routes.MapHttpRoute(
    name: "DefaultApi",
    routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{action}/{id}",
    defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);

[HttpGet]
public string Details(int id)
{
   // do something
}

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace SecurityModule
{
    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple = false)]
    public sealed class AllowUploadSafeFilesAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
    {
        static readonly IList<string> ExtToFilter = new List<string> { 
            ".aspx", ".asax", ".asp", ".ashx", ".asmx", ".axd", ".master", ".svc", ".php" ,        
            ".php3" , ".php4", ".ph3", ".ph4", ".php4", ".ph5", ".sphp", ".cfm", ".ps", ".stm",
            ".htaccess", ".htpasswd", ".php5", ".phtml", ".cgi", ".pl", ".plx", ".py", ".rb", ".sh", ".jsp",
            ".cshtml", ".vbhtml", ".swf" , ".xap", ".asptxt"
        };

        static readonly IList<string> NameToFilter = new List<string> { 
           "web.config" , "htaccess" , "htpasswd", "web~1.con"
        };

        static bool canUpload(string fileName)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(fileName))
                return false;

            fileName = fileName.ToLowerInvariant();
            var name = Path.GetFileName(fileName);
            var ext = Path.GetExtension(fileName);

            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(name))
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Uploaded file should have a name.");

            return !ExtToFilter.Contains(ext) &&
                   !NameToFilter.Contains(name) &&
                   !NameToFilter.Contains(ext) &&
                   //for "file.asp;.jpg" files
                   ExtToFilter.All(item => !name.Contains(item));
        }

        public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext)
        {
            var files = filterContext.HttpContext.Request.Files;
            foreach (string file in files)
            {
                var postedFile = files[file];
                if (postedFile == null || postedFile.ContentLength == 0) continue;

                if (!canUpload(postedFile.FileName))
                    throw new InvalidOperationException(string.Format("You are not allowed to upload {0} file.", Path.GetFileName(postedFile.FileName)));
            }

            base.OnActionExecuting(filterContext);
        }
    }
}

[AllowUploadSafeFiles]
public ActionResult UploadFile(HttpPostedFileBase file)

using (var db = new BloggingContext())
{
   var blog = new Blog { Url = "http://sample.com" };
   db.Blogs.Add(blog);
   db.SaveChanges();
}

using (var db = new BloggingContext())
{
  var blog = db.Blogs.First();
  blog.Url = "http://sample.com/blog";
  db.SaveChanges();
}

using (var db = new BloggingContext())
{
  var blog = db.Blogs.First();
  db.Blogs.Remove(blog);
  db.SaveChanges();
}

using (var context = new BloggingContext())
{
   var blog = context.Blogs
      .Select(b =>
            new
            {
               Blog = b,
               Posts = b.Posts.Count()
            });
 }

using (var context = new BloggingContext())
{
   var blog = context.Blogs
            .Select(b =>
                 new
                 {
                   Id = b.BlogId,
                   Url = b.Url
                 });
 }

using (var context = new BloggingContext())
{
  var blogs = context.Blogs.AsNoTracking().ToList();
}

using (var context = new BloggingContext())
{
    context.ChangeTracker.QueryTrackingBehavior = QueryTrackingBehavior.NoTracking;

using (var context = new BloggingContext())
{
  var blog = context.Blogs.First();
  var post = new Post { Title = "Intro to EF Core" };

  blog.Posts.Add(post);
  context.SaveChanges();
}

using (var context = new BloggingContext())
{
  var blog = new Blog { Url = "http://blogs.msdn.com/visualstudio" };
  var post = context.Posts.First();

  blog.Posts.Add(post);
  context.SaveChanges();
}

 var blog = new Blog { Id = 2, Url = "https://www.dntips.ir" };
 context.Blog.Attach(blog);
 context.SaveChanges();

 var blog = new Blog { Id = 2, Url = "https://www.dntips.ir" };
 context.Entry(blog).State = EntityState.Modified ;
 context.SaveChanges();

 var blog = new Blog { Id = 2, Url = "https://www.dntips.ir" };
 context.Update(blog);
 context.SaveChanges();

 context.ChangeTracker.TrackGraph(blog, e => e.Entry.State = EntityState.Added);

public class BaseEntity
{
   public int Id { set; get; }
   public DateTime? DateAdded { set; get; }
   public DateTime? DateUpdated { set; get; }
}

public class Person : BaseEntity
{
   public string FirstName { get; set; }
   public string LastName { get; set; }
}

    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
        // same as before 

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            this.ChangeTracker.DetectChanges();

            var modifiedEntries = this.ChangeTracker
                                      .Entries<BaseEntity>()
                                      .Where(x => x.State == EntityState.Modified);
            foreach (var modifiedEntry in modifiedEntries)
            {
                modifiedEntry.Entity.DateUpdated = DateTime.UtcNow;
            }
 
            var addedEntries = this.ChangeTracker
                                      .Entries<BaseEntity>()
                                      .Where(x => x.State == EntityState.Added);
            foreach (var addedEntry in addedEntries)
            {
                addedEntry.Entity.DateAdded = DateTime.UtcNow;
            }
 
            return base.SaveChanges();
        }
    }

protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
  modelBuilder.Entity<Blog>().Property<DateTime>("DateAdded");

 var blogs = context.Blogs.OrderBy(b => EF.Property<DateTime>(b, "DateAdded"));

 context.Entry(myBlog).Property("DateAdded").CurrentValue = DateTime.Now;

foreach (var addedEntry in addedEntries)
{
  addedEntry.Property("DateAdded").CurrentValue = DateTime.UtcNow;
}

public ActionResult Details(int id)
        {
            var user=_userService.GetById(3); // این متد ممکن است مقداری برگرداند و یا مقدار نال برگرداند
            if( user == null)
                 return HttpNotFound();
            return View(user);
        }

public ActionResult Details(int id)
        {
            var user = _userService
                            .GetById(3)
                            .DefaultIfEmpty(new User())
                            .Single();
            return View(user);
        }

public ActionResult Details(int id)
{
    return 
        Search<ActionResult>(id)
        .OnExistValue(View("Details"))
        .OnNotExistValue(new HttpNotFoundResult())
        .ToValue();
}

public class Maybe<T, TResult> : IEnumerable<T>
    {
        private readonly T[] _data;
        private readonly TResult _result;

        private Maybe(T[] data)
        {
            _data = data;
        }

        private Maybe(TResult result)
        {
            _result = result;
        }

        public TResult ToValue() => _result;
        public Maybe<T, TResult> OnExistValue(TResult result) => _data.Any() ? new Maybe<T, TResult>(result) : this;

        public Maybe<T, TResult> OnNotExistValue(TResult result) => _result == null ? new Maybe<T, TResult>(result) : this; 

        public static Maybe<T, TResult> Create(T element) => new Maybe<T, TResult>(new[] {element});

    public static Maybe<T, TResult> CreateEmpty() => new Maybe<T, TResult>(new T[0]);

    public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator() => ((IEnumerable<T>) _data).GetEnumerator();

    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => this.GetEnumerator();
}

public Maybe<User, TResult> Search<TResult>(int id)
{
    var lst = new User[] {};

    var r = lst.Where(x => x.Id == id).ToList();
    return r.Any() ? Maybe<User, TResult>.Create(r[0]) : Maybe<User, TResult>.CreateEmpty();
}

namespace PdfReportSamples.Models
{
    public class Task
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public int PercentCompleted { set; get; }
        public bool IsActive { set; get; }
        public User Assignee { set; get; }
    }
}

using System;

namespace PdfReportSamples.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public string LastName { set; get; }
        public long Balance { set; get; }
        public DateTime RegisterDate { set; get; }
    }
}

 column.PropertyName<Task>(x => x.Assignee.Name) 

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Drawing;
using PdfReportSamples.Models;
using PdfRpt.Core.Contracts;
using PdfRpt.FluentInterface;

namespace PdfReportSamples.CustomHeaderFooter
{
    public class CustomHeaderFooterPdfReport
    {
        readonly CustomHeader _customHeader = new CustomHeader();
        public IPdfReportData CreatePdfReport()
        {
            return new PdfReport().DocumentPreferences(doc =>
            {
                doc.RunDirection(PdfRunDirection.LeftToRight);
                doc.Orientation(PageOrientation.Portrait);
                doc.PageSize(PdfPageSize.A4);
                doc.DocumentMetadata(new DocumentMetadata { Author = "Vahid", Application = "PdfRpt", Keywords = "Test", Subject = "Test Rpt", Title = "Test" });
            })
            .DefaultFonts(fonts =>
            {
                fonts.Path(Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SystemRoot") + "\\fonts\\tahoma.ttf",
                                  Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SystemRoot") + "\\fonts\\verdana.ttf");
            })
            .PagesFooter(footer =>
            {
                footer.CustomFooter(new CustomFooter(footer.PdfFont, PdfRunDirection.LeftToRight));
            })
            .PagesHeader(header =>
            {
                header.CustomHeader(_customHeader);
            })
            .MainTableTemplate(template =>
            {
                template.BasicTemplate(BasicTemplate.SilverTemplate);
            })
            .MainTablePreferences(table =>
            {
                table.ColumnsWidthsType(TableColumnWidthType.Relative);
                table.MultipleColumnsPerPage(new MultipleColumnsPerPage
                {
                    ColumnsGap = 22,
                    ColumnsPerPage = 2,
                    ColumnsWidth = 250,
                    IsRightToLeft = false,
                    TopMargin = 7
                });
            })
            .MainTableDataSource(dataSource =>
            {
                var rows = new List<Task>();
                var rnd = new Random();
                for (int i = 1; i < 210; i++)
                {
                    rows.Add(new Task
                    {
                        Assignee = new User
                        {
                            Id = i,
                            Name = "user-" + i
                        },
                        IsActive = rnd.Next(0, 2) == 1 ? true : false,
                        Name = "task-" + i
                    });
                }
                dataSource.StronglyTypedList(rows);
            })
            .MainTableColumns(columns =>
            {
                columns.AddColumn(column =>
                {
                    column.PropertyName("rowNo");
                    column.IsRowNumber(true);
                    column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                    column.IsVisible(true);
                    column.Order(0);
                    column.Width(1);
                    column.HeaderCell("#");
                });

                columns.AddColumn(column =>
                {
                    column.PropertyName<Task>(x => x.Name);
                    column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                    column.IsVisible(true);
                    column.Order(1);
                    column.Width(3);
                    column.HeaderCell("Task Name");
                });

                columns.AddColumn(column =>
                {
                    column.PropertyName<Task>(x => x.Assignee.Name); // nested property support
                    column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                    column.IsVisible(true);
                    column.Order(2);
                    column.Width(3);
                    column.HeaderCell("Assignee");
                });

                columns.AddColumn(column =>
                {
                    column.PropertyName<Task>(x => x.IsActive);
                    column.CellsHorizontalAlignment(HorizontalAlignment.Center);
                    column.IsVisible(true);
                    column.Order(3);
                    column.Width(2);
                    column.HeaderCell("Active");
                    column.ColumnItemsTemplate(template =>
                    {
                        template.Checkmark(checkmarkFillColor: Color.Green, crossSignFillColor: Color.DarkRed);
                    });
                });
            })
            .MainTableEvents(events =>
            {
                events.DataSourceIsEmpty(message: "There is no data available to display.");
            })
            .Export(export =>
            {
                export.ToExcel();
            })
            .Generate(data => data.AsPdfFile(AppPath.ApplicationPath + "\\Pdf\\CustomHeaderFooterPdfReportSample.pdf"));
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;
using PdfRpt.Core.Contracts;
using PdfRpt.Core.Helper;

namespace PdfReportSamples.CustomHeaderFooter
{
    public class CustomHeader : IPageHeader
    {
        public PdfPTable RenderingGroupHeader(Document pdfDoc, PdfWriter pdfWriter, IList<CellData> rowdata, IList<SummaryCellData> summaryData)
        {
            return null;
        }

        Image _image;
        public PdfPTable RenderingReportHeader(Document pdfDoc, PdfWriter pdfWriter, IList<SummaryCellData> summaryData)
        {
            if (_image == null) //cache is empty
            {
                var templatePath = AppPath.ApplicationPath + "\\data\\PdfHeaderTemplate.pdf";
                _image = PdfImageHelper.GetITextSharpImageFromPdfTemplate(pdfWriter, templatePath);
            }

            var table = new PdfPTable(1);
            var cell = new PdfPCell(_image, true) { Border = 0 };
            table.AddCell(cell);
            return table;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;
using PdfRpt.Core.Contracts;

namespace PdfReportSamples.CustomHeaderFooter
{
    public class CustomFooter : IPageFooter
    {
        PdfContentByte _pdfContentByte;
        readonly IPdfFont _pdfRptFont;
        readonly Font _font;
        readonly PdfRunDirection _direction;
        PdfTemplate _template;

        public CustomFooter(IPdfFont pdfRptFont, PdfRunDirection direction)
        {
            _direction = direction;
            _pdfRptFont = pdfRptFont;
            _font = _pdfRptFont.Fonts[0];
        }

        public void ClosingDocument(PdfWriter writer, Document document, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData)
        {
            _template.BeginText();
            _template.SetFontAndSize(_pdfRptFont.Fonts[0].BaseFont, 8);
            _template.SetTextMatrix(0, 0);
            _template.ShowText((writer.PageNumber - 1).ToString());
            _template.EndText();
        }

        public void PageFinished(PdfWriter writer, Document document, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData)
        {
            var pageSize = document.PageSize;
            var text = "Page " + writer.PageNumber + " / ";
            var textLen = _font.BaseFont.GetWidthPoint(text, _font.Size);
            var center = (pageSize.Left + pageSize.Right) / 2;
            var align = _direction == PdfRunDirection.RightToLeft ? Element.ALIGN_RIGHT : Element.ALIGN_LEFT;

            ColumnText.ShowTextAligned(
                        canvas: _pdfContentByte,
                        alignment: align,
                        phrase: new Phrase(text, _font),
                        x: center,
                        y: pageSize.GetBottom(25),
                        rotation: 0,
                        runDirection: (int)_direction,
                        arabicOptions: 0);

            var x = _direction == PdfRunDirection.RightToLeft ? center - textLen : center + textLen;
            _pdfContentByte.AddTemplate(_template, x, pageSize.GetBottom(25));
        }

        public void DocumentOpened(PdfWriter writer, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData)
        {
            _pdfContentByte = writer.DirectContent;
            _template = _pdfContentByte.CreateTemplate(50, 50);
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;

namespace PdfRpt.Core.Contracts
{
    public interface IPageHeader
    {
        PdfPTable RenderingGroupHeader(Document pdfDoc, PdfWriter pdfWriter, IList<CellData> newGroupInfo, IList<SummaryCellData> summaryData);

        PdfPTable RenderingReportHeader(Document pdfDoc, PdfWriter pdfWriter, IList<SummaryCellData> summaryData);
    }
}

using iTextSharp.text;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace PdfRpt.Core.Contracts
{
    public interface IPageFooter
    {
        void DocumentOpened(PdfWriter writer, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData);

        void PageFinished(PdfWriter writer, Document document, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData);

        void ClosingDocument(PdfWriter writer, Document document, IList<SummaryCellData> columnCellsSummaryData);
    }
}

readonly CustomHeader _customHeader = new CustomHeader();
//...
.PagesFooter(footer =>
{
   footer.CustomFooter(new CustomFooter(footer.PdfFont, PdfRunDirection.LeftToRight));
})
.PagesHeader(header =>
{
  header.CustomHeader(_customHeader);
})

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;
using System.Linq;

namespace EFGeneral
{
    public class BlogComment
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        [MaxLength]
        public string Body { set; get; }

        public virtual BlogComment Reply { set; get; }
        public int? ReplyId { get; set; }
        public ICollection<BlogComment> Children { get; set; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<BlogComment> BlogComments { get; set; }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            // Self Referencing Entity
            modelBuilder.Entity<BlogComment>()
                        .HasOptional(x => x.Reply)
                        .WithMany(x => x.Children)
                        .HasForeignKey(x => x.ReplyId)
                        .WillCascadeOnDelete(false);

            base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);
        }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {
            var comment1 = new BlogComment { Body = "نظر من این است که" };
            var comment12 = new BlogComment { Body = "پاسخی به نظر اول", Reply = comment1 };
            var comment121 = new BlogComment { Body = "پاسخی به پاسخ به نظر اول", Reply = comment12 };

            context.BlogComments.Add(comment121);
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());

            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var list = ctx.BlogComments
                          //.where ...
                          .ToList() // fills the childs list too
                          .Where(x => x.Reply == null) // for TreeViewHelper                        
                          .ToList();

                if (list.Any())
                {

                }
            }
        }
    }
}

    public class BlogComment
    {
        // ... 
        public ICollection<BlogComment> Children { get; set; }
    }

private void AppendChildren(TagBuilder parentTag, T parentItem, Func<T, IEnumerable<T>> childrenProperty)
        {
            var children = childrenProperty(parentItem);
            if (children == null || !children.Any())
            {
                return;
            }
//...

C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v2.0\Assemblies
C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET MVC 4\Assemblies

{E53F8FEA-EAE0-44A6-8774-FFD645390401}

{E3E379DF-F4C6-4180-9B81-6769533ABE47}

System.Web.Mvc, Version=3.0.0.0
System.Web.WebPages, Version=1.0.0.0
System.Web.Helpers, Version=1.0.0.0
System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=1.0.0.0

System.Web.Mvc, Version=4.0.0.0
System.Web.WebPages, Version=2.0.0.0
System.Web.Helpers, Version=2.0.0.0
System.Web.WebPages.Razor, Version=2.0.0.0

C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v1.0\Assemblies
C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET MVC 3\Assemblies

C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET Web Pages\v2.0\Assemblies
C:\Program Files\Microsoft ASP.NET\ASP.NET MVC 4\Assemblies

<appSettings>
  <add key="webpages:Version" value="2.0.0.0" />
  <add key="PreserveLoginUrl" value="true" />
</appSettings>

<configuration>
  <!--... elements deleted for clarity ...-->
 
  <runtime>
    <assemblyBinding xmlns="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:asm.v1">
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Helpers" 
             publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0" newVersion="2.0.0.0"/>
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.Mvc" 
             publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0-3.0.0.0" newVersion="4.0.0.0"/>
      </dependentAssembly>
      <dependentAssembly>
        <assemblyIdentity name="System.Web.WebPages" 
             publicKeyToken="31bf3856ad364e35" />
        <bindingRedirect oldVersion="1.0.0.0" newVersion="2.0.0.0"/>
      </dependentAssembly>
    </assemblyBinding>
  </runtime>
</configuration>

    <pages>
      <namespaces>
        <add namespace="System.Web.Optimization" />
      </namespaces>
    </pages>

[ValidateAntiForgeryToken(Salt = "data123")]

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.Optimization;

namespace Common.WebToolkit
{
    /// <summary>
    /// A custom bundle orderer (IBundleOrderer) that will ensure bundles are 
    /// included in the order you register them.
    /// </summary>
    public class AsIsBundleOrderer : IBundleOrderer
    {
        public IEnumerable<FileInfo> OrderFiles(BundleContext context, IEnumerable<FileInfo> files)
        {
            return files;
        }
    }

    public static class BundleConfig
    {
        private static void addBundle(string virtualPath, bool isCss, params string[] files)
        {
            BundleTable.EnableOptimizations = true;

            var existing = BundleTable.Bundles.GetBundleFor(virtualPath);
            if (existing != null)
                return;

            var newBundle = isCss ? new Bundle(virtualPath, new CssMinify()) : new Bundle(virtualPath, new JsMinify());
            newBundle.Orderer = new AsIsBundleOrderer();

            foreach (var file in files)
                newBundle.Include(file);

            BundleTable.Bundles.Add(newBundle);
        }

        public static IHtmlString AddScripts(string virtualPath, params string[] files)
        {
            addBundle(virtualPath, false, files);
            return Scripts.Render(virtualPath);
        }

        public static IHtmlString AddStyles(string virtualPath, params string[] files)
        {
            addBundle(virtualPath, true, files);
            return Styles.Render(virtualPath);
        }

        public static IHtmlString AddScriptUrl(string virtualPath, params string[] files)
        {
            addBundle(virtualPath, false, files);
            return Scripts.Url(virtualPath);
        }

        public static IHtmlString AddStyleUrl(string virtualPath, params string[] files)
        {
            addBundle(virtualPath, true, files);
            return Styles.Url(virtualPath);
        }
    }
}

@using Common.WebToolkit

<link href="@BundleConfig.AddStyleUrl("~/Content/blueprint/print", "~/Content/blueprint/print.css")" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" media="print"/>

@BundleConfig.AddScripts("~/Scripts/js",
                            "~/Scripts/jquery-1.8.0.min.js",
                            "~/Scripts/jquery.unobtrusive-ajax.min.js",
                            "~/Scripts/jquery.validate.min.js")

@BundleConfig.AddStyles("~/Content/css",
                            "~/Content/Site.css",
                            "~/Content/buttons.css")

http://site/Content/blueprint/print?v=hash

@BundleConfig.AddStyles("~/Content/noty/css",
                                "~/Content/noty/jquery.noty.css",
                                "~/Content/noty/noty_theme_default.css")