public abstract class Product
{
  public string Name { get; set; }
  public abstract ProductOrder Order(int quantity);
}

public class Book : Product
{
  public string ISBN { get; set; }
  public override ProductOrder Order(int quantity) =>
new BookOrder { Quantity = quantity, Product = this };
}

public class ProductOrder
{
  public int Quantity { get; set; }
}

public class BookOrder : ProductOrder
{
  public Book Product { get; set; }
}

var book = new Book
{
  Name = "My book",
  ISBN = "11-1-12-22-0"
};
BookOrder orderBook = (BookOrder)book.Order(1);

public class Book : Product
{
  public string ISBN { get; set; }
  public override BookOrder Order(int quantity) =>
      new BookOrder { Quantity = quantity, Product = this };
}

BookOrder orderBook = book.Order(1);

dotnet add package FluentValidation.AspNetCore

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModel
    {
        [Required]
        [Display(Name = "User name")]
        public string UserName { get; set; }

        [Required]
        [StringLength(100, ErrorMessage = "The {0} must be at least {2} characters long.", MinimumLength = 6)]
        [DataType(DataType.Password)]
        [Display(Name = "Password")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.Password)]
        [Display(Name = "Confirm password")]
        [Compare("Password", ErrorMessage = "The password and confirmation password do not match.")]
        public string ConfirmPassword { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.EmailAddress)]
        [Display(Name = "Email")]
        [EmailAddress]
        public string Email { get; set; }

        [Range(18, 60)]
        [Display(Name = "Age")]
        public int Age { get; set; }
    }
}

using FluentValidation;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModelValidator : AbstractValidator<RegisterModel>
    {
        public RegisterModelValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.UserName).NotNull();
            RuleFor(x => x.Password).NotNull().Length(6, 100);
            RuleFor(x => x.ConfirmPassword).Equal(x => x.Password);
            RuleFor(x => x.Email).EmailAddress();
            RuleFor(x => x.Age).InclusiveBetween(18, 60);
        }
    }
}

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModel
    {
        [Display(Name = "User name")]
        public string UserName { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.Password)]
        [Display(Name = "Password")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.Password)]
        [Display(Name = "Confirm password")]
        public string ConfirmPassword { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.EmailAddress)]
        [Display(Name = "Email")]
        public string Email { get; set; }

        [Display(Name = "Age")]
        public int Age { get; set; }
    }
}

using FluentValidation;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModelValidator : AbstractValidator<RegisterModel>
    {
        public RegisterModelValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.UserName)
                .NotNull()
                    .WithMessage("Your first name is required.")
                .MaximumLength(20)
                    .WithMessage("Your first name is too long!")
                .MinimumLength(3)
                    .WithMessage(registerModel => $"Your first name `{registerModel.UserName}` is too short!");

            RuleFor(x => x.Password)
                .NotNull()
                    .WithMessage("Your password is required.")
                .Length(6, 100);

            RuleFor(x => x.ConfirmPassword)
                .NotNull()
                    .WithMessage("Your confirmation password is required.")
                .Equal(x => x.Password)
                    .WithMessage("The password and confirmation password do not match.");

            RuleFor(x => x.Email).EmailAddress();
            RuleFor(x => x.Age).InclusiveBetween(18, 60);
        }
    }
}

using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using FluentValidation;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModelValidator : AbstractValidator<RegisterModel>
    {
        public RegisterModelValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.Password)
                .NotNull()
                    .WithMessage("Your password is required.")
                .Length(6, 100)
                .Must(password => hasValidPassword(password));
            //...

        }

        private static bool hasValidPassword(string password)
        {
            var lowercase = new Regex("[a-z]+");
            var uppercase = new Regex("[A-Z]+");
            var digit = new Regex("(\\d)+");
            var symbol = new Regex("(\\W)+");
            return lowercase.IsMatch(password) &&
                    uppercase.IsMatch(password) &&
                    digit.IsMatch(password) &&
                    symbol.IsMatch(password);
        }
    }
}

RuleFor(x => x.Password)
    .NotNull()
        .WithMessage("Your password is required.")
    .Length(6, 100)
    .Must(hasValidPassword);

using System;
using FluentValidation;
using FluentValidation.Validators;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class EmailFromDomainValidator : PropertyValidator
    {
        private readonly string _domain;

        public EmailFromDomainValidator(string domain)
            : base("Email address {PropertyValue} is not from domain {domain}")
        {
            _domain = domain;
        }

        protected override bool IsValid(PropertyValidatorContext context)
        {
            if (context.PropertyValue == null) return false;
            var split = context.PropertyValue.ToString().Split('@');
            return split.Length == 2 && split[1].Equals(_domain, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        }
    }
}

RuleFor(x => x.Email)
    .SetValidator(new EmailFromDomainValidator("gmail.com"));

    public static class CustomValidatorExtensions
    {
        public static IRuleBuilderOptions<T, string> EmailAddressFromDomain<T>(
            this IRuleBuilder<T, string> ruleBuilder, string domain)
        {
            return ruleBuilder.SetValidator(new EmailFromDomainValidator(domain));
        }
    }

RuleFor(x => x.Email).EmailAddressFromDomain("gmail.com");

    public class RegisterModel
    {
        // ...

        public Address Address { get; set; }

        public ICollection<Phone> Phones { get; set; }
    }

    public class Phone
    {
        public string Number { get; set; }
        public string Description { get; set; }
    }

    public class Address
    {
        public string Location { get; set; }
        public string PostalCode { get; set; }
    }

    public class PhoneValidator : AbstractValidator<Phone>
    {
        public PhoneValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.Number).NotNull();
        }
    }

    public class AddressValidator : AbstractValidator<Address>
    {
        public AddressValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.PostalCode).NotNull();
            RuleFor(x => x.Location).NotNull();
        }
    }

    public class RegisterModelValidator : AbstractValidator<RegisterModel>
    {
        public RegisterModelValidator()
        {
            // ...

            RuleFor(x => x.Address).SetValidator(new AddressValidator());

            RuleForEach(x => x.Phones).SetValidator(new PhoneValidator());
        }

class Customer
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
    }

{
   "Id":1,
   "FirstName":"John",
   "LastName":"Doe"
}

class Customer
{
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
        public Car Car { get; set; }
        public IEnumerable<Location> Locations { get; set; }
}

class Location
{
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Address { get; set; }
        public int Zip { get; set; }
}

class Car
{
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Model { get; set; }
}

{
      "Id":1,
      "FirstName":"John",
      "LastName":"Doe",
      "Car": {
                     "Id":1,
                     "Model":"Nissan GT-R"
               },
      "Locations":[
                            {
                                  "Id":1,
                                  "Address":"30 Mortensen Avenue, Salinas",
                                  "Zip":93905
                            },
                            {
                                  "Id":2,
                                  "Address":"65 West Alisal Street, #210, Salinas",
                                  "Zip":95812
                            }
                      ]
}

PM> Install-Package Newtonsoft.Json

 var customer = new Customer
                               {
                                   Id = 1,
                                   FirstName = "John",
                                   LastName = "Doe",
                                   Car = new Car
                                             {
                                                 Id = 1,
                                                 Model = "Nissan GT-R"
                                             },
                                   Locations = new[]
                                                   {
                                                       new Location
                                                           {
                                                               Id = 1,
                                                               Address = "30 Mortensen Avenue, Salinas",
                                                               Zip = 93905
                                                           },
                                                       new Location
                                                           {
                                                               Id = 2,
                                                               Address = "65 West Alisal Street, #210, Salinas",
                                                               Zip = 95812
                                                           },
                                                   }
                               };







 var data = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.SerializeObject(customer);

var customer = Newtonsoft.Json.JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<Customer>(data);

به این صورت مدل‌های خود را تعریف کرده و طبق مقاله‌ی قبلی، Controller‌های هر یک را پیاده سازی نمایید:

public class Supplier
{
    [Key]
    public string Key {get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
}
public class Category
{
    public int ID { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public virtual ICollection<Product> Products { get; set; }
}

public class Product
{
    public int ID { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public decimal Price { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("Category")]
    public int CategoryId { get; set; }
    public Category Category { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("Supplier")]
    public string SupplierId { get; set; }
    public virtual Supplier Supplier { get; set; }
}

پکیج Microsoft.AspNet.OData به تازگی ورژن 6 آن به صورت رسمی منتشر شده و شامل تغییراتی نسبت به نسخه‌ی قبلی آن است. اولین نکته‌ی حائز اهمیت، Config آن است که به صورت زیر تغییر کرده و باید Option‌های مورد نیاز، کانفیگ شوند. در این نسخه DI نیز به Odata اضافه شده است:

public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
        {
            ODataModelBuilder odataModelBuilder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();

            var product = odataModelBuilder.EntitySet<Product>("Products");
            var category = odataModelBuilder.EntitySet<Category>("Categories");
            var supplier = odataModelBuilder.EntitySet<Supplier>("Suppliers");

            var edmModel = odataModelBuilder.GetEdmModel();

            supplier.EntityType.Ignore(c => c.Name);

            config.Select(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.MaxTop(25);
            config.OrderBy(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.Count(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.Expand(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.Filter(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.Count(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);

            //config.MapODataServiceRoute("ODataRoute", "odata", edmModel); // کانفیگ به صورت معمولی
           config.MapODataServiceRoute("ODataRoute", "odata",
                builder =>
                {
                    builder.AddService(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => edmModel);
                    builder.AddService<IEnumerable<IODataRoutingConvention>>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => ODataRoutingConventions.CreateDefault());
                });
}

[EnableQuery]
        public IQueryable<Product> Get()
        {
            return new List<Product>
            {
                new Product { Id = 1, Name = "name 1", Price = 11, Category = new Category {Id =1, Name = "Cat1" } },
                new Product { Id = 2, Name = "name 2", Price = 12, Category = new Category {Id =2, Name = "Cat2" } },
                new Product { Id = 3, Name = "name 3", Price = 13, Category = new Category {Id =3, Name = "Cat3" } },
                new Product { Id = 4, Name = "name 4", Price = 14, Category = new Category {Id =4, Name = "Cat4" } },
            }.AsQueryable(); ;
        }

[EnableQuery (AllowedQueryOptions= AllowedQueryOptions.Skip | AllowedQueryOptions.Top)]

و همچنین [AutoExpand] به صورت اتوماتیک آن موجودیت مورد نظر را بسط میدهد.

بطور مثال کد‌های زیر را در مدل خود میتوانید مشاهده نمائید:

public class Product
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }

        [NotFilterable, NotSortable]
        public decimal Price { get; set; }

        [ForeignKey(nameof(SupplierId))]
        [NotNavigable]
        public virtual Supplier Supplier { get; set; }
        public int SupplierId { get; set; }


        [ForeignKey(nameof(CategoryId))]
        public virtual Category Category { get; set; }
        public int CategoryId { get; set; }

        [NotExpandable]
        public virtual ICollection<TestEntity> TestEnities { get; set; }
    }

فرض کنید پراپرتی زیر را به مدل خود اضافه کرده اید

public DateTimeOffset CreatedOn { get; set; }

حال کوئری زیر را برای فیلتر زدن، بر روی آن در اختیار داریم:

/odata/Products?$filter=year(CreatedOn) eq 2016

در اینجا فقط Product هایی بازگردانده میشوند که در سال 2016 ثبت شده‌اند:

/odata/Products?$filter=CreatedOn lt cast(2017-04-01T04:11:31%2B08:00,Edm.DateTimeOffset)

کوئری فوق تاریخ مورد نظر را Cast کرده و همه‌ی Product هایی را که قبل از این تاریخ ثبت شده‌اند، باز می‌گرداند.

Nested Filter In Expand

/odata/Categories?$expand=Products($filter=Id gt 1 and Id lt 5)

همه‌ی Category‌ها به علاوه بسط دادن Product هایشان، در صورتیکه Id آنها بیشتر از 1 باشد

و یا حتی بر روی موجودیت بسط داده شده، select زده شود:

/odata/Categories?$expand=Products($select=Id,Name)

Custom Attribute

ضمنا به سادگی میتوان اتریبیوت سفارشی نوشت:

public class MyEnableQueryAttribute : EnableQueryAttribute
{
    public override IQueryable ApplyQuery(IQueryable queryable, ODataQueryOptions queryOptions)
    {
       // Don't apply Skip and Top.
       var ignoreQueryOptions = AllowedQueryOptions.Skip | AllowedQueryOptions.Top;
       return queryOptions.ApplyTo(queryable, ignoreQueryOptions);
    }
}

روی هر متدی از کنترلر خود که اتریبیوت [MyEnableQuery] را قرار دهید، دیگر قابلیت Skip, Top را نخواهد داشت.

Dependency Injection در آخرین نسخه‌ی OData اضافه شده است. بطور پیشفرض OData بصورت case-sensitive رفتار میکند. برای تغییر دادن آن در نسخه‌های قدیمی، Extension Methodی به نام EnableCaseSensitive وجود داشت. اما در نسخه‌ی جدید شما میتوانید پیاده سازی خاص خود را از هر کدام از بخش‌های OData داشته باشید و با استفاده از تزریق وابستگی، آن را به config برنامه‌ی خود اضافه کنید؛ برای مثال:

 public class CaseInsensitiveResolver : ODataUriResolver
    {
        private bool _enableCaseInsensitive;

        public override bool EnableCaseInsensitive
        {
            get { return true; }
            set { _enableCaseInsensitive = value; }
        }
    }

اینجا پیاده سازی از ODataUriResolver انجام شده و متد EnableCaseInsensitive به صورت جدیدی override و در حالت default مقدار true را برمیگرداند.

حال به صورت زیر آن را می‌توان به وابستگی‌های config برنامه، اضافه نمود:

config.MapODataServiceRoute("ODataRoute", "odata",
                builder =>
                {
                    builder.AddService(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => edmModel);
                    builder.AddService<IEnumerable<IODataRoutingConvention>>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => ODataRoutingConventions.CreateDefault());
                    builder.AddService<ODataUriResolver>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => new CaseInsensitiveResolver()); // how enable case sensitive
                });

در قسمت بعدی به Action‌ها و Function‌ها در OData میپردازیم.

        public static string GetClaimValue(this IPrincipal currentPrincipal, string key)
        {
            var identity = currentPrincipal.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;
            if (identity == null)
                return null;

            var claim = identity.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == key);
            return claim?.Value;
        }

        public override Task<ClaimsIdentity> CreateUserIdentityAsync(User user)
        {
            return _userManager.GenerateUserIdentityAsync(user);
        }

                case SignInStatus.Success:
                    var user = await _userManager.FindByNameAsync(model.UserName);
                    await _signInManager.CreateUserIdentityAsync(user);
                    return RedirectToLocal(returnUrl);

// query dapper via "dynamic"
int id = ...
var row = conn.QuerySingle("select Name, LastUpdated from Records where Id=@id", new {id});
string name = row.Name; // "dynamic"

// query dapper via C# 7 tuples
int id = ...
var row = conn.QuerySingle<(string name, DateTime lastUpdated)>(
     "select Name, LastUpdated from Records where Id=@id", new {id});
// use row.name and row.lastUpdated

int[] arr1 = { 1, 2, 10 };
int[] arr2 = { 1, 2, 5, 10 };
int[] arr3 = { 1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };

int[] collection = { 1, 2, 3, 4 };

Console.WriteLine(collection is [1, 2, 3, 4]); // True
Console.WriteLine(collection is [1, 2, 4]); // False

Console.WriteLine(collection is [_, 2, _, 4]); // True
Console.WriteLine(collection is [.., 3, _]); // True

if (new[] { 6, 7, 8 } is [_, _, ..])
{
   Console.WriteLine($"collection with at least two items");
}

if (new[] { 0, 42, 42, 0 } is [0, .., 0])
{
   Console.WriteLine($"collection with first and last element equal to 0");
}

Console.WriteLine(collection is [_, >= 2, _, _]); // True

if (new[] { 9, -1, -2 } is [> 0, ..])
{
   Console.WriteLine($"collection with positive first element");
}

if (new[] { 1, 42, 0 } is [_, 42 or -42, ..])
{
   Console.WriteLine($"collection with second element equal to 42 or -42");
}

namespace CS11Tests;

public static class ListPatternsMatching
{
    public static void Test()
    {
        Console.WriteLine(CheckSwitch(new[] { 1, 2, 10 }));          // prints 1
        Console.WriteLine(CheckSwitch(new[] { 1, 2, 7, 3, 3, 10 })); // prints 1
        Console.WriteLine(CheckSwitch(new[] { 1, 2 }));              // prints 2
        Console.WriteLine(CheckSwitch(new[] { 1, 3 }));              // prints 3
        Console.WriteLine(CheckSwitch(new[] { 1, 3, 5 }));           // prints 4
        Console.WriteLine(CheckSwitch(new[] { 2, 5, 6, 7 }));        // prints 50
    }

    public static int CheckSwitch(int[] values)
        => values switch
        {
            [1, 2, .., 10] => 1,
            [1, 2] => 2,
            [1, _] => 3,
            [1, ..] => 4,
            [..] => 50
        };
}

if (new[] { 1, 2, 3 } is [var first, _, _])
{
   Console.WriteLine($"three item collection with first item {first}");
}

if (new[] { 4, 5, 6 } is [_, var second, _])
{
   Console.WriteLine($"three item collection with second item {second}");
}

var uri = new Uri("http://www.mysite.com/categories/category-a/sub-categories/sub-category-a.html");
var result = uri.Segments switch
{
    ["/"] => "Root",
    [_, var single] => single,
    [_, .. string[] entries, _] => string.Join(" > ", entries)
};