public IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()
{
    using (var stream = File.Read(Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "products.xml")))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()
{
    var fullPath = Path.Combine(Environment.CurrentDirectory, "ProductCache.xml");
    if (!File.Exists(fullPath))
        return new Product[0];
         
    using (var stream = File.Read(fullPath))
    {
        var serializer = new XmlSerializer();
        return (IEnumerable<Product>)serializer.Deserialize(stream);
    }
}

IEnumerable<Product> GetProducts()

IEnumerable<Product> GetCachedProducts()

public class UserRepository : IUserRepository
{
    public IList<User> Search(string value)
    {
        try
        {
              return CreateConnectionAndACommandAndReturnAList("WHERE value=@value", Parameter.New("value", value));
        }
        catch (SqlException err)
        {
             var msg = String.Format("Ohh no!  Failed to search after users with '{0}' as search string", value);
             throw new DataSourceException(msg, err);
        }
    }
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public void PrintName(string name)
{
    if (name == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("name");
    if (name.Length < 5 || name.Length > 10) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "Name must be between 5 or 10 characters long");
    if (name.Any(x => !char.IsAlphaNumeric(x)) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("name", name, "May only contain alpha numerics");
     
     Console.WriteLine(name);
}

public User GetUser(int id)
{
}

var user = datasource.GetUser(userId);
if (user == null)
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Failed to find user: " + userId);
// actual logic here

public User GetUser(int id)
{
    if (id <= 0) throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException("id", id, "Valid ids are from 1 and above. Do you have a parsing error somewhere?");
    
    var user = db.Execute<User>("WHERE Id = ?", id);
    if (user == null)
        throw new EntityNotFoundException("Failed to find user with id " + id);
        
    return user;
}

try
{
    FutileAttemptToResist();
}
catch (BorgException err)
{
     _myDearLog.Error("I'm in da cube! Ohh no!", err);
    throw err;
}

try
{
    GreaseTinMan();
}
catch (InvalidOperationException err)
{
    throw new TooScaredLion("The Lion was not in the m00d", err); //<---- استثناء اصلی بهتر است به استثناء جدید پاس داده شود
}

try
{
   socket.Connect("somethingawful.com", 80);
}
catch (SocketException err)
{
    throw new InvalidOperationException("Socket failed", err);  
}

void IncreaseStatusForUser(int userId, int newStatus)
{
    try
    {
         var user  = _repository.Get(userId);
         if (user == null)
             throw new UpdateException(string.Format("Failed to find user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus));
    
         user.Status = newStatus;
         _repository.Save(user);
    }
   catch (DataSourceException err)
   {
       var errMsg = string.Format("Failed to find modify user #{0} when trying to increase status to {1}", userId, newStatus);
        throw new UpdateException(errMsg, err);
   }

public NewException()
public NewException(string description )
public NewException(string description, Exception inner)
protected or private NewException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)

“The given key was not present in the dictionary.”

“The key ‘abrakadabra’ was not present in the dictionary.”

public class SampleException : Exception
{
    public SampleException(string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
    }
 
    public SampleException(string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
    }
 
    public SampleException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    System.Net.HttpStatusCode _statusCode;
     
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description)
        : base(description)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(System.Net.HttpStatusCode statusCode, string description, Exception inner)
        : base(description, inner)
    {
        if (description == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("description");
        if (inner == null) throw new ArgumentNullException("inner");
        _statusCode = statusCode;
    }
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
    }
     
    public System.Net.HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
}

public override string Message
{
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
}

public class HttpException : Exception
{
    // [...]
 
    public HttpException(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
        : base(info, context)
    {
        // this is new
        StatusCode = (HttpStatusCode) info.GetInt32("HttpStatusCode");
    }
 
    public HttpStatusCode StatusCode { get; private set; }
 
    public override string Message
    {
        get { return base.Message + "\r\nStatus code: " + StatusCode; }
    }
 
    // this is new
    public override void GetObjectData(SerializationInfo info, StreamingContext context)
    {
        base.GetObjectData(info, context);
        info.AddValue("HttpStatusCode", (int) StatusCode);
    }
}

throw new Exception("Unknown FaileType");
throw new Exception("Unecpected workingDirectory");

"Unecpected workingDirectory"

ReactDOM.render(<Counter />, document.getElementById("root"));

import Counters from "./components/counters";

ReactDOM.render(<Counters />, document.getElementById("root"));

import React, { Component } from "react";

import Counter from "./counter";

class Counters extends Component {
  state = {};

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <Counter />
        <Counter />
        <Counter />
        <Counter />
      </div>
    );
  }
}

export default Counters;

import React, { Component } from "react";
import Counter from "./counter";

class Counters extends Component {
  state = {
    counters: [
      { id: 1, value: 0 },
      { id: 2, value: 0 },
      { id: 3, value: 0 },
      { id: 4, value: 0 }
    ]
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        {this.state.counters.map(counter => (
          <Counter key={counter.id} />
        ))}
      </div>
    );
  }
}

export default Counters;

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        {this.state.counters.map(counter => (
          <Counter key={counter.id} value={counter.value} selected={true} />
        ))}
      </div>
    );

class Counter extends Component {
  state = {
    count: 0
  };

  render() {
    console.log("props", this.props);
    //...

class Counter extends Component {
  state = {
    count: this.props.value
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        {this.state.counters.map(counter => (
          <Counter key={counter.id} value={counter.value} selected={true}>
            <h4>‍Counter #{counter.id}</h4>
          </Counter>
        ))}
      </div>
    );
  }

class Counter extends Component {
  state = {
    count: this.props.value
  };

  handleDelete = () => {
    console.log("handleDelete called.");
  };

<Counter
     key={counter.id}
     value={counter.value}
     selected={true}
     onDelete={this.handleDelete}
/>

<button
  onClick={this.props.onDelete}
  className="btn btn-danger btn-sm m-2"
>
  Delete
</button>

onClick={() => this.props.onDelete(this.props.id)}

<Counter
  key={counter.id}
  value={counter.value}
  selected={true}
  onDelete={this.handleDelete}
  id={counter.id}
/>

  handleDelete = counterId => {
    console.log("handleDelete called.", counterId);
    const counters = this.state.counters.filter(
      counter => counter.id !== counterId
    );
    this.setState({ counters }); // = this.setState({ counters: counters });
  };

<Counter
  key={counter.id}
  counter={counter}
  onDelete={this.handleDelete}
/>

<form method="post" action="submit" enctype="multipart/form-data">
  <div>
    <input name="files" id="files" type="file" />    
    <input type="submit" value="Submit" class="k-button" />
  </div>
</form>
<script>
  $(document).ready(function() {
     $("#files").kendoUpload();
  });
</script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: { // async configuration
                    saveUrl: "@Url.Action("Save", "Home")", // the url to save a file is '/save'
                    removeUrl: "@Url.Action("Remove", "Home")", // the url to remove a file is '/remove'
                    autoUpload: false, // automatically upload files once selected
                    removeVerb: 'POST'
                },
                multiple: true,
                showFileList: true
            }); 
        });
    </script>

        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Save(IEnumerable<HttpPostedFileBase> files)
        {
            if (files != null)
            {
                // ...
                // Process the files and save them
                // ...
            }

            // Return an empty string to signify success
            return Content("");
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public ContentResult Remove(string[] fileNames)
        {
            if (fileNames != null)
            {
                foreach (var fullName in fileNames)
                {
                    // ...
                    // delete the files
                    // ...
                }
            }

            // Return an empty string to signify success
            return Content("");
        }

<!-- Content Type with wildcard.  All Images -->
<input type="file" id="demoFile" title="Select file" accept="image/*" />
 
<!-- List of file extensions -->
<input type="file" id="demoFile" title="Select file" accept=".jpg,.png,.gif" />
 
<!-- Any combination of the above -->
<input type="file" id="demoFile" title="Select file" accept="audio/*,application/pdf,.png" />

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: {
                 //...
                },
                //...
                localization: {
                    select: 'انتخاب فایل‌ها برای ارسال',
                    remove: 'حذف فایل',
                    retry: 'سعی مجدد',
                    headerStatusUploading: 'در حال ارسال فایل‌ها',
                    headerStatusUploaded: 'پایان ارسال',
                    cancel: "لغو",
                    uploadSelectedFiles: "ارسال فایل‌ها",
                    dropFilesHere: "فایل‌ها را برای ارسال، کشیده و در اینجا رها کنید",
                    statusUploading: "در حال ارسال",
                    statusUploaded: "ارسال شد",
                    statusWarning: "اخطار",
                    statusFailed: "خطا در ارسال"
                }
            });
        });
    </script>

    <script id="fileListTemplate" type="text/x-kendo-template">
        <li class='k-file'>
            <span class='k-progress'></span>
            <span class='k-icon'></span>
            <span class='k-filename' title='#=name#'>#=name# (#=size# bytes)</span>
            <strong class='k-upload-status'></strong>
        </li>
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: {
                // ...
                },
                // ...
                template: kendo.template($('#fileListTemplate').html()),
                // ...
            });
        });
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: { // async configuration
                //...
                },
                //...
                localization: {
                },
                cancel: function () {
                    console.log('Cancel Event.');
                },
                complete: function () {
                    console.log('Complete Event.');
                },
                error: function () {
                    console.log('Error uploading file.');
                },
                progress: function (e) {
                    console.log('Uploading file ' + e.percentComplete);
                },
                remove: function () {
                    console.log('File removed.');
                },
                select: function () {
                    console.log('File selected.');
                },
                success: function () {
                    console.log('Upload successful.');
                },
                upload: function (e) {
                    console.log('Upload started.');
                }
            }); 
        });
    </script>

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: {
                //...
                },
                //...
                localization: {
                },
                upload: function (e) {
                    console.log('Upload started.');
                    // Sending metadata to the save action
                    e.data = {
                        codeId: "1234567",
                        param2: 12
                        //, ...
                    };
                }
            });
        });
    </script>

   [HttpPost]
  public ActionResult Save(IEnumerable<HttpPostedFileBase> files, string codeId)

    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $("#files").kendoUpload({
                name: "files",
                async: {
                    // ....
                    batch: true
                },
            });
        });
    </script>

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<configuration>
  <system.web>
    <!-- The request length is in kilobytes, execution timeout is in seconds  -->
    <httpRuntime maxRequestLength="10240" executionTimeout="120" />
  </system.web>

  <system.webServer>
    <security>
      <requestFiltering>
        <!-- The content length is in bytes  -->
        <requestLimits maxAllowedContentLength="10485760"/>
      </requestFiltering>
    </security>
  </system.webServer>
</configuration>