PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.OwinSelfHost

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Web.Http;

namespace WebApiSelfHostTests
{
    public class UsersController : ApiController
    {
        public IEnumerable<User> GetAllUsers()
        {
            return new[]
            {
                new User{ Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Type = UserType.Admin },
                new User{ Id = 2, Name = "User 2", Type = UserType.User }
            };
        }

        public async Task<HttpResponseMessage> Post(HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            var jsonContent = await request.Content.ReadAsStringAsync();
            Console.WriteLine("JsonContent (Server Side): {0}", jsonContent);
            return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.Created);
        }
    }
}

namespace WebApiSelfHostTests
{
    public enum UserType
    {
        User,
        Admin,
        Writer
    }

    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public UserType Type { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Web.Http;
using Newtonsoft.Json;
using Newtonsoft.Json.Converters;
using Owin;

namespace WebApiSelfHostTests
{
    /// <summary>
    /// PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.WebApi.OwinSelfHost
    /// </summary>
    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configuration(IAppBuilder appBuilder)
        {
            var config = new HttpConfiguration();
            config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
                name: "DefaultApi",
                routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
                defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
                );

            appBuilder.UseWebApi(config);
        }
    }
}

 var server = WebApp.Start<Startup>(url: BaseAddress);


Console.WriteLine("Press Enter to quit.");
Console.ReadLine();
server.Dispose();

 using (var client = new HttpClient())
{
   var response = client.GetAsync(BaseAddress + "api/users").Result;
   Console.WriteLine("Response: {0}", response);
   Console.WriteLine("JsonContent (Client Side): {0}", response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().Result);
}

 JsonContent (Client Side): [{"Id":1,"Name":"User 1","Type":1},{"Id":2,"Name":"User 2","Type":0}]

    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configuration(IAppBuilder appBuilder)
        {
            var config = new HttpConfiguration();
            config.Formatters.JsonFormatter.SerializerSettings = new JsonSerializerSettings
            {
                Converters = { new StringEnumConverter() }
            };

 JsonContent (Client Side): [{"Id":1,"Name":"User 1","Type":"Admin"},{"Id":2,"Name":"User 2","Type":"User"}]

var user = new User
{
   Id = 1,
   Name = "User 1",
   Type = UserType.Writer
};

var client = new HttpClient();
client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Accept.Add(new MediaTypeWithQualityHeaderValue("application/json"));

var response = client.PostAsJsonAsync(BaseAddress + "api/users", user).Result;
Console.WriteLine("Response: {0}", response);

 JsonContent (Server Side): {"Id":1,"Name":"User 1","Type":2}

            var jsonMediaTypeFormatter = new JsonMediaTypeFormatter
            {
                SerializerSettings = new JsonSerializerSettings
                {
                    Converters = { new StringEnumConverter() }
                }
            };
            var response = client.PostAsync(BaseAddress + "api/users", user, jsonMediaTypeFormatter).Result;
            Console.WriteLine("Response: {0}", response);

 JsonContent (Server Side): {"Id":1,"Name":"User 1","Type":"Writer"}

_identityVerifier.Initialize();
var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
     application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void Accept()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_500_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name, applicant.Age, applicant.Address))
                .Returns(true);

            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsTrue(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

_creditScorer.CalculateScore(application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Address);
if (_creditScorer.Score < MinimumCreditScore)
{
    return application.IsAccepted;
}

var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(
        //applicant.Name,
        It.IsAny<string>(),
        applicant.Age, 
        applicant.Address))
    .Returns(true);

var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(
        //applicant.Name,
        It.IsAny<string>(),
        //applicant.Age,
        It.IsAny<int>(),
        //applicant.Address
        It.IsAny<string>()
        ))
    .Returns(true);

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {
        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid);
// ...
    }
}

//var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
//    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);
_identityVerifier.Validate(
    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address,
    out var isValidIdentity);

var isValidOutValue = true;
mockIdentityVerifier.Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name,
    applicant.Age,
    applicant.Address,
    out isValidOutValue));

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {        
          void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
                             ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);
// ...
    }
}

namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class IdentityVerificationStatus
    {
        public bool Passed { get; set; }
    }
}

IdentityVerificationStatus status = null;
  _identityVerifier.Validate(
      application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address,
      ref status);

if (!status.Passed)
{
    return application.IsAccepted;
}

delegate void ValidateCallback(string applicantName,
    int applicantAge,
    string applicantAddress,
    ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);

mockIdentityVerifier
    .Setup(x => x.Validate(applicant.Name,
        applicant.Age,
        applicant.Address,
        ref It.Ref<IdentityVerificationStatus>.IsAny))
    .Callback(new ValidateCallback(
        (string applicantName,
         int applicantAge,
         string applicantAddress,
         ref IdentityVerificationStatus status) =>
            status = new IdentityVerificationStatus {Passed = true}));

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface INullExample
    {
        string SomeMethod();
    }
}

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {        
        [TestMethod]
        public void NullReturnExample()
        {
            var mock = new Mock<INullExample>();

            mock.Setup(x => x.SomeMethod());
            //.Returns<string>(null);

            string mockReturnValue = mock.Object.SomeMethod();

            Assert.IsNull(mockReturnValue);
        }
    }
}

و به شکل زیر پیاده سازی CheckArgumentIsNull را در ApplicationDbContext انجام دادم:

public interface IUnitOfWork : IDisposable
    {
        DbSet<TEntity> Set<TEntity>() where TEntity : class;

        int SaveChanges(bool acceptAllChangesOnSuccess);
        int SaveChanges();
        Task<int> SaveChangesAsync(bool acceptAllChangesOnSuccess, CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken());
        Task<int> SaveChangesAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken = new CancellationToken());
        void CheckArgumentIsNull(string v);
    }  
 

void CheckArgumentIsNull(string arg)
        {
            if (arg == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(arg));
        }

آیا کاری که کردم درست است؟

 public static class  MyAttributes
    {
        [Obsolete]
        public static void MyMethod1()
        {

        }

        public static void MyMetho2()
        {

        }
    }

public  class  MyMaxLength:Attribute
    {
   
    }

[MyMaxLength]
    public class GetCustomProperties
    {
//...
     }

    public  class  MyMaxLength:Attribute
    {
        private int max;
        public string ErrorText = "";

        public MyMaxLength(int max)
        {
            this.max = max;
            ErrorText = string.Format("max Length is {0} chars", max);
        }
    }

 [MyMaxLength(30)]
    public class GetCustomProperties
    {
//...
     }

//or 
 [MyMaxLength(30,ErrorText = "شما اجازه ندارید بیش از 30 کاراکتر وارد نمایید")]
    public class GetCustomProperties
    {
//...
     }

    [System.AttributeUsage(System.AttributeTargets.Class | System.AttributeTargets.Struct)]
    public  class  MyMaxLength:Attribute
    {
        private int max;
        public string ErrorText = "";

        public MyMaxLength(int max)
        {
            this.max = max;
            ErrorText = string.Format("max Length is {0} chars", max);
        }
    }

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Property)]

  public class User
    {
        [MyMaxLength(30, ErrorText = "شما اجازه ندارید بیش از 30 کاراکتر وارد نمایید")]
        public string Name { get; set; }
}

 [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Property,AllowMultiple = true)]
    public  class  MyMaxLength:Attribute
    {
        //....
     }

[MyMaxLength(40, ErrorText = "شما اجازه ندارید بیش از 40 کاراکتر وارد نمایید")]
        [MyMaxLength(50, ErrorText = "شما اجازه ندارید بیش از 50 کاراکتر وارد نمایید")]
        [MyMaxLength(30, ErrorText = "شما اجازه ندارید بیش از 30 کاراکتر وارد نمایید")]
        public string Name { get; set; }

public class MyAttribute : Attribute
{
    //...
}

[AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method, Inherited = false)]
public class YourAttribute : Attribute
{
    //...
}

public class MyClass
{
    [MyAttribute]
    [YourAttribute]
    public virtual void MyMethod()
    {
        //...
    }
}

public class YourClass : MyClass
{
    public override void MyMethod()
    {
        //...
    }

}

   Type type = typeof (User);

                foreach (PropertyInfo property in type.GetProperties())
                {
                    foreach (Attribute attribute in property.GetCustomAttributes(true))
                    {
                        MyMaxLength max = attribute as MyMaxLength;
                        if (max != null)
                        {
                            string Max = max.ErrorText;
                            //انجام عملیات
                        }
                    }
                }

[MyMaxLength(30, typeof(User))]

public ICommand RemoveItemCommand { get; set; }

  public Book CurrentItem 
        {
            get
            {
                return currentItem;
            }
            set
            {
                if(currentItem != value)
                {
                    currentItem = value;
                    RaisePropertyChanged("CurrentItem");
                }
            }
        }
        private Book currentItem;

 [Export]
    public class BookController
    {
        [ImportingConstructor]
        public BookController(BookViewModel viewModel)
        {
            ViewModelCore = viewModel;
        }

        public BookViewModel ViewModelCore
        {
            get;
            private set;
        }

        public DelegateCommand RemoveItemCommand 
        { 
            get; 
            private set;
        }

        private void ExecuteRemoveItemCommand()
        {
            ViewModelCore.Books.Remove(ViewModelCore.CurrentItem);
        }

        private void Initialize()
        {
            RemoveItemCommand = new DelegateCommand(ExecuteRemoveItemCommand);
            ViewModelCore.RemoveItemCommand = RemoveItemCommand;
        }

        public void Run()
        {

            var result = new List<Book>();
            result.Add(new Book { Code = 1, Title = "Book1" });
            result.Add(new Book { Code = 2, Title = "Book2" });
            result.Add(new Book { Code = 3, Title = "Book3" });

            Initialize();

            ViewModelCore.Books = new ObservableCollection<Models.Book>(result);        

            (ViewModelCore.View as IBookView).Show();
        }              
    }

 <DataGrid ItemsSource="{Binding Books}" SelectedItem="{Binding CurrentItem ,Mode=TwoWay,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Margin="10,10,0,0" VerticalAlignment="Top" Width="400" Height="200">
            <DataGrid.Columns>
                <DataGridTextColumn Header="Code" Binding="{Binding Code}" Width="100"></DataGridTextColumn>
                <DataGridTextColumn Header="Title" Binding="{Binding Title}" Width="300"></DataGridTextColumn>
            </DataGrid.Columns>
        </DataGrid>

namespace ModelStateTest.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        public string Email { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using ModelStateTest.Models;

namespace ModelStateTest.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            return View();
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult Index(User model)
        {           
            model.Email = "?";
            return View(model);
        }
    }
}

@model ModelStateTest.Models.User

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "Index";
}

<h2>Index</h2>

@using (Html.BeginForm()) {
    @Html.ValidationSummary(true)

    <fieldset>
        <legend>User</legend>

        <div class="editor-label">
            @Html.LabelFor(model => model.Email)
        </div>
        <div class="editor-field">
            @Html.EditorFor(model => model.Email)
            @Html.ValidationMessageFor(model => model.Email)
        </div>

        <p>
            <input type="submit" value="Create" />
        </p>
    </fieldset>
}

 model.Email = "?";

 this.ModelState.Remove("Email");

 <input type="text" name="Email" id="Email" value="@Model.Email" />