12 = [ "Africa",  "Asia", "Europa"];

int[][] array2D_CS11 =
  {
    new int[] { 2002, 2006, 2010},
    new int[] { 2014, 2018},
    new int[] { 2022, 2026, 2030}
  };

int[][] array2D_CS12 =
  [
     [2002, 2006, 2010],
     [2014, 2018],
     [2022, 2026, 2030]
  ];

List<string> list_CS11 = new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" };

List<string> list_CS12 = [ "Item 1", "Item 2" ];

// Before C#12
List<User> users = new List<User>();
// or
var users = new List<User>();
// or
List<User> user = new();

// C#12
List<User> users = [];

int[] numbers1_CS12 = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
int[] numbers2_CS12 = [ 4, 5, 6 ];

int[] allItems = [ ..numbers1_CS12, ..numbers2_CS12 ];

int[] allItems_CS11 = numbers1_CS12.Concat(numbers2_CS12).ToArray();

int[] join = [..a, ..b, ..c, 6, 5];

int[] a =[1, 2, 3];
Span<int> b = [2, 4, 5, 4, 4];
List<int> c = [4, 6, 6, 5];

List<int> join = [..a, ..b, ..c, 6, 5];

List<(string, int)> otherScores = [("Dave", 90), ("Bob", 80)];

(string name, int score)[] scores = [("Alice", 90), ..otherScores, ("Charlie", 70)];

 let s = Symbol();

 let s1 = Symbol("some description");

let firstName = Symbol();
 
let person = {
    lastName: "Vahid",
    [firstName]: "N",
};
 
// person.lastName = "Vahid"
// person[firstName] = "N"

 let names = [];
for(var p in person) {
   names.push(p);
}

 var numbers = [1, 2, 3];

 numbers[Symbol.iterator];

 var numbersIterator = numbers[Symbol.iterator]();
numbersIterator.next();
// Result: Object {value: 1, done: false}
numbersIterator.next();
// Result: Object {value: 2, done: false}
numbersIterator.next();
// Result: Object {value: 3, done: false}
numbersIterator.next();
// Result: Object {value: undefined, done: true}

 function Words(str) {
   this._str = str;
}

Words.prototype[Symbol.iterator] = function() {
  var re = /\S+/g;
  var str = this._str;
return {
    next: function() {
      var match = re.exec(str);
      if (match) {
        return {value: match[0], done: false};
      }
      return {value: undefined, done: true};
    }
  }
};

 var helloWorld = new Words("Hello world");
for (var word of helloWorld) {
   console.log(word);
}
// Result: "Hello"
// Result: "world"

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>

    <script src="./jquery.min.js"></script>
 <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title></title>
    <script>
$(document).ready(()=>
{
   alert("Welcome");
});
    </script>
  </head>
  <body>
  </body>
</html>

  win.openDevTools();

exports.sayHelloInEnglish=()=>
{
  console.log("hello");
}
exports.sayHelloInPersian=()=>
{
  console.log('salam');
}

const test=require("./test.js");
test.sayHelloInPersian();
test.sayHelloInEnglish();

<script src="./jquery.min.js"></script>
<script>
window.$=window.jQuery=module.exports;
</script>

window.$ = window.jQuery = require('./jquery.min.js');

namespace KendoUI07.Models
{
    public class Registration
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string UserName { set; get; }
        public string CourseName { set; get; }
        public int Credit { set; get; }
        public string Email { set; get; }
        public string Tel { set; get; }
    }
}

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            var model = kendo.data.Model.define({
                id: "Id",
                fields: {
                    Id: { type: 'number' }, // leave this set to 0 or undefined, so Kendo knows it is new.
                    UserName: { type: 'string' },
                    CourseName: { type: 'string' },
                    Credit: { type: 'number' },
                    Email: { type: 'string' },
                    Tel: { type: 'string' }
                }
            });
        });
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            var viewModel = kendo.observable({
                accepted: false,
                course: new model()
            });
        });
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            var model = kendo.data.Model.define({
            // ...
            });

            var viewModel = kendo.observable({
            // ...
            });

            kendo.bind($("#coursesSection"), viewModel);
        });
    </script>

<input type="text" id="UserName" name="UserName" class="k-textbox"
       data-bind="value:course.UserName"
       required />

<input type="checkbox" name="Accept"
       data-bind="checked:accepted"
       required />

<button class="k-button"
        data-bind="enabled: accepted, click: doSave"
        type="submit">
       ارسال
</button>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            var model = kendo.data.Model.define({
                //...
            });

            var dataSource = new kendo.data.DataSource({
                type: 'json',
                transport: {
                    read: {
                        url: "api/registrations",
                        dataType: "json",
                        contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                        type: 'GET'
                    },
                    create: {
                        url: "api/registrations",
                        contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                        type: "POST"
                    },
                    update: {
                        url: function (course) {
                            return "api/registrations/" + course.Id;
                        },
                        contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                        type: "PUT"
                    },
                    destroy: {
                        url: function (course) {
                            return "api/registrations/" + course.Id;
                        },
                        contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                        type: "DELETE"
                    },
                    parameterMap: function (data, type) {
                        // Convert to a JSON string.  Without this step your content will be form encoded.
                        return JSON.stringify(data);
                    }
                },
                schema: {
                    model: model
                },
                error: function (e) {
                    alert(e.errorThrown);
                },
                change: function (e) {
                    // فراخوانی در زمان دریافت اطلاعات از سرور و یا تغییرات محلی
                    viewModel.set("coursesDataSourceRows", new kendo.data.ObservableArray(this.view()));
                }
            });

            var viewModel = kendo.observable({
                //...
            });

            kendo.bind($("#coursesSection"), viewModel);
            dataSource.read(); // دریافت لیست موجود از سرور در آغاز کار
        });
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#coursesSection").kendoValidator({
                // ...
            });

            var model = kendo.data.Model.define({
                // ...
            });

            var dataSource = new kendo.data.DataSource({
                // ...
            });

            var viewModel = kendo.observable({
                accepted: false,
                course: new model(),
                doSave: function (e) {
                    e.preventDefault();
                    console.log("this", this.course);
                    var validator = $("#coursesSection").data("kendoValidator");
                    if (validator.validate()) {
                        if (this.course.Id == 0) {
                            dataSource.add(this.course);
                        }
                        dataSource.sync(); // push to the server
                        this.set("course", new model()); // reset controls
                    }
                },
                resetModel: function (e) {
                    e.preventDefault();
                    this.set("course", new model());
                }            
             });

            kendo.bind($("#coursesSection"), viewModel);
            dataSource.read(); // دریافت لیست موجود از سرور در آغاز کار
        });
    </script>

<button class="k-button"
        data-bind="enabled: accepted, click: doSave"
        type="submit">
       ارسال
</button>
<button class="k-button" data-bind="click: resetModel">از نو</button>

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Web.Http;
using KendoUI07.Models;

namespace KendoUI07.Controllers
{
    public class RegistrationsController : ApiController
    {
        public HttpResponseMessage Delete(int id)
        {
            var item = RegistrationsDataSource.LatestRegistrations.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Id == id);
            if (item == null)
                return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);

            RegistrationsDataSource.LatestRegistrations.Remove(item);
            return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK, item);
        }

        public IEnumerable<Registration> Get()
        {
            return RegistrationsDataSource.LatestRegistrations;
        }

        public HttpResponseMessage Post(Registration registration)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid)
                return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest);

            var id = 1;
            var lastItem = RegistrationsDataSource.LatestRegistrations.LastOrDefault();
            if (lastItem != null)
            {
                id = lastItem.Id + 1;
            }
            registration.Id = id;
            RegistrationsDataSource.LatestRegistrations.Add(registration);

            // ارسال آی دی مهم است تا از ارسال رکوردهای تکراری جلوگیری شود
            return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.Created, registration);
        }

        [HttpPut] // Add it to fix this error: The requested resource does not support http method 'PUT'
        public HttpResponseMessage Update(int id, Registration registration)
        {
            var item = RegistrationsDataSource.LatestRegistrations
                                        .Select(
                                            (prod, index) =>
                                                new
                                                {
                                                    Item = prod,
                                                    Index = index
                                                })
                                        .FirstOrDefault(x => x.Item.Id == id);
            if (item == null)
                return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);


            if (!ModelState.IsValid || id != registration.Id)
                return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest);

            RegistrationsDataSource.LatestRegistrations[item.Index] = registration;
            return Request.CreateResponse(HttpStatusCode.OK);
        }
    }
}

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            // ...
            var viewModel = kendo.observable({
                accepted: false,
                course: new model(),
                coursesDataSourceRows: new kendo.data.ObservableArray([]),
                doSave: function (e) {
                       // ...
                },
                resetModel: function (e) {
                      // ...
                },
                totalPrice: function () {
                    var sum = 0;
                    $.each(this.get("coursesDataSourceRows"), function (index, item) {
                        sum += item.Credit;
                    });
                    return sum;
                },
                deleteCourse: function (e) {
                    // the current data item is passed as the "data" field of the event argument
                    var course = e.data;
                    dataSource.remove(course);
                    dataSource.sync(); // push to the server
                },
                editCourse: function(e) {
                    // the current data item is passed as the "data" field of the event argument
                    var course = e.data;
                    this.set("course", course);
                }
            });

            kendo.bind($("#coursesSection"), viewModel);
            dataSource.read(); // دریافت لیست موجود از سرور در آغاز کار
        });
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            var dataSource = new kendo.data.DataSource({
                //...
                change: function (e) {
                    // فراخوانی در زمان دریافت اطلاعات از سرور و یا تغییرات محلی
                    viewModel.set("coursesDataSourceRows", new kendo.data.ObservableArray(this.view()));
                }
            });
        });
    </script>

{
    "type": "https://example.com/probs/out-of-credit",
    "title": "You do not have enough credit.",
    "detail": "Your current balance is 30, but that costs 50.",
    "instance": "/account/12345/msgs/abc",
    "status": 403,
}

var mediaType = response.Content.Headers.ContentType?.MediaType;
if (mediaType != null && mediaType.Equals("application/problem+json", StringComparison.InvariantCultureIgnoreCase))
{
   var problemDetails = await response.Content.ReadFromJsonAsync<ProblemDetails>(null, ct) ?? new ProblemDetails();
   // ...
}

[HttpPost("/sales/products/{sku}/availableForSale")]
public async Task<IActionResult> AvailableForSale([FromRoute] string sku)
{
   return Problem(
            "Product is already Available For Sale.",
            "/sales/products/1/availableForSale",
            400,
            "Cannot set product as available.",
            "http://example.com/problems/already-available");
}

HTTP/1.1 400 Bad Request
Content-Type: application/problem+json
Content-Language: en
{
    "type": "https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7231#section-6.5.1",
    "title": "One or more validation errors occurred.",
    "status": 400,
    "errors": {
        "User": [
            "The user name is not verified."
        ]
    }
}

namespace WebApplication.Controllers
{
    [ApiController]
    [Route("[controller]")]
    public class DemoController : ControllerBase
    {
        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Post()
        {
            var problemDetails = new ProblemDetails
            {
                Detail = "The request parameters failed to validate.",
                Instance = null,
                Status = 400,
                Title = "Validation Error",
                Type = "https://example.net/validation-error",
            };

            problemDetails.Extensions.Add("invalidParams", new List<ValidationProblemDetailsParam>()
            {
                new("name", "Cannot be blank."),
                new("age", "Must be great or equals to 18.")
            });

            return new ObjectResult(problemDetails)
            {
                StatusCode = 400
            };
        }
    }

    public class ValidationProblemDetailsParam
    {
        public ValidationProblemDetailsParam(string name, string reason)
        {
            Name = name;
            Reason = reason;
        }

        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Reason { get; set; }
    }
}

services.AddProblemDetails();

app.UseExceptionHandler();

app.UseStatusCodePages();

app.UseDeveloperExceptionPage();

builder.Services.AddProblemDetails(options =>
    options.CustomizeProblemDetails = ctx =>
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Extensions.Add("MachineName", Environment.MachineName));

public class MyErrorFeature
{
    public ErrorType Error  { get; set; }
}
​
public enum ErrorType
{
    ArgumentException
}

    [HttpGet("{value}")]
    public IActionResult MyErrorTest(int value)
    {
        if (value <= 0)
        {
            var errorType = new MyErrorFeature
            {
                Error = ErrorType.ArgumentException
            };
            HttpContext.Features.Set(errorType);
            return BadRequest();
        }
​
        return Ok(value);
    }

services.AddProblemDetails(options =>
    options.CustomizeProblemDetails = ctx =>
    {
        var MyErrorFeature = ctx.HttpContext.Features.Get<MyErrorFeature>();
​
        if (MyErrorFeature is not null)
        {
            (string Title, string Detail, string Type) details = MyErrorFeature.Error switch
            {
                ErrorType.ArgumentException =>
                (
                    nameof(ArgumentException),
                    "This is an argument-exception.",
                    "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.5.1"
                ),
                _ =>
                (
                    nameof(Exception),
                    "default-exception",
                    "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.6.1"
                )
            };
​
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Title = details.Title;
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Detail = details.Detail;
            ctx.ProblemDetails.Type = details.Type;
        }
    }
);

public class MyCustomException : Exception
{
    public MyCustomException(
        string message,
        HttpStatusCode statusCode = HttpStatusCode.BadRequest
    ) : base(message)
    {
        StatusCode = statusCode;
    }
​
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; }
}

    [HttpGet("{value}")]
    public IActionResult MyErrorTest(int value)
    {
        if (value <= 0)
        {
            throw new MyCustomException("The value should be positive!");
        }
​
        return Ok(value);
    }

app.UseExceptionHandler(exceptionHandlerApp =>
{
    exceptionHandlerApp.Run(async context =>
    {
        context.Response.ContentType = "application/problem+json";
​
        if (context.RequestServices.GetService<IProblemDetailsService>() is { } problemDetailsService)
        {
            var exceptionHandlerFeature = context.Features.Get<IExceptionHandlerFeature>();
            var exceptionType = exceptionHandlerFeature?.Error;
​
            if (exceptionType is not null)
            {
                (string Title, string Detail, string Type, int StatusCode) details = exceptionType switch
                {
                    MyCustomException MyCustomException =>
                    (
                        exceptionType.GetType().Name,
                        exceptionType.Message,
                        "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.5.1",
                        context.Response.StatusCode = (int)MyCustomException.StatusCode
                    ),
                    _ =>
                    (
                        exceptionType.GetType().Name,
                        exceptionType.Message,
                        "https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc7231#section-6.6.1",
                        context.Response.StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status500InternalServerError
                    )
                };
​
                await problemDetailsService.WriteAsync(new ProblemDetailsContext
                {
                    HttpContext = context,
                    ProblemDetails =
                    {
                        Title = details.Title,
                        Detail = details.Detail,
                        Type = details.Type,
                        Status = details.StatusCode
                    }
                });
            }
        }
    });
});
​