public class PersonDiscountCalculator : DiscountCalculator 
{ 
    private decimal AddSpecificDiscountForPerson(decimal baseDiscount) 
    { 
        // calculate base discount for person 
        return 0; 
    } 
    protected override decimal GetFinalDiscount() 
    { 
        var baseDiscount = CalculateGeneralDiscount(); 
        var added = AddSpecificDiscountForPerson(baseDiscount); 
        return added; 
    } 
}

public abstract class DiscountCalculator 
{ 
    protected decimal CalculateGeneralDiscount() 
    { 
        // calculate general discount 
        return 0; 
    } 
    protected abstract decimal AddSpecificDiscount(decimal baseDiscount); 
    protected virtual decimal GetFinalDiscount() 
    { 
        var baseDiscount = CalculateGeneralDiscount(); 
        var addedDiscount = AddSpecificDiscount(baseDiscount); 
        return addedDiscount; 
    } 
}

public class CompanyDiscountCalculator: DiscountCalculator 
{ 
    protected override decimal AddSpecificDiscount(decimal baseDiscount) 
        { 
            // add some customer specific discounts to base discount 
            return 0; 
        } 
    } 
    public class PersonDiscountCalculator : DiscountCalculator 
    { 
        protected override decimal AddSpecificDiscount(decimal baseDiscount) 
        { 
            // calculate base discount for person 
            return 0; 
        } 
}

جمع بندی 

در صورتیکه این کد بد بو اصلاح شود، معمولا با کدی قابل درک‌تر و با سازماندهی منطقی بهتری روبرو خواهیم بود. به طور کلی رعایت رابطه منطقی بین کلاس‌ها، علاوه بر جلوگیری از بروز مشکل «میراث رد شده»، خوانایی کد را افزایش داده و اعمال تغییرات در آن را نیز آسان‌تر می‌کند.

protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    {
        modelBuilder.Conventions.Add(new FunctionsConvention<MyContext>("dbo"));
    }

• نوع خروجی تابع باید از <IQueryable<T  باشد. T باید از جنسی باشد که معادل EDM آن موجود باشد. T می‌تواند از انواع اصلی (Primitive) باشد که در EF پشتیبانی می‌شوند (رجوع شود به  Entity Data Model: Primitive Data Types   )به طور مثال، int قابل استفاده است ولی uint خیر و یا می‌تواند از انواع غیر اصلی (  non-primitive ) باشند (enum/complex type/entity type ) که در مدل شما تعریف شده‌اند.
• پارامترهای متد باید از نوع اسکالر (primitive یا enum) باشند که قابل map شدن به نوع‌های EF باشند.
  
• نام متد،  DbFunction.FunctionName   و querystring ایی که به CreateQuery  پاس داده می‌شود باید همگی یکسان باشند.

 PM> Install-Package Rx-Main

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<packages>
  <package id="Rx-Core" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
  <package id="Rx-Interfaces" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
  <package id="Rx-Linq" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
  <package id="Rx-Main" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
  <package id="Rx-PlatformServices" version="2.2.4" targetFramework="net45" />
</packages>

using System;
using System.Linq;

namespace Rx01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number => number);
            foreach (var number in query)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(number);
            }
            finished();
        }

        private static void finished()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Done!");
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reactive.Linq;

namespace Rx01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number => number);
            var observableQuery = query.ToObservable();
            observableQuery.Subscribe(onNext: number => Console.WriteLine(number), onCompleted: () => finished());
        }

        private static void finished()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Done!");
        }
    }
}

1
2
3
4
5
Done!

 observableQuery.Subscribe(Console.WriteLine, finished);

    class Subject : IObservable<int>
    {
        public IDisposable Subscribe(IObserver<int> observer)
        {
        }
    }

    class Observer : IObserver<int>
    {
        public void OnCompleted()
        {
        }

        public void OnError(Exception error)
        {
        }

        public void OnNext(int value)
        {
        }
    }

public static System.IObservable<TSource> ToObservable<TSource>(
    this System.Collections.Generic.IEnumerable<TSource> source,
    System.Reactive.Concurrency.IScheduler scheduler)

 var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number => number);
var observableQuery = query.ToObservable();
var observer = Observer.Create<int>(onNext: number => Console.WriteLine(number));
observableQuery.Subscribe(observer);

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Reactive.Concurrency;
using System.Reactive.Linq;
using System.Threading;

namespace Rx01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Thread-Id: {0}", Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
            var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number => number);
            var observableQuery = query.ToObservable(scheduler: NewThreadScheduler.Default);
            observableQuery.Subscribe(onNext: number =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine("number: {0}, on Thread-id: {1}", number, Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
            }, onCompleted: () => finished());
        }

        private static void finished()
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Done!");
        }
    }
}

 Thread-Id: 1
number: 1, on Thread-id: 3
number: 2, on Thread-id: 3
number: 3, on Thread-id: 3
number: 4, on Thread-id: 3
number: 5, on Thread-id: 3
Done!

observableQuery.Subscribe(onNext: number =>
{
   Console.WriteLine("number: {0}, on Thread-id: {1}", number,     
                              Thread.CurrentThread.ManagedThreadId);
}/*, onCompleted: () => finished()*/);
finished();

 Thread-Id: 1
number: 1, on Thread-id: 3
Done!
number: 2, on Thread-id: 3
number: 3, on Thread-id: 3
number: 4, on Thread-id: 3
number: 5, on Thread-id: 3

observableQuery.Subscribe(
  onNext: number => Console.WriteLine(number),
  onError: exception => Console.WriteLine(exception.Message),
  onCompleted: () => finished());

 PM> Install-Package Rx-WPF

 observableQuery.ObserveOn(DispatcherScheduler.Current).Subscribe(...)

 observableQuery.ObserveOnDispatcher().Subscribe(...)

 PM> Install-Package Rx-WinForms

 observableQuery.ObserveOn(SynchronizationContext.Current).Subscribe(...)

 var query = Enumerable.Range(1, 5).Select(number =>
{
   Thread.Sleep(250);
   return number;
});

namespace TestKeys
{
    class Program
    {
        public class Bill
        {
            [DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
            public string Id { get; set; }
            public decimal Amount { set; get; }
            [ForeignKey("AccountId")]
            public virtual Account Account { get; set; }
            public string AccountId { set; get; }
        }

        public class Account
        {
            [DatabaseGenerated(DatabaseGeneratedOption.None)]
            public string Id { get; set; }
            public string Name { get; set; }
        }

        public class MyContext : DbContext
        {
            public DbSet<Bill> Bills { get; set; }
            public DbSet<Account> Accounts { get; set; }
        }


        public class BillFromWebsrv
        {
            public string Id { get; set; }
            public decimal Amount { set; get; }
            public DateTime DateTime { get; set; }

            public Account Account { get; set; }

        }



        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<MyContext>());
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {

                foreach (var dummyBill in DummyBills())
                {
                    var bl = new Bill { Id = dummyBill.Id, Amount = dummyBill.Amount, Account = dummyBill.Account };

                    ctx.Bills.Add(bl);
                }
                ctx.SaveChanges();
            }


        }

        public static List<BillFromWebsrv> DummyBills()
        {
            return new List<BillFromWebsrv>
            {
                new BillFromWebsrv
                {
                    Id = "1",
                    Amount = 1231,
                    DateTime = DateTime.Now,
                    Account = new Account {Id = "1", Name = "ac1"}
                },
                new BillFromWebsrv
                {
                    Id = "2",
                    Amount = 1232,
                    DateTime = DateTime.Now,
                    Account = new Account {Id = "2", Name = "ac2"}
                },
                new BillFromWebsrv
                {
                    Id = "3",
                    Amount = 1233,
                    DateTime = DateTime.Now,
                    Account = new Account {Id = "2", Name = "ac2"}
                },
                new BillFromWebsrv
                {
                    Id = "4",
                    Amount = 1134,
                    DateTime = DateTime.Now,
                    Account = new Account {Id = "3", Name = "ac3"}
                }
            };
        }
    }
}

• Filter : یک پراپرتی از نوع string است که درصورت مقداردهی آن، بر روی لیست خروجی ما عملیات فیلترینگ اعمال میشود. مثال :

Filter = "Name==Ali,Age>>10";

SortBy = "Age";

همانطور که در تصویر بالا مشاهده میکنید، برای اعمال فیلترینگ‌های پیچیده میتوانیم از چهار اپراتور , | ( )  استفاده کنیم. به همین جهت اگر نیاز داشتید که در مقدار جستجوی خود از این علائم استفاده کنید، باید قبل از هرکدام از آنها، علامت \ را اضافه کنید. 

 مثال رج‌اکس escape character در JavaScript  : 

let esc = (v) => v.replace(/([(),|])/g, '\\$1')

مثال #‍C : 

var value = "(test,test2)";
var esc = Regex.Replace(value, "([(),|])", "\\$1" ); // esc = \(test\,test2\)  

در بخش بعد با امکانات Mapper توکار Gridify و شخصی سازی آن آشنا خواهیم شد.

public class AuthorModule : IModule
{
    public IEndpointRouteBuilder RegisterEndpoints(IEndpointRouteBuilder endpoints)
    {
        endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors",
            async (IMediator mediator, CancellationToken ct) => await GetAllAuthorsAsync(mediator, ct));

        endpoints.MapPost("/api/authors",
            async (IMediator mediator, AuthorDto authorDto, CancellationToken ct) =>
                await CreateAuthorAsync(authorDto, mediator, ct));

        return endpoints;
    }

    private static async Task<IResult> CreateAuthorAsync(AuthorDto authorDto, IMediator mediator, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var command = new CreateAuthorCommand { AuthorDto = authorDto };
        var author = await mediator.Send(command, ct);
        return Results.Ok(author);
    }

    private static async Task<IResult> GetAllAuthorsAsync(IMediator mediator, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        var request = new GetAllAuthorsQuery();
        var authors = await mediator.Send(request, ct);
        return Results.Ok(authors);
    }
}

Challenge, Forbid, SignIn, SignOut, Content, Text,
Json, File, Bytes, Stream, Redirect, LocalRedirect, StatusCode
NotFound, Unauthorized, BadRequest, Conflict, NoContent, Ok
UnprocessableEntity, Problem, ValidationProblem, Created
CreatedAtRoute, Accepted, AcceptedAtRoute

try
{
    return Results.Ok(await data.GetUsers());
}
catch (Exception ex)
{

    return Results.Problem(ex.Message);
}

endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors",
async (IMediator mediator, CancellationToken ct) => await GetAllAuthorsAsync(mediator, ct));

endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors", GetAllAuthorsAsync);
endpoints.MapPost("/api/authors", CreateAuthorAsync);

public static class ServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddApplicationServices(this IServiceCollection services,
        WebApplicationBuilder builder)
    {
        builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();
        builder.Services.AddSwaggerGen();

        // ...

public class AuthorModule : IModule
{
    public IEndpointRouteBuilder RegisterEndpoints(IEndpointRouteBuilder endpoints)
    {
        endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors",
                async (IMediator mediator, CancellationToken ct) => await GetAllAuthorsAsync(mediator, ct))
            .WithName("GetAllAuthors")
            .WithDisplayName("Authors")
            .WithTags("Authors")
            .Produces(500);

        endpoints.MapPost("/api/authors",
                async (IMediator mediator, AuthorDto authorDto, CancellationToken ct) =>
                    await CreateAuthorAsync(authorDto, mediator, ct))
            .WithName("CreateAuthor")
            .WithDisplayName("Authors")
            .WithTags("Authors")
            .Produces(500);

        return endpoints;
    }

builder.Services.AddSwaggerGen(options =>
{
   options.SwaggerDoc("v1", new OpenApiInfo { Title = builder.Environment.ApplicationName, Version = "v1" });
   options.TagActionsBy(ta => new List<string> { ta.ActionDescriptor.DisplayName! });
});

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Features.Authors;

public record AuthorGetDto
{
    public int Id { get; init; }
    public string Name { get; init; } = default!;
    public string? Bio { get; init; }
    public DateTime DateOfBirth { get; init; }
}

public class AuthorProfile : Profile
{
    public AuthorProfile()
    {
        CreateMap<AuthorDto, Author>().ReverseMap();
        CreateMap<Author, AuthorGetDto>()
            .ForMember(dest => dest.Name, opt => opt.MapFrom(src => src.FullName));
    }
}

public class CreateAuthorCommand : IRequest<AuthorGetDto>

public class CreateAuthorCommandHandler : IRequestHandler<CreateAuthorCommand, AuthorGetDto>

public async Task<AuthorGetDto> Handle(CreateAuthorCommand request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)

return _mapper.Map<AuthorGetDto>(toAdd);

public class GetAllAuthorsQuery : IRequest<List<AuthorGetDto>>

public class GetAllAuthorsHandler : IRequestHandler<GetAllAuthorsQuery, List<AuthorGetDto>>
{
    private readonly MinimalBlogDbContext _context;
    private readonly IMapper _mapper;

    public GetAllAuthorsHandler(MinimalBlogDbContext context, IMapper mapper)
    {
        _context = context ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(context));
        _mapper = mapper ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(mapper));
    }

    public async Task<List<AuthorGetDto>> Handle(GetAllAuthorsQuery request, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
        var authors = await _context.Authors.ToListAsync(cancellationToken);
        return _mapper.Map<List<AuthorGetDto>>(authors);
    }
}

endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors",
                async (IMediator mediator, CancellationToken ct) => await GetAllAuthorsAsync(mediator, ct))
            .WithName("GetAllAuthors")
            .WithDisplayName("Authors")
            .WithTags("Authors")
            .Produces<List<AuthorGetDto>>()
            .Produces(500);

endpoints.MapPost("/api/authors",
                async (IMediator mediator, AuthorDto authorDto, CancellationToken ct) =>
                    await CreateAuthorAsync(authorDto, mediator, ct))
            .WithName("CreateAuthor")
            .WithDisplayName("Authors")
            .WithTags("Authors")
            .Produces<AuthorGetDto>()
            .Produces(500);

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using Lucene.Net.Analysis.Standard;
using Lucene.Net.Documents;
using Lucene.Net.Index;
using Lucene.Net.Store;

namespace ShaahnamehAnalysis
{
    public static class CreateIndex
    {
        static readonly Lucene.Net.Util.Version _version = Lucene.Net.Util.Version.LUCENE_CURRENT;

        static HashSet<string> getStopWords()
        {
            var result = new HashSet<string>();
            var stopWords = new[]
            {
                "به",
                "با",
                "از",
                "تا",
                "و",
                "است",
                "هست",
                "هستم",
                "هستیم",
                "هستید",
                "هستند",
                "نیست",
                "نیستم",
                "نیستیم",
                "نیستند",
                "اما",
                "یا",
                "این",
                "آن",
                "اینجا",
                "آنجا",
                "بود",
                "باد",
                "برای",
                "که",
                "دارم",
                "داری",
                "دارد",
                "داریم",
                "دارید",
                "دارند",
                "چند",
                "را",
                "ها",
                "های",
                "می",
                "هم",
                "در",
                "باشم",
                "باشی",
                "باشد",
                "باشیم",
                "باشید",
                "باشند",
                "اگر",
                "مگر",
                "بجز",
                "جز",
                "الا",
                "اینکه",
                "چرا",
                "کی",
                "چه",
                "چطور",
                "چی",
                "چیست",
                "آیا",
                "چنین",
                "اینچنین",
                "نخست",
                "اول",
                "آخر",
                "انتها",
                "صد",
                "هزار",
                "میلیون",
                "ملیون",
                "میلیارد",
                "ملیارد",
                "یکهزار",
                "تریلیون",
                "تریلیارد",
                "میان",
                "بین",
                "زیر",
                "بیش",
                "روی",
                "ضمن",
                "همانا",
                "ای",
                "بعد",
                "پس",
                "قبل",
                "پیش",
                "هیچ",
                "همه",
                "واما",
                "شد",
                "شده",
                "شدم",
                "شدی",
                "شدیم",
                "شدند",
                "یک",
                "یکی",
                "نبود",
                "میکند",
                "میکنم",                
                "میکنیم",
                "میکنید",
                "میکنند",
                "میکنی",
                "طور",
                "اینطور",
                "آنطور",
                "هر",
                "حال",
                "مثل",
                "خواهم",
                "خواهی",
                "خواهد",
                "خواهیم",
                "خواهید",
                "خواهند",
                "داشته",
                "داشت",
                "داشتی",
                "داشتم",
                "داشتیم",
                "داشتید",
                "داشتند",
                "آنکه",
                "مورد",
                "کنید",
                "کنم",
                "کنی",
                "کنند",
                "کنیم",
                "نکنم",
                "نکنی",
                "نکند",
                "نکنیم",
                "نکنید",
                "نکنند",
                "نکن",
                "بگو",
                "نگو",
                "مگو",
                "بنابراین",
                "بدین",
                "من",
                "تو",
                "او",
                "ما",
                "شما",
                "ایشان",
                "ی",
                "ـ",
                "هایی",
                "خیلی",
                "بسیار",
                "1",
                "بر",
                "l",
                "شود",
                "کرد",
                "کرده",
                "نیز",
                "خود",
                "شوند",
                "اند",
                "داد",
                "دهد",
                "گشت",
                "ز",
                "گفت",
                "آمد",
                "اندر",
                "چون",
                "بد",
                "چو",
                "همی",
                "پر",
                "سوی",
                "دو",
                "گر",
                "بی",
                "گرد",
                "زین",
                "کس",
                "زان",
                "جای",
                "آید"
            };

            foreach (var item in stopWords)
                result.Add(item);

            return result;
        }

        public static void CreateShaahnamehIndex(string file = "shaahnameh.txt")
        {
            var directory = FSDirectory.Open(new DirectoryInfo(Environment.CurrentDirectory + "\\LuceneIndex"));
            var analyzer = new StandardAnalyzer(_version, getStopWords());
            using (var writer = new IndexWriter(directory, analyzer, create: true, mfl: IndexWriter.MaxFieldLength.UNLIMITED))
            {
                var section = string.Empty;
                foreach (var line in File.ReadAllLines(file))
                {
                    int result;
                    if (int.TryParse(line, out result))
                    {
                        var postDocument = new Document();
                        postDocument.Add(new Field("Id", result.ToString(), Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED));
                        postDocument.Add(new Field("Body", section, Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.ANALYZED, Field.TermVector.WITH_POSITIONS_OFFSETS));
                        writer.AddDocument(postDocument);
                        section = string.Empty;
                    }
                    else
                        section += line;
                }

                writer.Optimize();
                writer.Commit();
                writer.Close();
                directory.Close();
            }
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Linq;
using Lucene.Net.Index;
using Lucene.Net.Store;

namespace ShaahnamehAnalysis
{
    [DebuggerDisplay("{Frequency}, {Text}")]
    public class Tag
    {
        public string Text { set; get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// The frequency of a term is defined as the number of 
        /// documents in which a specific term appears.
        /// </summary>
        public int Frequency { set; get; }
    }

    public static class WordsCloud
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Create Words Cloud
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="threshold">every term that appears in more than x Body</param>
        public static IList<Tag> Create(int threshold = 200)
        {
            var path = Environment.CurrentDirectory + "\\LuceneIndex";

            var results = new List<Tag>();
            var field = "Body";

            IndexReader indexReader = IndexReader.Open(FSDirectory.Open(path ), true);

            var termFrequency = indexReader.Terms();
            while (termFrequency.Next())
            {
                if (termFrequency.DocFreq() >= threshold && termFrequency.Term.Field == field)
                {
                    results.Add(new Tag { Text = termFrequency.Term.Text, Frequency = termFrequency.DocFreq() });
                }
            }
            return results.OrderByDescending(x => x.Frequency).ToList();
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;

namespace ShaahnamehAnalysis
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            CreateIndex.CreateShaahnamehIndex();
            var wordsCloudList = WordsCloud.Create();

            var data = wordsCloudList.Select(x => x.Text + ", " + x.Frequency)
                                     .Aggregate((s1, s2) => s1 + Environment.NewLine + s2);
            var output = "ShaahnamehAnalysis.txt";
            File.WriteAllText(output, data);
            Process.Start(output);
        }
    }
}