PM> install-package DNTBreadCrumb

 @{Html.RenderPartial("_BreadCrumb");}

    [BreadCrumb(Title = "News Root", UseDefaultRouteUrl = true, RemoveAllDefaultRouteValues = true,
        Order = 0, GlyphIcon = "glyphicon glyphicon-link")]
    public class NewsController : Controller
    {
        [BreadCrumb(Title = "Main index", Order = 1)]
        public ActionResult Index(string id)
        {
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(id))
            {
                this.SetCurrentBreadCrumbTitle(id);
            }

            return View();
        }

        [BreadCrumb(Title = "News Archive", Order = 2)]
        public ActionResult Archive(int? id)
        {
            if (id != null)
            {
                this.SetCurrentBreadCrumbTitle(string.Format("News item {0}", id.Value));
                this.AddBreadCrumb(new BreadCrumb
                {
                    Title = "News Archive",
                    Order = 1,
                    Url = Url.Action("Archive", "News", routeValues: new { id = "" })
                });
            }

            return View();
        }

@model  List<Model>

SELECT
    [Id], 
    (SELECT top 1  * FROM  [AppUsers] FOR XML auto),
    HASHBYTES ('SHA2_256', (SELECT top 1  * FROM  [AppUsers] FOR XML auto)) AS [hash] -- varbinary(n), since 2012
FROM
    [AppUsers]

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public interface IAuditableEntity
    {
        string Hash { set; get; }
    }

    public static class AuditableShadowProperties
    {
        public static readonly string CreatedDateTime = nameof(CreatedDateTime);
        public static readonly string ModifiedDateTime = nameof(ModifiedDateTime);
    }

    public class Blog : IAuditableEntity
    {
        public int BlogId { get; set; }
        public string Url { get; set; }

        public List<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }

    public class Post : IAuditableEntity
    {
        public int PostId { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string Content { get; set; }

        public int BlogId { get; set; }
        public Blog Blog { get; set; }

        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public class AuditEntry
    {
        public EntityEntry EntityEntry { set; get; }
        public IList<AuditProperty> AuditProperties { set; get; } = new List<AuditProperty>();

        public AuditEntry() { }

        public AuditEntry(EntityEntry entry)
        {
            EntityEntry = entry;
        }
    }

    public class AuditProperty
    {
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public object Value { set; get; }

        public bool IsTemporary { set; get; }
        public PropertyEntry PropertyEntry { set; get; }

        public AuditProperty() { }

        public AuditProperty(string name, object value, bool isTemporary, PropertyEntry property)
        {
            Name = name;
            Value = value;
            IsTemporary = isTemporary;
            PropertyEntry = property;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public static class HashingExtensions
    {
        public static string GenerateObjectHash(this object @object)
        {
            if (@object == null)
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            var jsonData = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(@object, Formatting.Indented);
            using (var hashAlgorithm = new SHA256CryptoServiceProvider())
            {
                var byteValue = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(jsonData);
                var byteHash = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(byteValue);
                return Convert.ToBase64String(byteHash);
            }
        }

        public static string GenerateEntityEntryHash(this EntityEntry entry, string propertyToIgnore)
        {
            var auditEntry = new Dictionary<string, object>();
            foreach (var property in entry.Properties)
            {
                var propertyName = property.Metadata.Name;
                if (propertyName == propertyToIgnore)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                auditEntry[propertyName] = property.CurrentValue;
            }
            return auditEntry.GenerateObjectHash();
        }

        public static string GenerateEntityHash<TEntity>(this DbContext context, TEntity entity, string propertyToIgnore)
        {
            return context.Entry(entity).GenerateEntityEntryHash(propertyToIgnore);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public class BloggingContext : DbContext
    {
        public BloggingContext()
        { }

        public BloggingContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        { }

        public DbSet<Blog> Blogs { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            if (!optionsBuilder.IsConfigured)
            {
                optionsBuilder.EnableSensitiveDataLogging();
                var path = Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "app_data", "EFCore.RowIntegrity.mdf");
                optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer($"Server=(localdb)\\mssqllocaldb;Database=EFCore.RowIntegrity;AttachDbFilename={path};Trusted_Connection=True;");
                optionsBuilder.UseLoggerFactory(new LoggerFactory().AddConsole((message, logLevel) =>
                logLevel == LogLevel.Debug &&
                           message.StartsWith("Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command")));
            }
        }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);

            foreach (var entityType in modelBuilder.Model
                                                   .GetEntityTypes()
                                                   .Where(e => typeof(IAuditableEntity)
                                                   .IsAssignableFrom(e.ClrType)))
            {
                modelBuilder.Entity(entityType.ClrType)
                            .Property<DateTimeOffset?>(AuditableShadowProperties.CreatedDateTime);
                modelBuilder.Entity(entityType.ClrType)
                            .Property<DateTimeOffset?>(AuditableShadowProperties.ModifiedDateTime);
            }
        }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            var auditEntries = OnBeforeSaveChanges();
            var result = base.SaveChanges();
            OnAfterSaveChanges(auditEntries);
            return result;
        }

        private IList<AuditEntry> OnBeforeSaveChanges()
        {
            var auditEntries = new List<AuditEntry>();

            foreach (var entry in ChangeTracker.Entries<IAuditableEntity>())
            {
                if (entry.State == EntityState.Detached || entry.State == EntityState.Unchanged)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                var auditEntry = new AuditEntry(entry);
                auditEntries.Add(auditEntry);

                var now = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;

                foreach (var property in entry.Properties)
                {
                    var propertyName = property.Metadata.Name;
                    if (propertyName == nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (property.IsTemporary)
                    {
                        // It's an auto-generated value and should be retrieved from the DB after calling the base.SaveChanges().
                        auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, null, true, property));
                        continue;
                    }

                    switch (entry.State)
                    {
                        case EntityState.Added:
                            entry.Property(AuditableShadowProperties.CreatedDateTime).CurrentValue = now;
                            auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, property.CurrentValue, false, property));
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Modified:
                            auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, property.CurrentValue, false, property));
                            entry.Property(AuditableShadowProperties.ModifiedDateTime).CurrentValue = now;
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }

            return auditEntries;
        }

        private void OnAfterSaveChanges(IList<AuditEntry> auditEntries)
        {
            foreach (var auditEntry in auditEntries)
            {
                foreach (var auditProperty in auditEntry.AuditProperties.Where(x => x.IsTemporary))
                {
                    // Now we have the auto-generated value from the DB.
                    auditProperty.Value = auditProperty.PropertyEntry.CurrentValue;
                    auditProperty.IsTemporary = false;
                }
                auditEntry.EntityEntry.Property(nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash)).CurrentValue =
                    auditEntry.AuditProperties.ToDictionary(x => x.Name, x => x.Value).GenerateObjectHash();
            }
            base.SaveChanges();
        }
    }
}

public override int SaveChanges()
{
    var auditEntries = OnBeforeSaveChanges();
    var result = base.SaveChanges();
    OnAfterSaveChanges(auditEntries);
    return result;
}

if (property.IsTemporary)
{
   // It's an auto-generated value and should be retrieved from the DB after calling the base.SaveChanges().
   auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, null, true, property));
   continue;
}

private static void CheckRow1IsAuthentic()
{
    using (var context = new BloggingContext())
    {
        var blog1 = context.Blogs.Single(x => x.BlogId == 1);
        var entityHash = context.GenerateEntityHash(blog1, propertyToIgnore: nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash));
        var dbRowHash = blog1.Hash;
        Console.WriteLine($"entityHash: {entityHash}\ndbRowHash:  {dbRowHash}");
        if (entityHash == dbRowHash)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This row is authentic!");
        }
        else
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This row is tampered outside of the application!");
        }
    }
}

entityHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
dbRowHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
This row is authentic!

entityHash: tdiZhKMJRnROGLLam1WpldA0fy/CbjJaR2Y2jNU9izk=
dbRowHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
This row is tampered outside of the application!

var blogs = (from blog in context.Blogs.ToList() // Note: this `ToList()` is necessary here for having Shadow properties values, otherwise they will considered `null`.
             let computedHash = context.GenerateEntityHash(blog, nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash))
             select new
             {
               blog.BlogId,
               blog.Url,
               RowHash = blog.Hash,
               ComputedHash = computedHash,
               IsAuthentic = blog.Hash == computedHash
             }).ToList();

Type Safety

string text = “String value”;
int textLength = text.Length;
int textMonth = text.Month; // won’t compile

public interface IGeometricShape
{
     double Circumference { get; }
     double Area { get; }
}
public class Square : IGeometricShape
{
     public double Side { get; set; }
     public double Circumference => 4 * Side;
     public double Area => Side * Side;
}
public class Circle : IGeometricShape
{
     public double Radius { get; set; }
     public double Circumference => 2 * Math.PI * Radius;
     public double Area => Math.PI * Radius * Radius;
}

IGeometricShape circle = new Circle { Radius = 1 };
Square square = ((Square)circle); // no compiler error
var side = square.Side;

dynamic text = “String value”;
int textLength = text.Length;
int textMonth = text.Month; // throws exception at runtime

public dynamic GetAnonymousType()
{
  return new
    {
        Name = “John”,
        Surname = “Doe”,
        Age = 42
    };
}

dynamic value = GetAnonymousType();
Console.WriteLine($”{value.Name} {value.Surname}, {value.Age}”);

string json = @"
{
     ""name"": ""John"",
     ""surname"": ""Doe"",
     ""age"": 42
}";

dynamic value = JObject.Parse(json);
Console.WriteLine($"{ value.name} { value.surname}, { value.age}");

dynamic person = new ExpandoObject();
person.Name = "John";
person.Surname = "Doe";
person.Age = 42;
person.ToString = (Func<string>)(() => $”{person.Name} {person.Surname}, {person. Age}”);

Console.WriteLine($"{ person.Name}{ person.Surname}, { person.Age}");

var dictionary = (IDictionary<string, object>)person;
foreach (var member in dictionary)
{
     Console.WriteLine($”{member.Key} = {member.Value}”);
}
dictionary.Remove(“ToString”);

class MyDynamicObject : DynamicObject
{
       private readonly Dictionary<string, object> members = new Dictionary<string, object>();

       public override bool TryGetMember(GetMemberBinder binder, out object result)
       {
              if (members.ContainsKey(binder.Name))
              {
                  result = members[binder.Name];
                  return true;
              }
              else
              {
                  result = null;
                  return false;
             }
       }

      public override bool TrySetMember(SetMemberBinder binder, object value)
      {
               members[binder.Name] = value;
              return true;
      }

      public bool RemoveMember(string name)
      {
            return members.Remove(name);
      }

}

dynamic person = new MyDynamicObject();
person.Name = “John”;
person.Surname = “Doe”;
person.Age = 42;
person.AsString = (Func<string>)(() => $”{person.Name} {person.Surname}, {person.
Age}”);

using System;
using System.Threading;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;

namespace Utils
{
    public static class ServiceLocatorProvider
    {
        private static readonly Lazy<IServiceProvider> _serviceProviderBuilder =
            new Lazy<IServiceProvider>(GetServiceProvider, LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication);

        /// <summary>
        /// A lazy loaded thread-safe singleton
        /// </summary>
        public static IServiceProvider Current { get; } = _serviceProviderBuilder.Value;

        private static IServiceProvider GetServiceProvider()
        {
            var services = new ServiceCollection();
            ConfigureServices(services);
            return services.BuildServiceProvider();
        }

        private static void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            // TODO: add other services here ... services.AddSingleton ....
        }
    }

    public static class ServiceLocator
    {
        public static object GetService(Type serviceType)
        {
            return ServiceLocatorProvider.Current.GetService(serviceType);
        }

        public static TService GetService<TService>()
        {
            return ServiceLocatorProvider.Current.GetService<TService>();
        }

        public static object GetRequiredService(Type serviceType)
        {
            return ServiceLocatorProvider.Current.GetRequiredService(serviceType);
        }

        public static TService GetRequiredService<TService>()
        {
            return ServiceLocatorProvider.Current.GetService<TService>();
        }

        public static void RunScopedService<T, S>(Action<S, T> callback)
        {
            using (var serviceScope = ServiceLocatorProvider.Current.GetRequiredService<IServiceScopeFactory>().CreateScope())
            {
                var context = serviceScope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<S>();

                callback(context, serviceScope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<T>());
                if (context is IDisposable disposable)
                {
                    disposable.Dispose();
                }
            }
        }

        public static void RunScopedService<S>(Action<S> callback)
        {
            using (var serviceScope = ServiceLocatorProvider.Current.GetRequiredService<IServiceScopeFactory>().CreateScope())
            {
                var context = serviceScope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<S>();
                callback(context);
                if (context is IDisposable disposable)
                {
                    disposable.Dispose();
                }
            }
        }

        public static T RunScopedService<T, S>(Func<S, T> callback)
        {
            using (var serviceScope = ServiceLocatorProvider.Current.GetRequiredService<IServiceScopeFactory>().CreateScope())
            {
                var context = serviceScope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<S>();
                return callback(context);
            }
        }
    }
}

enum USState {...}
var AreaCodeUSState = new Dictionary<string, USState>
    {
        {"408", USState.California},
        {"701", USState.NorthDakota},
        ...
    };

enum USState {...}
var AreaCodeUSState = new Dictionary<string, USState>
    {
        ["408"] = USState.California,
        ["701"] = USState.NorthDakota,
        ...
    };

create a Dictionary<string, USState>
add to new Dictionary the following items: 
     "408", USState.California
     "701", USState.NorthDakota

create a Dictionary<string, USState> then
using AreaCodeUSState's default Indexed property
    set the Value of Key "408" to USState.California
    set the Value of Key "701" to USState.NorthDakota

enum USState {...}
var AreaCodeUSState = new Dictionary<string, USState>
        {
            { "408", USState.Confusion},
            { "701", USState.NorthDakota },
            { "408", USState.California},
            ...
        };
Console.WriteLine( AreaCodeUSState.Where(x => x.Key == "408").FirstOrDefault().Value );

enum USState {...}
var AreaCodeUSState = new Dictionary<string, USState>
    {
        ["408"] = USState.Confusion,
        ["701"] = USState.NorthDakota,
        ["408"] = USState.California,
        ...
    };
Console.WriteLine( AreaCodeUSState2.Where(x => x.Key == "408").FirstOrDefault().Value );  // output = California

var fibonaccis = new List<int>
    {
        [0] = 1,
        [1] = 2,
        [3] = 5,
        [5] = 13
    }