public interface IValidationDictionary
{
    void AddError(string key, string message);
    bool IsValid { get; }
}

public class ModelStateWrapper : IValidationDictionary
{
    private ModelStateDictionary _modelState;

    public ModelStateWrapper(ModelStateDictionary modelState)
    {
        _modelState = modelState;
    }

    public void AddError(string key, string errorMessage)
    {
        _modelState.AddModelError(key, errorMessage);
    }

    public bool IsValid
    {
        get { return _modelState.IsValid; }
    }
}

public interface IApplicationService
{
    void Initialize(IValidationDictionary validationDictionary);
}

public interface IUserService : IApplicationService
{
    Task CreateAsync(UserCreateModel model);
}

public class UserService : IUserService
{
    private readonly IUnitOfWork _uow;
    private IValidationDictionary _validationDictionary;

    public UserService(IUnitOfWork uow)
    {
        _uow = uow ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(uow));
    }

    public void Initialize(IValidationDictionary validationDictionary)
    {
        _validationDictionary = validationDictionary ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(validationDictionary));
    }

    public Task CreateAsync(UserCreateModel model)
    {
        //todo: logic for create new user

        if (condition)
            _validationDictionary.AddError(string.Empty, "پیغامی که قرار است برای کاربرنهایی قابل مشاهده باشد");

        if (other condition)
            _validationDictionary.AddError(string.Empty, "پیغامی که قرار است برای کاربرنهایی قابل مشاهده باشد");
    }
}

[AddInContract]
public interface ITranslator : IContract
{
   string Translate(string input);
}

public abstract class TranslatorHostView
{
   public abstract string Translate(string input);
}

[AddInBase]
public abstract class TranslatorHostView
{
   public abstract string Translate(string input);
}

[HostAdapter]
public class TranslatorHostViewToContract : TranslatorHostView
{
   ITranslator _contract;
   ContractHandle _lifetime;

   public TranslatorHostViewToContract(ITranslator contract)
   {
       _contract = contract;
       _lifetime = new ContractHandle(contract);
   }

   public override string Translate (string inp)
   {
       return _contract.Translate(inp);
   }
}

[AddInAdapter]
public class TranslatorAddInViewToContract : ContractBase, ITranslator
{
   TranslatorAddInView _view;

   public TranslatorAddInViewToContract(TranslatorView view)
   {
       _view = view;
   }

   public string Translate(string inp)
   {
       return _view.Translate(inp);
   }
}

[AddIn("GoogleTranslator", Description="Universal translator",
Version="1.0.0.0", Publisher="YourName")]
public class GoogleAddIn : TranslatorAddInView
{
   public string Translate(string input)
   {
       ...
   }
}

namespace ControllerExtensibility.Models
{
    public class Result
    {
        public string ControllerName { get; set; }
        public string ActionName { get; set; }
    }
}

using ControllerExtensibility.Models;
using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace ControllerExtensibility.Controllers
{
    public class ProductController : Controller
    {
        public ViewResult Index()
        {
            return View("Result", new Result
            {
                ControllerName = "Product",
                ActionName = "Index"
            });
        }
        public ViewResult List()
        {
            return View("Result", new Result
            {
                ControllerName = "Product",
                ActionName = "List"
            });
        }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
namespace ControllerExtensibility.Controllers
{
    public class CustomerController : Controller
    {
        public ViewResult Index()
        {
            return View("Result", new Result
            {
                ControllerName = "Customer",
                ActionName = "Index"
            });
        }
        public ViewResult List()
        {
            return View("Result", new Result
            {
                ControllerName = "Customer",
                ActionName = "List"
            });
        }
    }
}

using System.Web.Routing;
using System.Web.SessionState;
namespace System.Web.Mvc
{
    public interface IControllerFactory
    {
        IController CreateController(RequestContext requestContext,
        string controllerName);
        SessionStateBehavior GetControllerSessionBehavior(RequestContext requestContext,
        string controllerName);
        void ReleaseController(IController controller);
    }
}

using System;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;
using System.Web.SessionState;
using ControllerExtensibility.Controllers;

namespace ControllerExtensibility.Infrastructure
{
    public class CustomControllerFactory : IControllerFactory
    {
        public IController CreateController(RequestContext requestContext,
            string controllerName)
        {
            Type targetType = null;
            switch (controllerName)
            {
                case "Product":
                    targetType = typeof (ProductController);
                    break;
                case "Customer":
                    targetType = typeof (CustomerController);
                    break;
                default:
                    requestContext.RouteData.Values["controller"] = "Product";
                    targetType = typeof (ProductController);
                    break;
            }
            return targetType == null
                ? null
                : (IController) DependencyResolver.Current.GetService(targetType);
        }

        public SessionStateBehavior GetControllerSessionBehavior(RequestContext
            requestContext, string controllerName)
        {
            return SessionStateBehavior.Default;
        }

        public void ReleaseController(IController controller)
        {
            IDisposable disposable = controller as IDisposable;
            if (disposable != null)
            {
                disposable.Dispose();
            }
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Http;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;
using ControllerExtensibility.Infrastructure;
namespace ControllerExtensibility
{
    public class MvcApplication : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
        protected void Application_Start()
        {
            AreaRegistration.RegisterAllAreas();
            WebApiConfig.Register(GlobalConfiguration.Configuration);
            FilterConfig.RegisterGlobalFilters(GlobalFilters.Filters);
            RouteConfig.RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
            ControllerBuilder.Current.SetControllerFactory(new
            CustomControllerFactory());
        }
    }
}

The ‘Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0’ provider is not registered on the local machine
The ‘Microsoft.ACE.OLEDB.12.0’ provider is not registered on the local machine

@model MyMVCProject.Models.MyModel
.
.
.
.

@Html.EditorFor(m => m.cost)
@*@Html.TextBoxFor(m => m.cost)*@

using System;

namespace System.Web.Mvc
{
    public abstract class WebViewPage<TModel> : WebViewPage
    {
        protected WebViewPage();
        public AjaxHelper<TModel> Ajax { get; set; }
        public HtmlHelper<TModel> Html { get; set; }
        public TModel Model { get; }
        public ViewDataDictionary<TModel> ViewData { get; set; }
        public override void InitHelpers();
        protected override void SetViewData(ViewDataDictionary viewData);
    }
}

<head>
    <title>@ViewBag.Title</title>
    <link href="@Url.Content("~/Content/Site.css")" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery-1.5.1.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="@Url.Content("~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js")" type="text/javascript"></script>    
</head>

namespace MvcApplication18.Models
{
    public class Employee
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace MvcApplication18.Models
{
    public static class EmployeeDataSource
    {
        public static IList<Employee> CreateEmployees()
        {
            var list = new List<Employee>();
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++)
            {
                list.Add(new Employee { Id = i + 1, Name = "name " + i });
            }
            return list;
        }
    }
}

using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using MvcApplication18.Models;

namespace MvcApplication18.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }

        [HttpPost] //for IE-8        
        public ActionResult EmployeeInfo(int? id)
        {
            if (!Request.IsAjaxRequest())
                return View("Error");

            if (!id.HasValue)
                return View("Error");

            var list = EmployeeDataSource.CreateEmployees();
            var data = list.Where(x => x.Id == id.Value).FirstOrDefault();
            if (data == null)
                return View("Error");

            return PartialView(viewName: "_EmployeeInfo", model: data);
        }
    }
}

@model MvcApplication18.Models.Employee

<strong>Name:</strong> @Model.Name

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
}
<h2>
    Index</h2>

<div id="EmployeeInfo">
    @Ajax.ActionLink(
     linkText: "Get Employee-1 info",
     actionName: "EmployeeInfo",
     controllerName: "Home",
     routeValues: new { id = 1 },
     ajaxOptions: new AjaxOptions
                  {
                      HttpMethod = "POST",
                      InsertionMode = InsertionMode.Replace,
                      UpdateTargetId = "EmployeeInfo",
                      LoadingElementId = "Progress"
                  })
</div>

<div id="Progress" style="display: none">
    <img src="@Url.Content("~/Content/images/loading.gif")" alt="loading..."  />
</div>

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Class|AttributeTargets.Method)]
public class AjaxOnlyAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
{
  public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext)
  {
    if (filterContext.HttpContext.Request.IsAjaxRequest())
    {
      base.OnActionExecuting(filterContext);
    }
    else
    {
      throw new InvalidOperationException("This operation can only be accessed via Ajax requests");
    }
  }
}

[AjaxOnly]
public ActionResult SomeAjaxAction()
{
    return Content("Hello!");
}

<a data-ajax="true" data-ajax-loading="#Progress" data-ajax-method="POST" 
    data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#EmployeeInfo" 
    href="/Home/EmployeeInfo/1">Get Employee-1 info</a>

<a href="#" onclick="LoadEmployeeInfo()">Get Employee-1 info</a>
@section javascript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        function LoadEmployeeInfo() {
            showProgress();
            $.ajax({
                type: "POST",
                url: "/Home/EmployeeInfo",
                data: JSON.stringify({ id: 1 }),
                contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
                dataType: "json",
                // controller is returning a simple text, not json
                complete: function (xhr, status) {                    
                    var data = xhr.responseText;
                    if (status === 'error' || !data) {
                        //handleError                        
                    }
                    else {
                        $('#EmployeeInfo').html(data);
                    }
                    hideProgress();
                }
            });
        }
        function showProgress() {
            $('#Progress').css("display", "block");
        }
        function hideProgress() {
            $('#Progress').css("display", "none");
        }
    </script>
}

@RenderSection("javascript", required: false)

[HttpPost] //for IE-8        
public ActionResult EmployeeInfoData(int? id)
{
            if (!Request.IsAjaxRequest())
                return Json(false);

            if (!id.HasValue)
                return Json(false);

            var list = EmployeeDataSource.CreateEmployees();
            var data = list.Where(x => x.Id == id.Value).FirstOrDefault();
            if (data == null)
                return Json(false);

            return Json(data);
}

<a href="#" onclick="LoadEmployeeInfoData()">Get Employee-2 info</a>
@section javascript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        function LoadEmployeeInfoData() {
            showProgress();
            $.ajax({
                type: "POST",
                url: "/Home/EmployeeInfoData",
                data: JSON.stringify({ id: 1 }),
                contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
                dataType: "json",
                // controller is returning the json data
                success: function (result) {
                    if (result) {
                        alert(result.Id + ' - ' + result.Name);
                    }
                    hideProgress();
                },
                error: function (result) {
                    alert(result.status + ' ' + result.statusText);
                    hideProgress();
                }
            });
        }

        function showProgress() {
            $('#Progress').css("display", "block");
        }
        function hideProgress() {
            $('#Progress').css("display", "none");
        }
    </script>
}

[HttpPost] //for IE-8        
public ActionResult SearchEmployeeInfo(string data)
{
            if (!Request.IsAjaxRequest())
                return Content(string.Empty);

            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(data))
                return Content(string.Empty);

            var employeesList = EmployeeDataSource.CreateEmployees();
            var list = employeesList.Where(x => x.Name.Contains(data)).ToList();
            if (list == null || !list.Any())
                return Content(string.Empty);

            return PartialView(viewName: "_SearchEmployeeInfo", model: list);
}

@model IEnumerable<MvcApplication18.Models.Employee>

<table>
    <tr>
        <th>
            Name
        </th>
    </tr>

@foreach (var item in Model) {
    <tr>
        <td>
            @Html.DisplayFor(modelItem => item.Name)
        </td>
    </tr>
}

</table>

@using (Ajax.BeginForm(actionName: "SearchEmployeeInfo",
                       controllerName: "Home", 
                       ajaxOptions: new AjaxOptions
                                    {
                                         HttpMethod = "POST",
                                         InsertionMode = InsertionMode.Replace,
                                         UpdateTargetId = "EmployeeInfo",
                                         LoadingElementId = "Progress"
                                    }))
    {
      @Html.TextBox("data")
      <input type="submit" value="Search" />
    }

<form action="/Home/SearchEmployeeInfo" data-ajax="true" 
          data-ajax-loading="#Progress" data-ajax-method="POST" 
          data-ajax-mode="replace" data-ajax-update="#EmployeeInfo" 
          id="form0" method="post">
       <input id="data" name="data" type="text" value="" />
       <input type="submit" value="Search" />
</form>

$.validator.unobtrusive.parse("#{form-id}");

$.ajax
({
    url: "/{controller}/{action}/{id}",
    type: "get",
    success: function(data)
    {
        $.validator.unobtrusive.parse("#{form-id}");
    }
});

//or
$.get('/{controller}/{action}/{id}', function (data) { $.validator.unobtrusive.parse("#{form-id}"); });

@using (Ajax.BeginForm(
    "Action1",
    "Controller",
    null,
    new AjaxOptions { 
        OnSuccess = "onSuccess",
        UpdateTargetId = "result"
    },
    null)
)
{
    <input type="submit" value="Save" />
}

var onSuccess = function(result) {
    // enable unobtrusive validation for the contents
    // that was injected into the <div id="result"></div> node
    $.validator.unobtrusive.parse("#result");
};

<Button  Click="btnClick_Event">Last</Button>

<Button Command="{Binding GoLast}">Last</Button>

using System;
using System.Windows.Input;

namespace MvvmHelpers
{
    // Ref.
    // - http://johnpapa.net/silverlight/5-simple-steps-to-commanding-in-silverlight/
    // - http://joshsmithonwpf.wordpress.com/2008/06/17/allowing-commandmanager-to-query-your-icommand-objects/
    public class DelegateCommand<T> : ICommand
    {
        readonly Func<T, bool> _canExecute;
        bool _canExecuteCache;
        readonly Action<T> _executeAction;

        public DelegateCommand(Action<T> executeAction, Func<T, bool> canExecute = null)
        {
            if (executeAction == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("executeAction");

            _executeAction = executeAction;
            _canExecute = canExecute;
        }

        public event EventHandler CanExecuteChanged
        {
            add { if (_canExecute != null) CommandManager.RequerySuggested += value; }
            remove { if (_canExecute != null) CommandManager.RequerySuggested -= value; }
        }

        public bool CanExecute(object parameter)
        {
            return _canExecute == null ? true : _canExecute((T)parameter);
        }

        public void Execute(object parameter)
        {
            _executeAction((T)parameter);
        }
    }
}

public DelegateCommand<string> GoLast { set; get; }

//in ctor
GoLast = new DelegateCommand<string>(goLast, canGoLast);

private bool canGoLast(string data)
{
    //ex.
    return ListViewGuiData.CurrentPage != ListViewGuiData.TotalPage - 1;
}

private void goLast(string data)
{
  //do something
}