public class Bill
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<Transaction> Transactions { set; get; }
    }

    public class Transaction
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public DateTime AddDate { set; get; }
        public int Amount { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("BillId")]
        public virtual Bill Bill { set; get; }
        public int BillId { set; get; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Bill> Bills { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Transaction> Transactions { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {
            var bill1 = new Bill { Name = "bill-1" };
            context.Bills.Add(bill1);

            for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++)
            {
                context.Transactions.Add(new Transaction
                {
                    AddDate = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-i),
                    Amount = 1000000000 + i,
                    Bill = bill1
                });
            }
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            using (var context = new MyContext())
            {
                var sum = context.Transactions.Sum(x => x.Amount);
                Console.WriteLine(sum);
            }
        }
    }

SELECT 
         [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
         FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM([Extent1].[Amount]) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    )  AS [GroupBy1]

 Arithmetic overflow error converting expression to data type int.

var sum2 = context.Transactions.Sum(x => (Int64)x.Amount);

SELECT 
      [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
         FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
               )  AS [GroupBy1]                  

var date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(10);
var sum3 = context.Transactions
                  .Where(x => x.AddDate > date)  
                  .Sum(x => (Int64)x.Amount);               

SELECT 
     [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
        FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    WHERE [Extent1].[AddDate] > @p__linq__0
              )  AS [GroupBy1]

The cast to value type 'Int64' failed because the materialized value is null.
Either the result type's generic parameter or the query must use a nullable type.

var date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(10);
var sum3 = context.Transactions
                  .Where(x => x.AddDate > date)
                  .Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

 var sum4 = context.Bills.First().Transactions.Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

SELECT 
     [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id], 
     [Extent1].[AddDate] AS [AddDate], 
     [Extent1].[Amount] AS [Amount], 
     [Extent1].[BillId] AS [BillId]
   FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
   WHERE [Extent1].[BillId] = @EntityKeyValue1

var entry = context.Bills.First();
var sum5 = context.Entry(entry).Collection(x => x.Transactions).Query().Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

SELECT 
    [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
     FROM ( SELECT 
               SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                   FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    WHERE [Extent1].[BillId] = @EntityKeyValue1
            )  AS [GroupBy1]                  

[Route("api/[controller]")] // http://localhost:7742/api/test
public class TestController : Controller
{
    private readonly ILogger<TestController> _logger;
 
    public TestController(ILogger<TestController> logger)
    {
        _logger = logger;
    }

[Route("api/[controller]")] // http://localhost:7742/api/test
public class TestController : Controller
{
    private readonly ILogger<TestController> _logger;
 
    public TestController(ILogger<TestController> logger)
    {
        _logger = logger;
    }
 
    [HttpGet]
    public IEnumerable<string> Get() // http://localhost:7742/api/test
    {
        return new [] { "value1", "value2" };
    }
 
    [HttpGet("{page:int}")]
    public IActionResult Get(int page) // http://localhost:7742/api/test/1
    {
        return Json(new[] { "value3", "value4" });
    }
 
    [HttpGet("/api/path1")]
    public IActionResult GetEpisodes1() // http://localhost:7742/api/path1
    {
        return Json(new[] { "value5", "value6" });
    }
 
    [HttpGet("/api/path2")]
    public IActionResult GetEpisodes2() // http://localhost:7742/api/path2
    {
        try
        {
            // get data from the DB ...
            return Ok(new[] { "value7", "value8" });
        }
        catch (Exception ex)
        {
            _logger.LogError("Failed to get data from the API", ex);
            return BadRequest();
        }
    } 
}

    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class ValuesController : Controller
    {
        // GET: api/values
        [HttpGet]
        public IEnumerable<string> Get()
        {
            return new string[] { "value1", "value2" };
        }
// GET api/values/5
        [HttpGet("{id}")]
        public string Get(int id)
        {
            return "value";
        }
// POST api/values
        [HttpPost]
        public void Post([FromBody]string value)
        {
        }
// PUT api/values/5
        [HttpPut("{id}")]
        public void Put(int id, [FromBody]string value)
        {
        }
// DELETE api/values/5
        [HttpDelete("{id}")]
        public void Delete(int id)
        {
        }
    }
}

 [Produces("application/json")]
[Route("api/[controller]")] // http://localhost:7742/api/test
public class TestController : Controller

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Models
{
    public class Person
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
        public int Age { get; set; }
    }
}

using Core1RtmEmptyTest.Models;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
 
namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Controllers
{
    public class PersonController : Controller
    {
        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }
 
        [HttpPost]
        public IActionResult Index(Person person)
        {
            return Json(person);
        }
    }
}

@section scripts
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $.ajax({
                type: 'POST',
                url: '/Person/Index',
                dataType: 'json',
                contentType: 'application/json; charset=utf-8',
                data: JSON.stringify({
                    FirstName: 'F1',
                    LastName: 'L1',
                    Age: 23
                }),
                success: function (result) {
                    console.log('Data received: ');
                    console.log(result);
                }
            });
        });
    </script>
}

 public IActionResult Index([FromBody]Person person)

  var dataType = 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded; charset=utf-8';
 var data = $('form').serialize();

 [HttpPost]
public IActionResult Index([FromForm]Person person)

public class ProductModel
{
    public ProductModel(IProductService prodService)
    {
        Value = prodService.Get(productId);
    }
    public IProduct Value { get; private set; }
}

 public async Task<IActionResult> GetProduct([FromServices]ProductModel product)
{
}

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    services.AddMvc(options =>
    {
        options.FormatterMappings.SetMediaTypeMappingForFormat("xml", new MediaTypeHeaderValue("application/xml")); 
 
    }).AddJsonOptions(options =>
    {
        options.SerializerSettings.ContractResolver = new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver();
        options.SerializerSettings.DefaultValueHandling = DefaultValueHandling.Include;
        options.SerializerSettings.NullValueHandling = NullValueHandling.Ignore;
    });

public class User
{
   public string Name { set; get; }
}

public record User
{
   public string Name { set; get; }
}

var user = new User();
user.Name = "User 1";

public record User(string Name);

var user = new User("User 1");
// Error: Init-only property or indexer 'User.Name' can only be assigned
// in an object initializer, or on 'this' or 'base' in an instance constructor
// or an 'init' accessor. [CS9Features]csharp(CS8852)
user.Name = "User 1";

public record User(string Name);

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Text;
using CS9Features;

public class User : IEquatable<User>
{
 protected virtual Type EqualityContract
 {
  [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(1)]
  [CompilerGenerated]
  get
  {
   return typeof(User);
  }
 }

 public string Name
 {
  get;
  set/*init*/;
 }

 public User(string Name)
 {
  this.Name = Name;
  base..ctor();
 }

 public override string ToString()
 {
  StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
  stringBuilder.Append("User");
  stringBuilder.Append(" { ");
  if (PrintMembers(stringBuilder))
  {
   stringBuilder.Append(" ");
  }
  stringBuilder.Append("}");
  return stringBuilder.ToString();
 }

 protected virtual bool PrintMembers(StringBuilder builder)
 {
  builder.Append("Name");
  builder.Append(" = ");
  builder.Append((object?)Name);
  return true;
 }

 [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(2)]
 public static bool operator !=(User? r1, User? r2)
 {
  return !(r1 == r2);
 }

 [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(2)]
 public static bool operator ==(User? r1, User? r2)
 {
  return (object)r1 == r2 || (r1?.Equals(r2) ?? false);
 }

 public override int GetHashCode()
 {
  return EqualityComparer<Type>.Default.GetHashCode(EqualityContract) * -1521134295 + EqualityComparer<string>.Default.GetHashCode(Name);
 }

 public override bool Equals(object? obj)
 {
  return Equals(obj as User);
 }

 public virtual bool Equals(User? other)
 {
  return (object)other != null && EqualityContract == other!.EqualityContract && EqualityComparer<string>.Default.Equals(Name, other!.Name);
 }

 public virtual User <Clone>$()
 {
  return new User(this);
 }

 protected User(User original)
 {
  Name = original.Name;
 }

 public void Deconstruct(out string Name)
 {
  Name = this.Name;
 }
}

public virtual User <Clone>$()
{
  return new User(this);
}

public record User(string Name, int Age);

var user1 = new User("User 1", 21);

var user2 = user1 with { Age = 31 };

var user1 = new User("User 1", 21);
var user2 = new User("User 1", 21);

Console.WriteLine("user1.Equals(user2) -> {0}", user1.Equals(user2));
Console.WriteLine("user1 == user2 -> {0}", user1 == user2);

user1.Equals(user2) -> True
user1 == user2 -> True

public virtual bool Equals(User? other)
{
   return (object)other != null &&
 EqualityContract == other!.EqualityContract &&
 EqualityComparer<string>.Default.Equals(Name, other!.Name) && 
EqualityComparer<int>.Default.Equals(Age, other!.Age);
}

    public record User
    {
        public string Name { get; init; }

        public User(string name)
        {
            Name = name;
        }
    }

    public record UserWithAge : User
    {
        public int Age { get; init; }

        public UserWithAge(string name, int age) : base(name)
        {
            Age = age;
        }
    }

var user1 = new User("User 1");
var user2 = new UserWithAge("User 1", 21);

Console.WriteLine("user1.Equals(user2) -> {0}", user1.Equals(user2));
Console.WriteLine("user1 == user2 -> {0}", user1 == user2);

user1.Equals(user2) -> False
user1 == user2 -> False

public abstract record Food(int Calories);
public record Milk(int C, double FatPercentage) : Food(C);

Console.WriteLine(user1.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(user2.ToString());

User { Name = User 1 }
UserWithAge { Name = User 1, Age = 21 }

public record Person(string Name, int Age);

public void Deconstruct(out string Name, out int Age)
{
  Name = this.Name;
  Age = this.Age;
}

var (name, age) = new Person("User 1", 21);

 public record Person([Required] string Name, [Range(0, 150)] int Age);

 public class PersonController
 {
   public IActionResult Index() => View();

   [HttpPost]
   public IActionResult Index(Person person)
   {
    // ...
   }
 }

    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method, AllowMultiple = false)]
    public sealed class ValidateCaptchaAttribute : ActionFilterAttribute
    {
        public override void OnActionExecuting(ActionExecutingContext filterContext)
        {
            var controllerBase = filterContext.Controller;

            var captchaInputTextProvider = controllerBase.ValueProvider.GetValue("CaptchaInputText");
            if (captchaInputTextProvider == null)
            {
                controllerBase.ViewData.ModelState.AddModelError("CaptchaInputText", "لطفا تصویر امنیتی را وارد کنید");
                base.OnActionExecuting(filterContext);
                return;
            }
            var inputText = captchaInputTextProvider.AttemptedValue;

            if (inputText != Session["captchastring"].ToString())
               controllerBase.ViewData.ModelState.AddModelError("CaptchaInputText", "تصویر امنیتی را اشتباه وارد کرده اید");
         } 
     }

    public class Grade
    {
        public Guid StudentId { get; set; }
        public string Value { get; set; }

        public static IEnumerable<Grade> GetData()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
            {
                yield return new Grade
                                 {
                                     StudentId = GuidHelper.ListOfIds[i], Value = "Value " + i
                                 };
            }
        }
    }

    public class Student
    {
        public Guid Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Grade { get; set; }

        public static IEnumerable<Student> GetStudents()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
            {
                yield return new Student
                                 {
                                     Id = GuidHelper.ListOfIds[i],
                                     Name = "Name " + i
                                 };
            }
        }
    }

    public class GuidHelper
    {
        public static List<Guid> ListOfIds=new List<Guid>();

        static GuidHelper()
        {
            for (int i = 0; i < 10000; i++)
            {
                ListOfIds.Add(Guid.NewGuid());
            }
        }
    }

    internal class Program
    {
        private static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var stopwatch = new Stopwatch();
            List<Grade> grades = Grade.GetData().ToList();
            List<Student> students = Student.GetStudents().ToList();

            stopwatch.Start();
            foreach (Student student in students)
            {
                student.Grade = grades.Single(x => x.StudentId == student.Id).Value;
            }
            stopwatch.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine("Using list {0}", stopwatch.Elapsed);
            stopwatch.Reset();
            students = Student.GetStudents().ToList();
            stopwatch.Start();
            Dictionary<Guid, string> dictionary = Grade.GetData().ToDictionary(x => x.StudentId, x => x.Value);

            foreach (Student student in students)
            {
                student.Grade = dictionary[student.Id];
            }
            stopwatch.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine("Using dictionary {0}", stopwatch.Elapsed);
            Console.ReadKey();
        }
    }

   student.Grade = grades.Single(x => x.StudentId == student.Id).Value;

         student.Grade = dictionary[student.Id];