public class UserFactory
{
    public User CreateUser(string email) {
        return new User(email);
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;

namespace ValueOf
{
    public class ValueOf<TValue, TThis> where TThis : ValueOf<TValue, TThis>, new()
    {
        private static readonly Func<TThis> Factory;

        /// <summary>
        /// WARNING - THIS FEATURE IS EXPERIMENTAL. I may change it to do
        /// validation in a different way.
        /// Right now, override this method, and throw any exceptions you need to.
        /// Access this.Value to check the value
        /// </summary>
        protected virtual void Validate()
        {
        }

        static ValueOf()
        {
            ConstructorInfo ctor = typeof(TThis)
                .GetTypeInfo()
                .DeclaredConstructors
                .First();

            var argsExp = new Expression[0];
            NewExpression newExp = Expression.New(ctor, argsExp);
            LambdaExpression lambda = Expression.Lambda(typeof(Func<TThis>), newExp);

            Factory = (Func<TThis>)lambda.Compile();
        }

        public TValue Value { get; protected set; }

        public static TThis From(TValue item)
        {
            TThis x = Factory();
            x.Value = item;
            x.Validate();

            return x;
        }

        protected virtual bool Equals(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> other)
        {
            return EqualityComparer<TValue>.Default.Equals(Value, other.Value);
        }

        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is null)
                return false;

            if (ReferenceEquals(this, obj))
                return true;

            return obj.GetType() == GetType() && Equals((ValueOf<TValue, TThis>)obj);
        }

        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return EqualityComparer<TValue>.Default.GetHashCode(Value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> a, ValueOf<TValue, TThis> b)
        {
            if (a is null && b is null)
                return true;

            if (a is null || b is null)
                return false;

            return a.Equals(b);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(ValueOf<TValue, TThis> a, ValueOf<TValue, TThis> b)
        {
            return !(a == b);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Value.ToString();
        }
    }
}

public class EmailAddress : ValueOf<string, EmailAddress> { }

EmailAddress emailAddress = EmailAddress.From("foo@bar.com");

public class Address : ValueOf<(string firstLine, string secondLine, Postcode postcode), Address> { }

 PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR

 PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Owin
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Hosting -Pre
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.Owin.Host.HttpListener -Pre

using System;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;
using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR.Hubs;
using Microsoft.Owin.Hosting;
using Owin;

namespace SignalR02.ConsoleHost
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configuration(IAppBuilder app)
        {
            app.MapHubs(new HubConfiguration { EnableCrossDomain = true });
        }
    }

    [HubName("chat")]
    public class ChatHub : Hub
    {
        public void SendMessage(string message)
        {
            var msg = string.Format("{0}:{1}", Context.ConnectionId, message);
            Clients.All.hello(msg);
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            using (WebApplication.Start<Startup>("http://localhost:1073/"))
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Press a key to terminate the server...");
                Console.Read();
            }
        }
    }
}

public class User
{
    public User(string name)
    {
        Name = name;
    }
 
    public string Name { get; }
}


object[] data = { null, 42, new User("User 1"), new User("User 2") };
foreach (var item in data)
{
    if (item is null) Console.WriteLine("it's a const pattern");
    if (item is 42) Console.WriteLine("it's 42");
}

object[] data = { null, 42, new User("User 1"), new User("User 2") };
foreach (var item in data)
{
    if (item is int i) Console.WriteLine($"it's a type pattern with an int and the value {i}");
    if (item is User p) Console.WriteLine($"it's a person: {p.Name}");
    if (item is User p2 && p2.Name.StartsWith("U"))
    {
        Console.WriteLine($"it's a person starting with U {p2.Name}");
    }
}

object obj1 = "Hello, World!";
var str1 = obj1 as string;
if (str1 != null)
{
   Console.WriteLine(str1);
}

object obj2 = "Hello, World!";
if (obj2 is string str2)
{
   Console.WriteLine(str2);
}

object[] data = { null, 42, new User("User 1"), new User("User 2") };
foreach (var item in data)
{
    if (item is var x) Console.WriteLine($"it's a var pattern with the type {x?.GetType()?.Name}");
}

public static void SwitchPattern(object o)
{
    switch (o)
    {
        case null:
            Console.WriteLine("it's a constant pattern");
            break;
        case int i:
            Console.WriteLine("it's an int");
            break;
        case User p when p.Name.StartsWith("U"):
            Console.WriteLine($"a U person {p.Name}");
            break;
        case User p:
            Console.WriteLine($"any other person {p.Name}");
            break;
        case var x:
            Console.WriteLine($"it's a var pattern with the type {x?.GetType().Name} ");
            break;
        default:
            break;
    }
}

Select Case age
  Case 50
    ageBlock = "the big five-oh"
  Case 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89
    ageBlock = "octogenarian"
  Case 90 To 99
    ageBlock = "nonagenarian"
  Case Is >= 100
    ageBlock = "centenarian"
  Case Else
    ageBlock = "just old"
End Select

string ageBlock;
var age = 40;
switch (age)
{
    case 50:
        ageBlock = "the big five-oh";
        break;
    case var testAge when (new List<int> { 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 89 }).Contains(testAge):
        ageBlock = "octogenarian";
        break;
    case var testAge when ((testAge >= 90) && (testAge <= 99)):
        ageBlock = "nonagenarian";
        break;
    case var testAge when (testAge >= 100):
        ageBlock = "centenarian";
        break;
    default:
        ageBlock = "just old";
        break;
}

export interface IUser {
    id: number;
    name: string;
    email: string;
    password: string;
}

<form>
    <div class="form-group">
        <label form="name">Username</label>
        <input id="name" type="text" class="form-control" />
    </div>
    <div class="form-group">
        <label form="email">Email</label>
        <input id="email" type="text" class="form-control" />
    </div>
    <div class="form-group">
        <label form="password">Password</label>
        <input id="password" type="password" class="form-control" />
    </div>
    <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

import { Component } from '@angular/core';
import { Control, ControlGroup, Validators } from '@angular/common';
 
@Component({
    selector: 'signup-form',
    templateUrl: 'app/users/signup-form.component.html'
})
export class SignupFormComponent {
    form = new ControlGroup({
        name: new Control('', Validators.required),
        email: new Control('', Validators.required),
        password: new Control('', Validators.required)
    });
 
    onSubmit(): void {
        console.log(this.form.value);
    }
}

<form [ngFormModel]="form" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">
    <div class="form-group">
        <label form="name">Username</label>
        <input id="name" type="text" class="form-control"
               ngControl="name"/>
        <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="!form.controls['name'].valid">
            Username is required.
        </label>
    </div>
    <div class="form-group">
        <label form="email">Email</label>
        <input id="email" type="text" class="form-control"
               ngControl="email" #email="ngForm"/>
        <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="email.touched && !email.valid">
            Email is required.
        </label>
    </div>
    <div class="form-group">
        <label form="password">Password</label>
        <input id="password" type="password" class="form-control"
               ngControl="password" #password="ngForm"/>
        <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="password.touched && !password.valid">
            Password is required.
        </label>
    </div>
    <button class="btn btn-primary" type="submit">Submit</button>
</form>

form = new ControlGroup({
    name: new Control('', Validators.required),
    email: new Control('', Validators.required),
    password: new Control('', Validators.required)
});

 import { Control, ControlGroup, Validators } from '@angular/common';

<form [ngFormModel]="form" (ngSubmit)="onSubmit()">

 <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="!form.controls['name'].valid">

    onSubmit(): void {
        console.log(this.form.value);
    }

//same as before...
import { SignupFormComponent } from './users/signup-form.component';
 
@Component({
    //same as before…
    template: `
                //same as before…                    
                <li><a [routerLink]="['AddUser']">Add User</a></li>
               //same as before…
    `,
    //same as before…
})
@RouteConfig([
    //same as before…    
    { path: '/adduser', name: 'AddUser', component: SignupFormComponent }
])
//same as before...

import { Control, ControlGroup, Validators, FormBuilder } from '@angular/common';

form: ControlGroup;
 
constructor(formBuilder: FormBuilder) {
    this.form = formBuilder.group({
        name: ['', Validators.required],
        email: ['', Validators.required],
        password: ['', Validators.required]
    });
}

import { Control } from '@angular/common';
 
export class UsernameValidators {
    static cannotContainSpace(control: Control) {
        if (control.value.indexOf(' ') >= 0) {
            return { cannotContainSpace: true };
        }
        return null;
    }
}

 { required:true }

{
  minlength : {
     requiredLength : 3,
     actualLength : 1
  }
}

 import { UsernameValidators } from './usernameValidators';

 name: ['', Validators.compose([Validators.required, UsernameValidators.cannotContainSpace])],

<div class="form-group">
    <label form="name">Username</label>
    <input id="name" type="text" class="form-control"
           ngControl="name"
           #name="ngForm" />
    <div *ngIf="name.touched && name.errors">
        <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="name.errors.required">
            Username is required.
        </label>
        <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="name.errors.cannotContainSpace">
            Username can't contain space.
        </label>
    </div>
</div>

import {Control} from '@angular/common';
 
export class EmailValidators {
    static email(control: Control) {
        var regEx = /^(([^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+(\.[^<>()\[\]\\.,;:\s@"]+)*)|(".+"))@((\[[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}])|(([a-zA-Z\-0-9]+\.)+[a-zA-Z]{2,}))$/;
        var valid = regEx.test(control.value);
        return valid ? null : { email: true };
    }
}

 control(value: Object, validator?: ValidatorFn, asyncValidator?: AsyncValidatorFn) : Control

nameShouldBeUnique(control: Control) {
    let name: string = control.value;
    return new Promise((resolve) => {
        this._userService.isUserNameUnique(<IUser>{ "name": name }).subscribe(
            (result: IResult) => {
                resolve(                    
                    result.result ? null : { 'nameShouldBeUnique': true }
                );
            },
            error => {
                resolve(null);
            }
        );
    });
}

this.form = _formBuilder.group({
    name: ['', Validators.compose([
        Validators.required,
        UsernameValidators.cannotContainSpace
    ]),
        (control: Control) => this.nameShouldBeUnique(control)],

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, Response } from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';
import { Headers, RequestOptions } from '@angular/http';
import { IUser } from  './user';
import { IResult } from './result';
 
@Injectable()
export class UserService {
    private _checkUserUrl = '/home/checkUser';
 
    constructor(private _http: Http) { }
 
    private handleError(error: Response) {
        console.error(error);
        return Observable.throw(error.json().error || 'Server error');
    }
 
    isUserNameUnique(user: IUser): Observable<IResult> {
        let headers = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }); // for ASP.NET MVC
        let options = new RequestOptions({ headers: headers });
 
        return this._http.post(this._checkUserUrl, JSON.stringify(user), options)
            .map((response: Response) => <IResult>response.json())
            .do(data => console.log("User: " + JSON.stringify(data)))
            .catch(this.handleError);
    }
}

export interface IResult {
    result: boolean;
}

namespace MVC5Angular2.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        [HttpPost]
        public ActionResult CheckUser(User user)
        {
            var isUnique = new { result = true };
            if (user.Name?.Equals("Vahid", StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase) ?? false)
            {
                isUnique = new { result = false };
            }
 
            return new ContentResult
            {
                Content = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(isUnique, new JsonSerializerSettings
                {
                    ContractResolver = new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver()
                }),
                ContentType = "application/json",
                ContentEncoding = Encoding.UTF8
            };
        }
    }
}

@Component({
    selector: 'signup-form',
    templateUrl: 'app/users/signup-form.component.html',
    providers: [ UserService ]
})
export class SignupFormComponent {
 
    constructor(private _formBuilder: FormBuilder, private _userService: UserService) {

<div *ngIf="name.touched && name.errors">
    <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="name.errors.required">
        Username is required.
    </label>
    <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="name.errors.cannotContainSpace">
        Username can't contain space.
    </label>
    <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="name.errors.nameShouldBeUnique">
        This username is already taken.
    </label>
</div>

<input id="name" type="text" class="form-control"
       ngControl="name"
       #name="ngForm" />
<div *ngIf="name.control.pending">
    Checking server, Please wait ...
</div>

onSubmit(): void {
    console.log(this.form.value);
 
    this.form.find('name').setErrors({
        invalidData : true
    }); 
}

<div *ngIf="name.touched && name.errors">
    <label class="text-danger" *ngIf="name.errors.invalidData">
        Check the inputs....
    </label>
</div>

  { name="VahidN", email="email@site.com", password="123"}

import { Injectable } from '@angular/core';
import { Http, Response } from '@angular/http';
import { Observable } from 'rxjs/Observable';
import { Headers, RequestOptions } from '@angular/http';
import { IUser } from  './user';
import { IResult } from './result';
 
@Injectable()
export class UserService {
    private _addUserUrl = '/home/addUser';
 
    constructor(private _http: Http) { }
 
    private handleError(error: Response) {
        console.error(error);
        return Observable.throw(error.json().error || 'Server error');
    }
 
    addUser(user: IUser): Observable<IUser> {
        let headers = new Headers({ 'Content-Type': 'application/json' }); // for ASP.NET MVC
        let options = new RequestOptions({ headers: headers });
 
        return this._http.post(this._addUserUrl, JSON.stringify(user), options)
            .map((response: Response) => <IUser>response.json())
            .do(data => console.log("User: " + JSON.stringify(data)))
            .catch(this.handleError);
    }
}

[HttpPost]
public ActionResult AddUser(User user)
{
    user.Id = 1; //todo: save user and get id from db
 
    return new ContentResult
    {
        Content = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(user, new JsonSerializerSettings
        {
            ContractResolver = new CamelCasePropertyNamesContractResolver()
        }),
        ContentType = "application/json",
        ContentEncoding = Encoding.UTF8
    };
}

onSubmit(): void {
    console.log(this.form.value);
 
    /*this.form.find('name').setErrors({
            invalidData : true
        });*/
 
    this._userService.addUser(<IUser>this.form.value)
        .subscribe((user: IUser) => {
            console.log(`ID: ${user.id}`);
        });
}

// Lib/Core/PdfTable/MainTableCellsEvent.cs
private void printSummary(Rectangle position, PdfContentByte[] canvases)
        {
            var rowSummaryData = getRowSummaryData();
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(rowSummaryData)) return;

            var pdfContentByte = canvases[PdfPTable.TEXTCANVAS];            

            if (!_pdfRptCell.BasicProperties.RunDirection.HasValue)
                _pdfRptCell.BasicProperties.RunDirection = PdfRunDirection.LeftToRight;

            if (_pdfRptCell.BasicProperties.RunDirection == PdfRunDirection.RightToLeft)
                rowSummaryData = rowSummaryData.FixWeakCharacters();

            var phrase = _pdfRptCell.BasicProperties.PdfFont.FontSelector.Process(rowSummaryData.ToSafeString());
            ColumnText.ShowTextAligned(
                                    canvas: pdfContentByte,
                                    alignment: Element.ALIGN_CENTER,
                                    phrase: phrase,
                                    x: (position.Left + position.Right) / 2,
                                    y: ((position.Bottom + position.Top) / 2) - 4,
                                    rotation: 0,
                                    runDirection: (int)_pdfRptCell.BasicProperties.RunDirection,
                                    arabicOptions: 0);
        }

using System.IO;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;

namespace PdfDecryptor.Core
{
    public class PasswordDecryptor
    {
        public string ReadPassword { set; get; }
        public string PdfPath { set; get; }
        public string OutputPdf { set; get; }

        public void DecryptPdf()
        {
            PdfReader.unethicalreading = true;

            PdfReader reader;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(ReadPassword))
                reader = new PdfReader(PdfPath);
            else
                reader = new PdfReader(PdfPath, System.Text.Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(ReadPassword));

            using (var stamper = new PdfStamper(reader, new FileStream(OutputPdf, FileMode.Create)))
            {
                stamper.Close();
            }
        }
    }
}

using System.IO;
using iTextSharp.text.pdf;

namespace PdfDecryptor.Core
{
    public class Decryptor
    {
        public string PfxPath { set; get; }
        public string PfxPassword { set; get; }
        public string InputPdf { set; get; }
        public string OutputPdf { set; get; }

        public void DecryptPdf()
        {
            var certs = new PfxReader().ReadCertificate(PfxPath, PfxPassword);
            var reader = new PdfReader(InputPdf, certs.X509Certificates[0], certs.PrivateKey);
            using (var stamper = new PdfStamper(reader, new FileStream(OutputPdf, FileMode.Create)))
            {
                stamper.Close();
            }
        }
    }
}