public class LowerThanAttribute : ValidationAttribute
{
    public LowerThanAttribute(string dependentPropertyName)
    {
        DependentPropertyName = dependentPropertyName;
    }

    public string DependentPropertyName { get; set; }
    protected override ValidationResult IsValid(object value, ValidationContext validationContext)
    {
        int? currentPropertyValue = value as int?;
        currentPropertyValue ??= 0;
        var typeInfo = validationContext.ObjectInstance.GetType();
        var dependentPropertyValue = Convert.ToInt32(typeInfo.GetProperty(DependentPropertyName)
                                        .GetValue(validationContext.ObjectInstance, null));

        var displayDependentProperyName = typeInfo.GetProperty(DependentPropertyName)
                                        .GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DisplayAttribute), false)
                                        .Cast<DisplayAttribute>()
                                        .FirstOrDefault()?.Name;

        if (!(currentPropertyValue.Value < dependentPropertyValue))
        {
            return new ValidationResult("مقدار {0} باید کمتر باشد از " + displayDependentProperyName);
        }
        return ValidationResult.Success;
    }
}

public class LowerThanAttribute : ValidationAttribute, IClientModelValidator
{
    public LowerThanAttribute(string dependentPropertyName)
    {
        DependentPropertyName = dependentPropertyName;
    }

    public string DependentPropertyName { get; set; }

    public void AddValidation(ClientModelValidationContext context)
    {
        var displayCurrentProperyName = context.ModelMetadata.ContainerMetadata
                                            .ModelType.GetProperty(context.ModelMetadata.PropertyName)
                                            .GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DisplayAttribute), false)
                                            .Cast<DisplayAttribute>()
                                            .FirstOrDefault()?.Name;

        var displayDependentProperyName = context.ModelMetadata.ContainerMetadata
                                            .ModelType.GetProperty(DependentPropertyName)
                                            .GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DisplayAttribute), false)
                                            .Cast<DisplayAttribute>()
                                            .FirstOrDefault()?.Name;


        MergeAttribute(context.Attributes, "data-val", "true");
        MergeAttribute(context.Attributes, "data-val-lowerthan", $"{displayCurrentProperyName} باید کمتر باشد از {displayDependentProperyName}");
        MergeAttribute(context.Attributes, "data-val-dependentpropertyname", "#" + DependentPropertyName);
    }
    private  bool MergeAttribute(IDictionary<string, string> attributes, string key, string value)
    {
        if (attributes.ContainsKey(key))
        {
            return false;
        }
        attributes.Add(key, value);
        return true;
    }

    protected override ValidationResult IsValid(object value, ValidationContext validationContext)
    {
        int? currentPropertyValue = value as int?;
        currentPropertyValue ??= 0;
        var typeInfo = validationContext.ObjectInstance.GetType();
        var dependentPropertyValue = Convert.ToInt32(typeInfo.GetProperty(DependentPropertyName)
                                        .GetValue(validationContext.ObjectInstance, null));

        var displayCurrentProperyName = typeInfo.GetProperty(DependentPropertyName)
                                        .GetCustomAttributes(typeof(DisplayAttribute), false)
                                        .Cast<DisplayAttribute>()
                                        .FirstOrDefault()?.Name;

        if (!(currentPropertyValue.Value < dependentPropertyValue))
        {
            return new ValidationResult("مقدار {0} باید کمتر باشد از " + displayCurrentProperyName);
        }
        return ValidationResult.Success;
    }
}

jQuery.validator.addMethod("lowerthan", function (value, element, param) {
    var otherPropId = $(element).data('val-dependentpropertyname');
    if (otherPropId) {
        var otherProp = $(otherPropId);
        if (otherProp) {
            var otherVal = otherProp.val();
            if (parseInt(otherVal) > parseInt(value)) {
                return true;
            }
            return false;
        }
    }
    return true;
});
jQuery.validator.unobtrusive.adapters.addBool("lowerthan");

<script src="~/lib/jquery-validation/dist/jquery.validate.min.js"></script>
<script src="~/lib/jquery-validation-unobtrusive/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js"></script>
<script src="~/js/LowerThan.js"></script>

public class User
{
    [Required]
    [Display(Name ="نام کاربری")]
    public string Username { get; set; }
    [Required]
    [Display(Name = "سن")]
    public int Age { get; set; }
    [LowerThan(nameof(Age))]
    [Required]
    [Display(Name = "سابقه کار")]
    public int Experience { get; set; }
}

static void PassByValueSample()
{
    int a = 1;
    PassByValue(a);
    Console.WriteLine($"after the invocation of {nameof(PassByValue)}, {nameof(a)} = {a}");
}
 
static void PassByValue(int x)
{
    x = 2;
}

static void PassByReferenceSample()
{
    int a = 1;
    PassByReference(ref a);
    Console.WriteLine($"after the invocation of {nameof(PassByReference)}, {nameof(a)} = {a}");
}
 
static void PassByReference(ref int x)
{
    x = 2;
}

static void OutSample()
{
    Out(out int a);
    Console.WriteLine($"after the invocation of {nameof(Out)}, {nameof(a)} = {a}");
}
 
static void Out(out int x)
{
    x = 2;
}

if (int.TryParse("42", out var result))
{
   Console.WriteLine($"the result is {result}");
}

 int x = 3;
ref int x1 = ref x;
x1 = 2;
Console.WriteLine($"local variable {nameof(x)} after the change: {x}");

 ref int i = sequence.Count();

 ref int number1 = null; // ERROR
ref int number2 = 42; // ERROR

 static ref int ReturnByReference()
{
    int[] arr = { 1 };
    ref int x = ref arr[0];
    return ref x;
}

static ref int ReturnByReference2()
{
   int[] arr = { 1 };
   return ref arr[0];
}

static ref int ReturnByReference3(ref int x)
{
    x = 2;
    return ref x;
}

class Thing1
{
    ref string _Text1; /* Error */
 
    ref string Text2 { get; set; } /* Error */
 
 
    string _text = "Text";
    ref string Text3 { get { return ref _text; } } // Properties that return a reference are allowed
}

private MyBigStruct[] array = new MyBigStruct[10];
private int current;
 
public ref MyBigStruct GetCurrentItem()
{
   return ref array[current];
}

        public static void RegisterFactory()
        {
            var defaultJsonFactory = ValueProviderFactories.Factories
                .OfType<JsonValueProviderFactory>().FirstOrDefault();
            var index = ValueProviderFactories.Factories.IndexOf(defaultJsonFactory);
            ValueProviderFactories.Factories.Remove(defaultJsonFactory);
            ValueProviderFactories.Factories.Insert(index, new JsonNetValueProviderFactory());
        }

var bar;
typeof bar; // "undefined"

if(jwtToken == null) // will check if the value is undefined or null.
{
  alert('you need to login first');
  return;
}

var path = Server.MapPath("~/App_Data/../web.config");

../web.config

var fileName = Path.GetFileName("~/web.config");

Charts.css is a really nice CSS data visualization framework. It comes with a 71,719 byte size CSS file and allows to dynamically convert tabular data to beautiful charts by just adding a few attributes (like class and scope)  is a really nice CSS data visualization framework. 

using System;
using CommunityToolkit.Maui.Markup;
using Microsoft.Maui;
using Microsoft.Maui.Controls;
using Microsoft.Maui.Essentials;
using static CommunityToolkit.Maui.Markup.GridRowsColumns;

namespace HelloMauiMarkup;

class MainPage : ContentPge
{
    public MainPage()
    {
        BindingContext = new MainViewModel();

        Content = new Grid
        {
            RowSpacing = 25,
            ColumnSpacing = 0,

            Padding = Device.RuntimePlatform switch
            {
                Device.iOS => new Thickness(30, 60, 30, 30),
                _ => new Thickness(30)
            },

            RowDefinitions = Rows.Define(
                (Row.HelloWorld, 44),
                (Row.Welcome, Auto),
                (Row.Count, Auto),
                (Row.ClickMeButton, Auto),
                (Row.Image, Star)),

            ColumnDefinitions = Columns.Define(
            (Column.Text, Star),
                (Column.Number, Star)),

            Children =
            {
                new Label { Text = "Hello World" }
.Row(Row.HelloWorld).ColumnSpan(All<Column>())
.Font(size: 32)
.CenterHorizontal().TextCenter(),

                new Label { Text = "Welcome to .NET MAUI Markup Community Toolkit Sample" }
                .Row(Row.Welcome).ColumnSpan(All<Column>())
                    .Font(size: 18)
                .CenterHorizontal().TextCenter(),

new Label { Text = "Current Count: " }
                .Row(Row.Count).Column(Column.Text)
.Font(bold: true)
.End().TextEnd(),

new Label()
                .Row(Row.Count).Column(Column.Number)
                    .Font(bold: true)
                    .Start().TextStart()
                    .Bind<Label, int, string>(Label.TextProperty, nameof(MainViewModel.ClickCount), convert: count => count.ToString())

                new Button { Text = "Click Me" }
                .Row(Row.ClickMeButton)
                .Font(bold: true)
                .CenterHorizontal()
.BindCommand(nameof(ViewModel.ClickMeButtonCommand)),

                new Image { Source = "dotnet_bot.png", WidthRequest = 250, HeightRequest = 310 }
.Row(Row.Image).ColumnSpan(All<Column>())
.CenterHorizontal()
}
};
    }

    enum Row { HelloWorld, Welcome, Count, ClickMeButton, Image }
    enum Column { Text, Number }
}

1. اگر از JWE استفاده نمی‌کنید، بهتر است اطلاعات حساسی مانند شماره تلفن کاربر (و شاید در مواردی حتی آیدی کاربر) را در بدنه توکن قرار ندهیم چرا که قابل خوانده شدن است (که در این صورت استفاده از Guid برای آیدی کاربر می تواند کمی مفید باشد چرا که حداقل آیدی بقیه کاربران قابل پیش بینی نمی‌باشد).
   
2. توکن JWT هیچ امنیتی در برابر خوانده شدن ندارد؛ ولی به لطف امضای (signature) آن، در برابر تغییر محتوا، ایمن است؛ چرا که در صورت تغییر محتوای آن، دیگر مقدار hash محتوا با امضای آن همخوانی نداشته و عملا از اعتبار ساقط می‌گردد.

var secretKey = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("LongerThan-16Char-SecretKey"); // must be 16 character or longer 
var signingCredentials = new SigningCredentials(new SymmetricSecurityKey(secretKey), SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256Signature);

var encryptionkey = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("16CharEncryptKey"); //must be 16 character
var encryptingCredentials = new EncryptingCredentials(new SymmetricSecurityKey(encryptionkey), SecurityAlgorithms.Aes128KW, SecurityAlgorithms.Aes128CbcHmacSha256);

var claims = new List<Claim>
{
   new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, "UserName"), //user.UserName
   new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, "123"), //user.Id
};

var descriptor = new SecurityTokenDescriptor
{
   Issuer = _siteSetting.JwtSettings.Issuer,
   Audience = _siteSetting.JwtSettings.Audience,
   IssuedAt = DateTime.Now,
   NotBefore = DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(_siteSetting.JwtSettings.NotBeforeMinutes),
   Expires = DateTime.Now.AddMinutes(_siteSetting.JwtSettings.ExpirationMinutes),
   SigningCredentials = signingCredentials,
   EncryptingCredentials = encryptingCredentials,
   Subject = new ClaimsIdentity(claims)
};

var tokenHandler = new JwtSecurityTokenHandler();
var securityToken = tokenHandler.CreateToken(descriptor);
string encryptedJwt = tokenHandler.WriteToken(securityToken);

services.AddAuthentication(JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)
.AddJwtBearer(options =>
{
   var secretkey = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("LongerThan-16Char-SecretKey");
   var encryptionkey = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes("16CharEncryptKey");

   var validationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
   {
      ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero, // default: 5 min
      RequireSignedTokens = true,

      ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
      IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(secretkey),

      RequireExpirationTime = true,
      ValidateLifetime = true,

      ValidateAudience = true, //default : false
      ValidAudience = "MyWebsite",

      ValidateIssuer = true, //default : false
      ValidIssuer = "MyWebsite",

      TokenDecryptionKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(encryptionkey)
   };

   options.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;
   options.SaveToken = true;
   options.TokenValidationParameters = validationParameters;
});

{
  "alg": "A128KW",
  "enc": "A128CBC-HS256",
  "typ": "JWT"
}

using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace FindDuplicateServices.Utils
{
    public static class DuplicateServicesFinder
    {
        private static List<(Type ServiceType, int RegistrationTimes)> _duplicateServices;

        public static IHostBuilder CountDuplicateServices(this IHostBuilder hostBuilder)
        {
            hostBuilder.ConfigureServices(services =>
            {
                _duplicateServices = services.Where(
                        serviceDescriptor => !serviceDescriptor.ServiceType.Assembly.FullName.Contains("Microsoft"))
                                        .GroupBy(serviceDescriptor => serviceDescriptor.ServiceType)
                                        .Where(g => g.Count() > 1)
                                        .Select(g => (g.Key, g.Count()))
                                        .ToList();
            });
            return hostBuilder;
        }

        public static IHost ReportDuplicateServices(this IHost host)
        {
            var logger = host.Services.GetRequiredService<ILogger<Program>>();
            _duplicateServices.ForEach(item =>
                logger.LogWarning($"Service Type: `{item.ServiceType}` -> Registration times: {item.RegistrationTimes}"));
            return host;
        }

        public static void RemoveService(this IServiceCollection services, Type serviceType)
        {
            var serviceDescriptor = services.FirstOrDefault(descriptor => descriptor.ServiceType == serviceType);
            if (serviceDescriptor != null)
            {
                services.Remove(serviceDescriptor);
            }
        }
    }
}

using FindDuplicateServices.Utils;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;

namespace FindDuplicateServices
{
    public class Program
    {
        public static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            CreateHostBuilder(args).Build().ReportDuplicateServices().Run();
        }

        public static IHostBuilder CreateHostBuilder(string[] args) =>
            Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args)
                .ConfigureWebHostDefaults(webBuilder =>
                {
                    webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();
                })
                .CountDuplicateServices();
    }
}

namespace FindDuplicateServices
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddControllers();
            services.AddScoped<IWeatherForecastService, WeatherForecastService>();
            services.AddScoped<IWeatherForecastService, WeatherForecastService>();
        }