public class Article1
{
    public string Title { get; set; }
    public string? Subtitle { get; set; }
    public string Author { get; set; }
    public DateTime Published { get; set; }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net7.0</TargetFramework>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

Non-nullable property 'Title' must contain a non-null value when exiting constructor. Consider declaring the property as nullable. [CS11Tests]csharp(CS8618)
Non-nullable property 'Author' must contain a non-null value when exiting constructor. Consider declaring the property as nullable. [CS11Tests]csharp(CS8618)

public class Article2
{
    public Article2(string title, string subtitle, string author, DateTime published)
    {
        Title = title;
        Subtitle = subtitle;
        Author = author;
        Published = published;
    }

    public Article2(string title, string author, DateTime published)
    {
        Title = title;
        Author = author;
        Published = published;
    }

    public string Title { get; set; }
    public string? Subtitle { get; set; }
    public string Author { get; set; }
    public DateTime Published { get; set; }
}

 Article2 article = new("C# 11 Required Keyword", "A new language feature", "Name",  new DateTime(2022, 11, 12));

 public string Title { get; set; } = default!;

public class Article3
{
    public required string Title { get; set; }
    public string? Subtitle { get; set; }
    public required string Author { get; set; }
    public DateTime Published { get; set; }
}

public class Book
{
    public Book() => Name = string.Empty;

    public Book(string name) => Name = name;

    public required string Name { get; set; }
}

Book book = new("Book's Name");

Required member 'Book.Name' must be set in the object initializer or attribute constructor. [CS11Tests]csharp(CS9035)

public class Book
{
    [SetsRequiredMembers]
    public Book() => Name = string.Empty;

    [SetsRequiredMembers]
    public Book(string name) => Name = name;

    public required string Name { get; set; }
}

D:\Prog\1395\Core1RtmEmptyTest\src\Core1RtmEmptyTest>dotnet ef
                     _/\__
               ---==/    \\
         ___  ___   |.    \|\
        | __|| __|  |  )   \\\
        | _| | _|   \_/ |  //|\\
        |___||_|       /   \\\/\\
Entity Framework .NET Core CLI Commands 1.0.0-preview2-21431
Usage: dotnet ef [options] [command]
Options:
  -h|--help                      Show help information
  -v|--verbose                   Enable verbose output
  --version                      Show version information
  --assembly <ASSEMBLY>          The assembly file to load.
  --startup-assembly <ASSEMBLY>  The assembly file containing the startup class.
  --data-dir <DIR>               The folder used as the data directory (defaults to current working directory).
  --project-dir <DIR>            The folder used as the project directory (defaults to current working directory).
  --content-root-path <DIR>      The folder used as the content root path for the application (defaults to application base directory).
  --root-namespace <NAMESPACE>   The root namespace of the target project (defaults to the project assembly name).
Commands:
  database    Commands to manage your database
  dbcontext   Commands to manage your DbContext types
  migrations  Commands to manage your migrations
Use "dotnet ef [command] --help" for more information about a command.

 D:\Prog\1395\Core1RtmEmptyTest\src\Core1RtmEmptyTest>dotnet ef migrations add InitialDatabase

 D:\Prog\1395\Core1RtmEmptyTest\src\Core1RtmEmptyTest>dotnet ef database update
Applying migration '13950526050417_InitialDatabase'.
Done.

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Core1RtmEmptyTest.Entities;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Migrations
{
    public static class ApplicationDbContextSeedData
    {
        public static void SeedData(this IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory)
        {
            using (var serviceScope = scopeFactory.CreateScope())
            {
                var context = serviceScope.ServiceProvider.GetService<ApplicationDbContext>();
                if (!context.Persons.Any())
                {
                    var persons = new List<Person>
                    {
                        new Person
                        {
                            FirstName = "Admin",
                            LastName = "User"
                        }
                    };
                    context.AddRange(persons);
                    context.SaveChanges();
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

public void Configure(IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory)
{
    scopeFactory.SeedData();

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
   services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>(ServiceLifetime.Scoped);

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Entities
{
    public class Person
    {
        public int PersonId { get; set; }
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }

        public int Age { get; set; }
    }
}

 An unhandled exception occurred while processing the request.
SqlException: Invalid column name 'Age'.

D:\Prog\1395\Core1RtmEmptyTest\src\Core1RtmEmptyTest>dotnet ef migrations add v2
D:\Prog\1395\Core1RtmEmptyTest\src\Core1RtmEmptyTest>dotnet ef database update

 D:\Prog\1395\Core1RtmEmptyTest\src\Core1RtmEmptyTest>dotnet ef migrations script -o v2.sql

public Configuration()
{
   AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
}

using Core1RtmEmptyTest.Entities;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Migrations
{
    public static class DbInitialization
    {
        public static void Initialize(this IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory)
        {
            using (var serviceScope = scopeFactory.CreateScope())
            {
                var context = serviceScope.ServiceProvider.GetService<ApplicationDbContext>();
                // Applies any pending migrations for the context to the database.
                // Will create the database if it does not already exist.
                context.Database.Migrate();
            }
        }
    }
}

تا به اینجا توانستیم فقط با نوشتن آدرس API مورد نظر، آن را فراخوانی کنیم.

برای ارسال پارامترهایی در هدر درخواست فقط کافیست دقیقا در خط پایین آدرس، به صورت field-name:field-value، هر پارامتری را که میخواهید، به همراه درخواست ارسال کنید. برای نمونه برای API لیست افراد که در بالا تست کردیم، میتوانیم هدر را به صورت زیر تنظیم نماییم :

GET http://localhost:59416/api/people
Content-Type: application/json

اجرای درخواست GET برای دریافت یک شخص خاص

GET http://localhost:59416/api/people/1

خروجی آن به صورت زیر می‌باشد

درخواست POST برای درج کاربر جدید:

POST http://localhost:59416/api/people
content-type: application/json

{
    "id": 10,
    "name": "ali",
    "age":37
}

بعد از هدرهای درخواست، یک خط خالی ایجاد کنید و پایین‌تر از خط خالی، میتوانید مقادیر body درخواست را وارد نمایید.

درخواست PUT برای آپدیت یک شخص :

PUT http://localhost:59416/api/people/3
content-type: application/json

{
    "id": 3,
    "name": "ali",
    "age":37
}

درخواست DELETE برای حذف شخص:

DELETE http://localhost:59416/api/people/3
content-type: application/application/json

ارسال توکن اعتبارسنجی :

در صورتی که یک API نیاز به اعتبار سنجی دارد و باید توکن را به همراه درخواستی ارسال نمایید، می‌توانید در هدر درخواست، همانند زیر، توکن را ارسال نمایید

GET http://localhost:59416/api/people
content-type: application/json
Authorization: Bearer token

آپلود فایل:

یکی از API هایی که در مثال ابتدای مقاله داشتیم، مربوط به آپلود فایل آواتار هست که از ورودی، یک IFormFile را به عنوان ورودی دریافت میکند. برای آپلود فایل به کمک افزونه Rest Client میتوانیم به صورت زیر فایل را ارسال نماییم 

POST http://localhost:59416/api/people/avatar
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----MyBoundary

------MyBoundary
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file";filename="Studio"
content-type: image/png

< C:\Users\rahimi\Downloads\Studio.png

------MyBoundary--

قبل از آدرس فایل، وجود  > ضروری می‌باشد. 

فعال سازی دکمه Send Request به ازای هر آدرس:

اگر در یک فایل، چند آدرس را همانند عکس زیر داشته باشید، فقط یک دکمه‌ی Send Request وجود خواهد داشت که کلیک بر روی آن منجر به فراخوانی اولین url می‌شود.

برای داشتن یک دکمه Send Request به ازای هر API، باید بین هر کدام از API ها، حداقل سه تا # قرار دهید.

### Get All People
GET http://localhost:59416/api/people
content-type: application/json

### Get Person
GET http://localhost:59416/api/people/1


### Create 
POST http://localhost:59416/api/people
content-type: application/json

{
    "id": 10,
    "name": "ali",
    "age":37
}

### Edit person
PUT http://localhost:59416/api/people/3
content-type: application/json

{
    "id": 3,
    "name": "ali",
    "age":37
}

### Delete person
DELETE http://localhost:59416/api/people/3
content-type: application/application/json


### Upload Avatar
POST http://localhost:59416/api/people/avatar 
Content-Type: multipart/form-data; boundary=----MyBoundary

------MyBoundary
Content-Disposition: form-data; name="file";filename="Studio"
content-type: image/png

< C:\Users\rahimi\Downloads\Studio.png

------MyBoundary--

افزونه‌ی Rest Client، فراتر از توضیحات این مقاله می‌باشد. در صورت علاقه و برای مطالعه بیشتر در مورد آن، می‌توانید به لینک صفحه افزونه مراجعه نمایید.

@model  List<Model>

public class Customer
{
    public Customer()
    {
        Orders = new ObservableCollection<Order>();
    }
    public Guid Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Family { get; set; }

    public string FullName
    {
        get
        {
            return Name + " " + Family;
        }
    }

    public virtual IList<Order> Orders { get; set; }
}

public class Product
{
    public Product()
    {
    }

    public Guid Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Price { get; set; }
}
public class OrderDetail
{
    public Guid Id { get; set; }
    public Guid ProductId { get; set; }
    public int Count { get; set; }
    public Guid OrderId { get; set; }
    public int Price { get; set; }

    public virtual Order Order { get; set; }
    public virtual Product Product { get; set; }

    public string ProductName
    {
        get
        {
            return Product != null ? Product.Name : string.Empty;
        }
    }
}

public class Order
{
    public Order()
    {
        OrderDetail = new ObservableCollection<OrderDetail>();
    }
    public Guid Id { get; set; }
    public DateTime Date { get; set; }

    public Guid CustomerId { get; set; }
    public virtual Customer Customer { get; set; }
    public virtual IList<OrderDetail> OrderDetail { get; set; }

    public string CustomerFullName
    {
        get
        {
            return Customer == null ? string.Empty : Customer.FullName;
        }
    }

    public int TotalPrice
    {
        get
        {
            if (OrderDetail == null)
                return 0;

            return
                OrderDetail.Where(orderdetail => orderdetail.Product != null)
                .Sum(orderdetail => orderdetail.Price*orderdetail.Count);
        }
    }
}

public class CustomerConfiguration : EntityTypeConfiguration<Customer>
{
    public CustomerConfiguration()
    {
        HasKey(c => c.Id);
        Property(c => c.Id).HasDatabaseGeneratedOption(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity);
    }
}
public class ProductConfiguration : EntityTypeConfiguration<Product>
{
    public ProductConfiguration()
    {
        HasKey(p => p.Id);
        Property(p => p.Id).HasDatabaseGeneratedOption(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity);
    }
}
public class OrderDetailConfiguration : EntityTypeConfiguration<OrderDetail>
{
    public OrderDetailConfiguration()
    {
        HasKey(od => od.Id);
        Property(od => od.Id).HasDatabaseGeneratedOption(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity);
    }
}
public class OrderConfiguration: EntityTypeConfiguration<Order>
{
    public OrderConfiguration()
    {
        HasKey(o => o.Id);
        Property(o => o.Id).HasDatabaseGeneratedOption(DatabaseGeneratedOption.Identity);
    }
}

public class StoreDbContext : DbContext
{
    public StoreDbContext()
        : base("name=StoreDb")
    {
    }

    protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    {
        modelBuilder.Configurations.Add(new CustomerConfiguration());
        modelBuilder.Configurations.Add(new OrderConfiguration());
        modelBuilder.Configurations.Add(new OrderDetailConfiguration());
        modelBuilder.Configurations.Add(new ProductConfiguration());
    }

    public DbSet<Customer> Customers { get; set; }
    public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
    public DbSet<Order> Orders { get; set; }
    public DbSet<OrderDetail> OrderDetails { get; set; }
}

public class MyTestDb : DropCreateDatabaseAlways<StoreDbContext>
{
    protected override void Seed(StoreDbContext context)
    {
        var customer1 = new Customer { Name = "Vahid", Family = "Nasiri" };
        var customer2 = new Customer { Name = "Mohsen", Family = "Jamshidi" };
        var customer3 = new Customer { Name = "Mohsen", Family = "Akbari" };

        var product1 = new Product {Name = "CPU", Price = 350000};
        var product2 = new Product {Name = "Monitor", Price = 500000};
        var product3 = new Product {Name = "Keyboard", Price = 30000};
        var product4 = new Product {Name = "Mouse", Price = 20000};
        var product5 = new Product {Name = "Power", Price = 70000};
        var product6 = new Product {Name = "Hard", Price = 250000};

        var order1 = new Order
        {
            Customer = customer1, Date = new DateTime(2013, 1, 1),
            OrderDetail = new List<OrderDetail>
            {
                new OrderDetail {Product = product1, Count = 1, Price = product1.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product2, Count = 1, Price = product2.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product3, Count = 1, Price = product3.Price},
            }
        };

        var order2 = new Order
        {
            Customer = customer1,
            Date = new DateTime(2013, 1, 5),
            OrderDetail = new List<OrderDetail>
            {
                new OrderDetail {Product = product1, Count = 2, Price = product1.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product3, Count = 4, Price = product3.Price},
            }
        };

        var order3 = new Order
        {
            Customer = customer1,
            Date = new DateTime(2013, 1, 9),
            OrderDetail = new List<OrderDetail>
            {
                new OrderDetail {Product = product1, Count = 4, Price = product1.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product3, Count = 5, Price = product3.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product5, Count = 6, Price = product5.Price},
            }
        };

        var order4 = new Order
        {
            Customer = customer2,
            Date = new DateTime(2013, 1, 9),
            OrderDetail = new List<OrderDetail>
            {
                new OrderDetail {Product = product4, Count = 1, Price = product4.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product3, Count = 1, Price = product3.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product6, Count = 1, Price = product6.Price},
            }
        };

        var order5 = new Order
        {
            Customer = customer2,
            Date = new DateTime(2013, 1, 12),
            OrderDetail = new List<OrderDetail>
            {
                new OrderDetail {Product = product4, Count = 1, Price = product4.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product5, Count = 2, Price = product5.Price},
                new OrderDetail {Product = product6, Count = 5, Price = product6.Price},
            }
        };

        context.Customers.Add(customer3);

        context.Orders.Add(order1);
        context.Orders.Add(order2);
        context.Orders.Add(order3);
        context.Orders.Add(order4);
        context.Orders.Add(order5);

        context.SaveChanges();
    }

Database.SetInitializer(new MyTestDb());

<connectionStrings>
    <add name="StoreDb" connectionString="Data Source=.\SQLEXPRESS;
Initial Catalog=StoreDBTest;Integrated Security = true" providerName="System.Data.SqlClient"/>
</connectionStrings>

using (var context = new StoreDbContext())
{
    var query = context.Customers;

    foreach (var customer in query)
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Customer Name: {0}, Customer Family: {1}", 
                                  customer.Name, customer.Family);
    }
}

Customer Name: Vahid, Customer Family: Nasiri
Customer Name: Mohsen, Customer Family: Jamshidi
Customer Name: Mohsen, Customer Family: Akbari

var customers = context.Customers.ToList();

private static void Query3()
{
    using (var context = new StoreDbContext())
    {
        var methodSyntaxquery = context.Customers
                   .Where(c => c.Name == "Mohsen");
        var sqlSyntaxquery = from c in context.Customers
                             where c.Name == "Mohsen"
                             select c;

        foreach (var customer in methodSyntaxquery)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Customer Name: {0}, Customer Family: {1}", 
                                      customer.Name, customer.Family);
        }
    }

    // Output:
    // Customer Name: Mohsen, Customer Family: Jamshidi
    // Customer Name: Mohsen, Customer Family: Akbari
}

1. داده‌های موجود در حافظه را بررسی می‌کند یعنی آنهایی که Load و یا Attach شده اند.
   
2. داده هایی که به DbContext اضافه (Add) ولی هنوز در database درج نشده اند.
   
3. داده هایی که در database هستند ولی هنوز Load نشده اند.
   

public class Book:Entity
    {
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string ISBN { get; set; }
        public int Price { get; set; }
        public List<Author> Authors { get; set; }
        public BsonDocument ExtraFields { get; set; }
        public Language Language { get; set; }
        public ObjectId Image { get; set; }
        public int Year { get; set; }
        public DateTime LastStock { get; set; }

    }

     var book = new Book()
            {
      
                Title = "Gone With Wind",
                ISBN = "43442424",
                Price = 50000,
                Year = 1936,
                LastStock = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-13),
                Language = new Language()
                {
                    Name = "Persian"
                },
                Authors = new List<Author>()
               {
                   new Author()
                   {
                       Name = "Margaret Mitchell"
                   }
               },
                ExtraFields=new BsonDocument("Translator", "Ali Mahboobi")
            };

همینطور که می‌بینید این فیلد جدید به عنوان یک شیء جدا یا یک سند توکار ذخیره شده‌است. ولی اگر میخواهید به عنوان یک فیلد، همانند دیگر فیلدها ذخیره شود، باید فیلد ExtraField را به ویژگی BsonExtraElement مزین کنید. پس مدل را به شکل زیر بازنویسی میکنیم:

public class Book:Entity
    {
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string ISBN { get; set; }
        public int Price { get; set; }
        public List<Author> Authors { get; set; }
        [BsonExtraElements]
        public BsonDocument ExtraFields { get; set; }
        public Language Language { get; set; }
        public ObjectId Image { get; set; }
        public int Year { get; set; }
        public DateTime LastStock { get; set; }

    }

public class PublicMenu : BaseEntity
    {
        public PublicMenu()
        {
            SubMenus = new List<PublicMenu>();
        }

        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string Url { get; set; }
        public string Icon { get; set; }
        public bool IsShow { get; set; }

        public virtual PublicMenu Menu { set; get; }
        public int? MenuId { get; set; }
        public ICollection<PublicMenu> SubMenus { get; set; }
    }

public class MySettings  
{
   public string StringSetting { get; set; }
   public int IntSetting { get; set; }

 public List<string> ListValues { get; } = new List<string>();

 public ISet<string> Values { get; set; }

 public ISet<string> Values { get; } = new HashSet<string>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Text;

namespace MvcJSTree.Models.Entities
{
    public class Category
    {
        public Category()
        {

        }
        public Category(string id,string parentid,string orginialid,string text,string position,string href)
        {
            this.Id = id;
            this.ParentId = parentid;
            this.OriginalId = orginialid;
            this.Text = text;
            this.Position = position;
            this.Href = href;
        }
               
        public string Id { set; get; }
        public string ParentId { set; get; }
        public string OriginalId { set; get; }
        public string Text { set; get; }
        public string Position { set; get; }
        public string Href { set; get; }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return string.Format("{0},{1},{2},{3},{4},{5}",this.Id,this.ParentId,this.OriginalId,this.Text,this.Position,this.Href);
        }      
    }
    
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Text;
using System.Data.Entity;

namespace MvcJSTree.Models
{
    public class DataBaseContext:System.Data.Entity.DbContext
    {
        public DataBaseContext()
        {

        }
         static DataBaseContext ()
        {

            System.Data.Entity.Database.SetInitializer(
                new System.Data.Entity.DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<DataBaseContext>());

        }
        
         public System.Data.Entity.DbSet<DataBaseContext> Category { get; set; }
        
    }
}