private static double getFps(CvCapture capture)
{
    double counter = 0;
    double seconds = 0;
    var watch = Stopwatch.StartNew();
    while (capture.QueryFrame() != null)
    {
        counter++;
        seconds = watch.ElapsedMilliseconds / (double)1000;
        if (seconds >= 3)
        {
            watch.Stop();
            break;
        }
    }
    var fps = counter / seconds;
    return fps;
}

using (var capture = CvCapture.FromCamera(index: 0))
{
    var fps = getFps(capture);
    capture.SetCaptureProperty(CvConst.CV_CAP_PROP_FPS, fps);
    var interval = (int)(1000 / fps);

    public class Grade
    {
        public Guid StudentId { get; set; }
        public string Value { get; set; }

        public static IEnumerable<Grade> GetData()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
            {
                yield return new Grade
                                 {
                                     StudentId = GuidHelper.ListOfIds[i], Value = "Value " + i
                                 };
            }
        }
    }

    public class Student
    {
        public Guid Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Grade { get; set; }

        public static IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
            {
                yield return new Student
                                 {
                                     Id = GuidHelper.ListOfIds[i],
                                     Name = "Name " + i
                                 };
            }
        }
    }

    public class GuidHelper
    {
        public static List<Guid> ListOfIds=new List<Guid>();

        static GuidHelper()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
            {
                ListOfIds.Add(Guid.NewGuid());
            }
        }
    }

    internal class Program
    {
        private static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
            List<Grade> grades = Grade.GetData().ToList();
            List<Student> students = Student.GetStudents().ToList();

            stopwatch.Start();
            foreach (Student student in students)
            {
                student.Grade = grades.Single(x => x.StudentId == student.Id).Value;
            }
            stopwatch.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine("Using list {0}", stopwatch.Elapsed);
            stopwatch.Reset();
            students = Student.GetStudents().ToList();
            stopwatch.Start();
            Dictionary<Guid, string> dictionary = Grade.GetData().ToDictionary(x => x.StudentId, x => x.Value);

            foreach (Student student in students)
            {
                student.Grade = dictionary[student.Id];
            }
            stopwatch.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine("Using dictionary {0}", stopwatch.Elapsed);
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }

   student.Grade = grades.Single(x => x.StudentId == student.Id).Value;

         student.Grade = dictionary[student.Id];

// <![CDATA[
(function ($) {
    $.bootstrapModalAjaxForm = function (options) {
        var defaults = {
            renderModalPartialViewUrl: null,
            renderModalPartialViewData: null,
            postUrl: '/',
            loginUrl: '/login',
            beforePostHandler: null,
            completeHandler: null,
            errorHandler: null
        };
        var options = $.extend(defaults, options);

        var validateForm = function (form) {
            //فعال سازی دستی اعتبار سنجی جی‌کوئری
            var val = form.validate();
            val.form();
            return val.valid();
        };

        var enableBootstrapStyleValidation = function () {
            $.validator.setDefaults({
                highlight: function (element, errorClass, validClass) {
                    if (element.type === 'radio') {
                        this.findByName(element.name).addClass(errorClass).removeClass(validClass);
                    } else {
                        $(element).addClass(errorClass).removeClass(validClass);
                        $(element).closest('.control-group').removeClass('success').addClass('error');
                    }
                    $(element).trigger('highlited');
                },
                unhighlight: function (element, errorClass, validClass) {
                    if (element.type === 'radio') {
                        this.findByName(element.name).removeClass(errorClass).addClass(validClass);
                    } else {
                        $(element).removeClass(errorClass).addClass(validClass);
                        $(element).closest('.control-group').removeClass('error').addClass('success');
                    }
                    $(element).trigger('unhighlited');
                }
            });
        }

        var enablePostbackValidation = function () {
            $('form').each(function () {
                $(this).find('div.control-group').each(function () {
                    if ($(this).find('span.field-validation-error').length > 0) {
                        $(this).addClass('error');
                    }
                });
            });
        }

        var processAjaxForm = function (dialog) {
            $('form', dialog).submit(function (e) {
                e.preventDefault();

                if (!validateForm($(this))) {
                    //اگر فرم اعتبار سنجی نشده، اطلاعات آن ارسال نشود
                    return false;
                }

                //در اینجا می‌توان مثلا دکمه‌ای را غیرفعال کرد
                if (options.beforePostHandler)
                    options.beforePostHandler();

                //اطلاعات نباید کش شوند
                $.ajaxSetup({ cache: false });
                $.ajax({
                    url: options.postUrl,
                    type: "POST",
                    data: $(this).serialize(),
                    success: function (result) {
                        if (result.success) {
                            $('#dialogDiv').modal('hide');
                            if (options.completeHandler)
                                options.completeHandler();
                        } else {
                            $('#dialogContent').html(result);
                            if (options.errorHandler)
                                options.errorHandler();
                        }
                    }
                });
                return false;
            });
        };

        var mainContainer = "<div id='dialogDiv' class='modal hide fade in'><div id='dialogContent'></div></div>";
        enableBootstrapStyleValidation(); //اعمال نکات خاص بوت استرپ جهت اعتبارسنجی یکپارچه با آن
        $.ajaxSetup({ cache: false });
        $.ajax({
            type: "POST",
            url: options.renderModalPartialViewUrl,
            data: options.renderModalPartialViewData,
            contentType: "application/json; charset=utf-8",
            dataType: "json",
            complete: function (xhr, status) {
                var data = xhr.responseText;
                var data = xhr.responseText;
                if (xhr.status == 403) {
                    window.location = options.loginUrl; //در حالت لاگین نبودن شخص اجرا می‌شود
                }
                else if (status === 'error' || !data) {
                    if (options.errorHandler)
                        options.errorHandler();
                }
                else {
                    var dialogContainer = "#dialogDiv";
                    $(dialogContainer).remove();
                    $(mainContainer).appendTo('body');

                    $('#dialogContent').html(data); // دریافت پویای اطلاعات مودال دیالوگ
                    $.validator.unobtrusive.parse("#dialogContent"); // فعال سازی اعتبارسنجی فرمی که با ایجکس بارگذاری شده                            
                    enablePostbackValidation();
                    // و سپس نمایش آن به صورت مودال
                    $('#dialogDiv').modal({
                        backdrop: 'static', //با کلیک کاربر روی صفحه، صفحه مودال بسته نمی‌شود
                        keyboard: true
                    }, 'show');
                    // تحت نظر قرار دادن این فرم اضافه شده
                    processAjaxForm('#dialogContent');
                }
            }
        });
    };
})(jQuery);
// ]]>

using System.ComponentModel;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        [DisplayName("نام")]
        [Required(ErrorMessage="لطفا نام را تکمیل کنید")]
        public string Name { set; get; }

        [DisplayName("نام خانوادگی")]
        [Required(ErrorMessage = "لطفا نام خانوادگی را تکمیل کنید")]
        public string LastName { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models;

namespace Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Controllers
{
    public class ModalFormAjaxController : Controller
    {
        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View(); //نمایش صفحه اولیه
        }

        [HttpPost] //برای این حالت امن‌تر است
        //[AjaxOnly]
        public ActionResult RenderModalPartialView()
        {
            //رندر پارشال ویوو صفحه مودال به همراه اطلاعات مورد نیاز آن
            return PartialView(viewName: "_ModalPartialView", model: new User { Name = "", LastName = "" });
        }

        [HttpPost]
        //[AjaxOnly]
        public ActionResult Index(User user) //ذخیره سازی اطلاعات
        {
            if (this.ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                //todo: SaveChanges;
                return Json(new { success = true });
            }

            this.ModelState.AddModelError("", "خطایی رخ داده است");
            return PartialView("_ModalPartialView", user);
        }
    }
}

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
    var renderModalPartialViewUrl = Url.Action("RenderModalPartialView", "ModalFormAjax");
    var postDataUrl = Url.Action("Index", "ModalFormAjax");
}
<h2>
    Index</h2>
<a href="#" class="btn btn-primary" id="btnCreate">ثبت اطلاعات</a>

@section JavaScript
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {           
            $('#btnCreate').click(function (e) {
                e.preventDefault(); //می‌خواهیم لینک به صورت معمول عمل نکند

                $.bootstrapModalAjaxForm({
                    postUrl: '@postDataUrl',
                    renderModalPartialViewUrl: '@renderModalPartialViewUrl',
                    renderModalPartialViewData: {},
                    loginUrl: '/login',
                    beforePostHandler: function () {                       
                    },
                    completeHandler: function () {
                        // Refresh: برای حالتیکه نیاز به به روز رسانی کامل صفحه زیرین باشد
                        // location.reload();
                    },
                    errorHandler: function () {
                    }
                });
            });
        });             
    </script>
}

@model Mvc4TwitterBootStrapTest.Models.User
<div class="modal-header">
    <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
        &times;</button>
    <h5>
        افزودن کاربر جدید</h5>
</div>
@using (Html.BeginForm("Index", " ModalFormAjax", FormMethod.Post, new { @class = "modal-form" }))
{
    <div class="modal-body">
        @Html.ValidationSummary(true, null, new { @class = "alert alert-error alert-block" })
        <fieldset class="form-horizontal">
            <legend>مشخصات کاربر</legend>
            <div class="control-group">
                @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Name, new { @class = "control-label" })
                <div class="controls">
                    @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Name)
                    @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Name, null, new { @class = "help-inline" })
                </div>
            </div>
            <div class="control-group">
                @Html.LabelFor(model => model.LastName, new { @class = "control-label" })
                <div class="controls">
                    @Html.EditorFor(model => model.LastName)
                    @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.LastName, null, new { @class = "help-inline" })
                </div>
            </div>
        </fieldset>
    </div>
        
    <div class="modal-footer">
        <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">
            ارسال</button>
        <button class="btn" data-dismiss="modal" aria-hidden="true">
            انصراف</button>
    </div>
}

  PM> Install-Package RazorGenerator.Mvc

  PM> Enable-RazorGenerator

 Copy "$(ProjectDir)$(OutDir)$(TargetName).*" "$(SolutionDir)MvcPluginMasterApp\bin\"

using System.Web.Mvc;
 
namespace MvcPluginMasterApp.Plugin1.Areas.NewsArea
{
    public class NewsAreaAreaRegistration : AreaRegistration
    {
        public override string AreaName
        {
            get
            {
                return "NewsArea";
            }
        }
 
        public override void RegisterArea(AreaRegistrationContext context)
        {
            context.MapRoute(
                "NewsArea_default",
                "NewsArea/{controller}/{action}/{id}",
                // تکمیل نام کنترلر پیش فرض
                new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },
                // مشخص کردن فضای نام مرتبط جهت جلوگیری از تداخل با سایر قسمت‌های برنامه
                namespaces: new[] { string.Format("{0}.Controllers", this.GetType().Namespace) }
            );
        }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;
 
namespace MvcPluginMasterApp
{
    public class RouteConfig
    {
        public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
        {
            routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");
 
            routes.MapRoute(
                name: "Default",
                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
                defaults: new { controller = "Home", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional },
                // مشخص کردن فضای نام مرتبط جهت جلوگیری از تداخل با سایر قسمت‌های برنامه
                namespaces: new[] { string.Format("{0}.Controllers", typeof(RouteConfig).Namespace) }
            );
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Web.Optimization;
using System.Web.Routing;
using StructureMap;
 
namespace MvcPluginMasterApp.PluginsBase
{
    public interface IPlugin
    {
        EfBootstrapper GetEfBootstrapper();
        MenuItem GetMenuItem(RequestContext requestContext);
        void RegisterBundles(BundleCollection bundles);
        void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes);
        void RegisterServices(IContainer container);
    }
 
    public class EfBootstrapper
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Assemblies containing EntityTypeConfiguration classes.
        /// </summary>
        public Assembly[] ConfigurationsAssemblies { get; set; }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// Domain classes.
        /// </summary>
        public Type[] DomainEntities { get; set; }
 
        /// <summary>
        /// Custom Seed method.
        /// </summary>
        //public Action<IUnitOfWork> DatabaseSeeder { get; set; }
    }
 
    public class MenuItem
    {
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public string Url { set; get; }
    }
}

PM> install-package EntityFramework
PM> install-package Microsoft.AspNet.Web.Optimization
PM> install-package structuremap.web

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Optimization;
using System.Web.Routing;
using MvcPluginMasterApp.PluginsBase;
using StructureMap;
 
namespace MvcPluginMasterApp.Plugin1
{
    public class Plugin1 : IPlugin
    {
        public EfBootstrapper GetEfBootstrapper()
        {
            return null;
        }
 
        public MenuItem GetMenuItem(RequestContext requestContext)
        {
            return new MenuItem
            {
                Name = "Plugin 1",
                Url = new UrlHelper(requestContext).Action("Index", "Home", new { area = "NewsArea" })
            };
        }
 
        public void RegisterBundles(BundleCollection bundles)
        {
            //todo: ...
        }
 
        public void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
        {
            //todo: add custom routes.
        }
 
        public void RegisterServices(IContainer container)
        {
            // todo: add custom services.
 
            container.Configure(cfg =>
            {
                //cfg.For<INewsService>().Use<EfNewsService>();
            });
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Threading;
using System.Web;
using MvcPluginMasterApp.PluginsBase;
using StructureMap;
using StructureMap.Graph;
 
namespace MvcPluginMasterApp.IoCConfig
{
    public static class SmObjectFactory
    {
        private static readonly Lazy<Container> _containerBuilder =
            new Lazy<Container>(defaultContainer, LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication);
 
        public static IContainer Container
        {
            get { return _containerBuilder.Value; }
        }
 
        private static Container defaultContainer()
        {
            return new Container(cfg =>
            {
                cfg.Scan(scanner =>
                {
                    scanner.AssembliesFromPath(
                        path: Path.Combine(HttpRuntime.AppDomainAppPath, "bin"),
                            // یک اسمبلی نباید دوبار بارگذاری شود
                        assemblyFilter: assembly =>
                        {
                            return !assembly.FullName.Equals(typeof(IPlugin).Assembly.FullName);
                        });
 
                    scanner.WithDefaultConventions(); //Connects 'IName' interface to 'Name' class automatically.
                    scanner.AddAllTypesOf<IPlugin>().NameBy(item => item.FullName);
                });
            });
        }
    }
}

PM> install-package EntityFramework
PM> install-package structuremap.web

using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Optimization;
using System.Web.Routing;
using MvcPluginMasterApp;
using MvcPluginMasterApp.IoCConfig;
using MvcPluginMasterApp.PluginsBase;
 
[assembly: WebActivatorEx.PostApplicationStartMethod(typeof(PluginsStart), "Start")]
 
namespace MvcPluginMasterApp
{
    public static class PluginsStart
    {
        public static void Start()
        {
            var plugins = SmObjectFactory.Container.GetAllInstances<IPlugin>().ToList();
            foreach (var plugin in plugins)
            {
                plugin.RegisterServices(SmObjectFactory.Container);
                plugin.RegisterRoutes(RouteTable.Routes);
                plugin.RegisterBundles(BundleTable.Bundles);
            }
        }
    }
}

@using MvcPluginMasterApp.IoCConfig
@using MvcPluginMasterApp.PluginsBase
@{
    var plugins = SmObjectFactory.Container.GetAllInstances<IPlugin>().ToList();
}
 
@foreach (var plugin in plugins)
{
    var menuItem = plugin.GetMenuItem(this.Request.RequestContext);
    <li>
        <a href="@menuItem.Url">@menuItem.Name</a>
    </li>
}

<div class="navbar navbar-inverse navbar-fixed-top">
    <div class="container">
        <div class="navbar-header">
            <button type="button" class="navbar-toggle" data-toggle="collapse" data-target=".navbar-collapse">
                <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                <span class="icon-bar"></span>
                <span class="icon-bar"></span>
            </button>
            @Html.ActionLink("MvcPlugin Master App", "Index", "Home", new { area = "" }, new { @class = "navbar-brand" })
        </div>
        <div class="navbar-collapse collapse">
            <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
                <li>@Html.ActionLink("Master App/Home", "Index", "Home", new {area = ""}, null)</li>
                @{ Html.RenderPartial("_PluginsMenu"); }
            </ul>
        </div>
    </div>
</div>

StructureMap (≥ 2.6.4.1)
CommonServiceLocator.StructureMapAdapter (≥ 1.1.0.3)
SNAP (≥ 1.8)
fasterflect (≥ 2.1.2)
Castle.Core (≥ 3.1.0)
CommonServiceLocator (≥ 1.0)

تنظیمات SNAP 

namespace Framework.UI.Asp
{
    public class Global : HttpApplication
    {
        void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            initSnap();
            initStructureMap();
        }

        private static void initSnap()
        {
            SnapConfiguration.For<StructureMapAspectContainer>(c =>
            {
                // Tell Snap to intercept types under the "Framework.ServiceLayer..." namespace.
                c.IncludeNamespace("Framework.ServiceLayer.*");
                // Register a custom interceptor (a.k.a. an aspect).
                c.Bind<Framework.ServiceLayer.Aspects.AuthorizationInterceptor>()
                .To<Framework.ServiceLayer.Aspects.AuthorizationAttribute>();
            });
        }

        void Application_EndRequest(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            ObjectFactory.ReleaseAndDisposeAllHttpScopedObjects();
        }

        private static void initStructureMap()
        {
            var thread = StructureMap.Pipeline.Lifecycles.GetLifecycle(InstanceScope.HttpSession);
            ObjectFactory.Configure(x =>
            {
                x.For<IUserManager>().Use<EFUserManager>();
                x.For<IAuthorizationManager>().LifecycleIs(thread)
                 .Use<EFAuthorizationManager>().Named("_AuthorizationManager");                
                x.For<Framework.DataLayer.IUnitOfWork>()
                 .Use<Framework.DataLayer.Context>();

                x.SetAllProperties(y =>
                {
                    y.OfType<IUserManager>();
                    y.OfType<Framework.DataLayer.IUnitOfWork>();
                    y.OfType<Framework.Common.Web.IPageHelpers>();
                });
            });
        }
    }
}

namespace Framework.ServiceLayer.Aspects
{
    public class AuthorizationInterceptor : MethodInterceptor
    {
        public override void InterceptMethod(IInvocation invocation, MethodBase method, Attribute attribute)
        {
            var AuthManager = StructureMap.ObjectFactory
.GetInstance<Framework.ServiceLayer.UserManager.IAuthorizationManager>();
            var FullName = GetMethodFullName(method);
            if (!AuthManager.IsActionAuthorized(FullName))
                throw new Common.Exceptions.UnauthorizedAccessException("");

            invocation.Proceed(); // the underlying method call
        }

        private static string GetMethodFullName(MethodBase method)
        {
            var TypeName = (((System.Reflection.MemberInfo)(method)).DeclaringType).FullName;
            return TypeName + "." + method.Name;
        }
    }

    public class AuthorizationAttribute : MethodInterceptAttribute
    { }

namespace Snap
{
    public abstract class MethodInterceptor : IAttributeInterceptor, IInterceptor, IHideBaseTypes
    {
        protected MethodInterceptor();

        public int Order { get; set; }
        public Type TargetAttribute { get; set; }

        public virtual void AfterInvocation();
        public virtual void BeforeInvocation();
        public void Intercept(IInvocation invocation);
        public abstract void InterceptMethod(IInvocation invocation, MethodBase method, Attribute attribute);
        public bool ShouldIntercept(IInvocation invocation);
    }
}

یک نکته  

        private void Application_PreRequestHandlerExecute(object source, EventArgs e)
        {
            var page = HttpContext.Current.Handler as BasePage; // The Page handler
            if (page == null)
                return;

            WireUpThePage(page);
            WireUpAllUserControls(page);

            var UsrCod = HttpContext.Current.Session["UsrCod"];
            if (UsrCod != null)
            {
                var _AuthorizationManager = ObjectFactory
                    .GetNamedInstance<Framework.ServiceLayer.UserManager.IAuthorizationManager>("_AuthorizationManager");

                ((Framework.ServiceLayer.UserManager.EFAuthorizationManager)_AuthorizationManager)
                    .AuditUserId = UsrCod.ToString();
            }
        }

namespace Framework.ServiceLayer.UserManager
{
    public class EFUserManager : IUserManager
    {
        IUnitOfWork _uow;
        IDbSet<User> _users;

        public EFUserManager(IUnitOfWork uow)
        {
            _uow = uow;
            _users = _uow.Set<User>();
        }

        [Framework.ServiceLayer.Aspects.Authorization]
        public List<User> GetAll()
        {
            return _users.ToList<User>();
        }
    }
}

public Object Invoke(Object obj, Object[] parameters) 

به مثال زیر که چگونگی این عملیات را شرح می‌دهد، توجه کنید:

public class TestMath
    {
        public int Squar(int i)
        {
            return i*i;
        }
    }

static void Main(string[] args)
        {            
            Type type = typeof (TestMath);//به دست آوردن نوع کلاس
            object obj = Activator.CreateInstance(type);//ساختن نمونه‌ای از نوع مورد نظر          
            MethodInfo methodInfo = type.GetMethod("Squar");//یافتن اطلاعات متد مورد نظر
            Console.WriteLine(methodInfo.Invoke(obj, new object[] { 100 }));// و نمایش نتیجه object[]   ارسال عدد 100 به صورت 
            Console.Read();
        }     

توجه کنید که دو متد GetMethod و Invoke در فضای نام System.Reflection قرار دارند.

روش دیگر

در شیوه دیگر برای انجام این کار، نیازی به استفاده از GetMethod و Invoke نیست و فراخوانی متد مورد نظر بسیار شبیه فراخوانی عادی متدهاست و نیازی به ساخت متغیر ویژه‌ای از نوع []object برای ارسال پارامترها نیست. برای انجام این کار فقط کافیست نوع متغیری که نوع نمونه‌سازی شده را نگه‌می‌دارد (در اینجا نمونه ای از کلاس را نگه‌می‌دارد)  به صورت dynamic باشد:

static void Main(string[] args)
        {            
            Type type = typeof (TestMath);
            dynamic obj = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
            Console.WriteLine(obj.Square(100));                     
            Console.Read();
        }

    public class Bill
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<Transaction> Transactions { set; get; }
    }

    public class Transaction
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public DateTime AddDate { set; get; }
        public int Amount { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("BillId")]
        public virtual Bill Bill { set; get; }
        public int BillId { set; get; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Bill> Bills { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Transaction> Transactions { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {
            var bill1 = new Bill { Name = "bill-1" };
            context.Bills.Add(bill1);

            for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++)
            {
                context.Transactions.Add(new Transaction
                {
                    AddDate = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-i),
                    Amount = 1000000000 + i,
                    Bill = bill1
                });
            }
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            using (var context = new MyContext())
            {
                var sum = context.Transactions.Sum(x => x.Amount);
                Console.WriteLine(sum);
            }
        }
    }

SELECT 
         [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
         FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM([Extent1].[Amount]) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    )  AS [GroupBy1]

 Arithmetic overflow error converting expression to data type int.

var sum2 = context.Transactions.Sum(x => (Int64)x.Amount);

SELECT 
      [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
         FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
               )  AS [GroupBy1]                  

var date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(10);
var sum3 = context.Transactions
                  .Where(x => x.AddDate > date)  
                  .Sum(x => (Int64)x.Amount);               

SELECT 
     [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
        FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    WHERE [Extent1].[AddDate] > @p__linq__0
              )  AS [GroupBy1]

The cast to value type 'Int64' failed because the materialized value is null.
Either the result type's generic parameter or the query must use a nullable type.

var date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(10);
var sum3 = context.Transactions
                  .Where(x => x.AddDate > date)
                  .Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

 var sum4 = context.Bills.First().Transactions.Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

SELECT 
     [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id], 
     [Extent1].[AddDate] AS [AddDate], 
     [Extent1].[Amount] AS [Amount], 
     [Extent1].[BillId] AS [BillId]
   FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
   WHERE [Extent1].[BillId] = @EntityKeyValue1

var entry = context.Bills.First();
var sum5 = context.Entry(entry).Collection(x => x.Transactions).Query().Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

SELECT 
    [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
     FROM ( SELECT 
               SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                   FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    WHERE [Extent1].[BillId] = @EntityKeyValue1
            )  AS [GroupBy1]