namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Contracts;

public interface IModule
{
    IEndpointRouteBuilder RegisterEndpoints(IEndpointRouteBuilder endpoints);
}

public static class ServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddApplicationServices(this IServiceCollection services,
        WebApplicationBuilder builder)
    {
        // ...

        builder.Services.AddAllModules(typeof(Program));

        return services;
    }

    private static void AddAllModules(this IServiceCollection services, params Type[] types)
    {
        // Using the `Scrutor` to add all of the application's modules at once.
        services.Scan(scan =>
            scan.FromAssembliesOf(types)
                .AddClasses(classes => classes.AssignableTo<IModule>())
                .AsImplementedInterfaces()
                .WithSingletonLifetime());
    }
}

using MinimalBlog.Api.Contracts;

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Extensions;

public static class ModuleExtensions
{
    public static WebApplication RegisterEndpoints(this WebApplication app)
    {
        if (app == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(app));
        }

        var modules = app.Services.GetServices<IModule>();
        foreach (var module in modules)
        {
            module.RegisterEndpoints(app);
        }

        return app;
    }
}

using MinimalBlog.Api.Extensions;

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddApplicationServices(builder);

var app = builder.Build();
app.ConfigureApplication();
app.RegisterEndpoints();

app.Run();

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Features.Authors;

public class AuthorModule : IModule
{
    public IEndpointRouteBuilder RegisterEndpoints(IEndpointRouteBuilder endpoints)
    {
        endpoints.MapGet("/api/authors", async (MinimalBlogDbContext ctx) =>
        {
            var authors = await ctx.Authors.ToListAsync();
            return authors;
        });

        endpoints.MapPost("/api/authors", async (MinimalBlogDbContext ctx, AuthorDto authorDto) =>
        {
            var author = new Author();
            author.FirstName = authorDto.FirstName;
            author.LastName = authorDto.LastName;
            author.Bio = authorDto.Bio;
            author.DateOfBirth = authorDto.DateOfBirth;

            ctx.Authors.Add(author);
            await ctx.SaveChangesAsync();

            return author;
        });

        return endpoints;
    }
}

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="AutoMapper.Extensions.Microsoft.DependencyInjection" Version="11.0.0" />    
    <PackageReference Include="MediatR.Extensions.Microsoft.DependencyInjection" Version="10.0.1" />  
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

public static class ServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddApplicationServices(this IServiceCollection services,
        WebApplicationBuilder builder)
    {
        // ...

        builder.Services.AddMediatR(typeof(Program));
        builder.Services.AddAutoMapper(typeof(Program));

        return services;
    }
}

using AutoMapper;
using MinimalBlog.Domain.Model;

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Features.Authors;

public class AuthorProfile : Profile
{
    public AuthorProfile()
    {
        CreateMap<AuthorDto, Author>().ReverseMap();
    }
}

using System.Drawing;

namespace PWS.ObjectOrientedPaint.Models
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Triangle
    /// </summary>
    public class Triangle : Shape
    {
        #region Constructors (2)

        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Triangle" /> class.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="startPoint">The start point.</param>
        /// <param name="endPoint">The end point.</param>
        /// <param name="zIndex">Index of the z.</param>
        /// <param name="foreColor">Color of the fore.</param>
        /// <param name="thickness">The thickness.</param>
        /// <param name="isFill">if set to <c>true</c> [is fill].</param>
        /// <param name="backgroundColor">Color of the background.</param>
        public Triangle(PointF startPoint, PointF endPoint, int zIndex, Color foreColor, byte thickness, bool isFill, Color backgroundColor)
            : base(startPoint, endPoint, zIndex, foreColor, thickness, isFill, backgroundColor)
        {
            ShapeType = ShapeType.Triangle;
        }


        /// <summary>
        /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="Triangle" /> class.
        /// </summary>
        public Triangle()
        {
            ShapeType = ShapeType.Triangle;
        }

        #endregion Constructors

        #region Methods (1)

        // Public Methods (1) 

        /// <summary>
        /// Draws the specified g.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="g">The g.</param>
        public override void Draw(Graphics g)
        {
            var points = new PointF[3];
            points[0] = new PointF(X + Width / 2, Y);
            points[1] = new PointF(X + Width, Y + Height);
            points[2] = new PointF(X, Y + Height);
            if (IsFill)
                g.FillPolygon(BackgroundBrush, points);
            g.DrawPolygon(new Pen(ForeColor, Thickness), points);
            base.Draw(g);
        }

        #endregion Methods
    }
}

public void OpenConnection()
{
   Database.OpenConnection();
}

public DbCommand Command()
{
   DbCommand cmd = Database.GetDbConnection().CreateCommand();
   return cmd;
}

void OpenConnection();
DbCommand Command();

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
     services.AddScoped<IUnitOfWork, ApplicationDbContext>();
     services.AddScoped<ISpReader, SpReader>();
}

public List<ViewModel> GetFromSp <ViewModel>(string[,] Parametr, string NameSp) where ViewModel  : new()

        {
            _uow.OpenConnection();
            DbCommand cmd = _uow.Command();
            cmd.CommandText = NameSp;
            cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
            var countParametr = Parametr.GetLength(0);

            for (int i = 0; i < countParame tr; i++)
            {
                cmd.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter { ParameterName = Parametr[i, 0], Value = Parametr[i, 1] });
            }

            List<ViewModel> list = new List<ViewModel >();
            using (var reader = cmd.ExecuteReader())
            {
                if (reader != null && reader.HasRows)
                {
                    var entity = typeof(ViewModel);
                    var propDict = new Dictionary<string, PropertyInfo>();
                    var props = entity.GetProperties
           (BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);
                    propDict = props.ToDictionary(p => p.Name.ToUpper(), p => p);
                    while (reader.Read())
                    {
                        ViewModel  newobject = new ViewModel ();

                        for (int index = 0; index < reader.FieldCount; index++)
                        {
                            if (propDict.ContainsKey(reader.GetName(index).ToUpper()))
                            {
                                var info = propDict[reader.GetName(index).ToUpper()];
                                if ((info != null) && info.CanWrite)
                                {
                                    var val = reader.GetValue(index);
                                    info.SetValue(newobject, (val == DBNull.Value) ? null : val, null);
                                }
                            }
                        }
                        list.Add(newobject);
                    }

                }
                return list;
            }

var countParametr = Parametr.GetLength(0);
for (int i = 0; i < countParametr; i++)
{
     cmd.Parameters.Add(new SqlParameter { ParameterName = Parametr[i, 0], Value = Parametr[i, 1] });
}

CREATE PROCEDURE [dbo].[isRelation](
@TableName as varchar(50),
@FieldOfRelation as varchar(70),
@ValueOfField as int)

public class EntityServices : IEntityService
    {
        private ISpreader _Reader;
        public EntityServices( ISpreader reader)
        {
            _Reader = reader;
        }

        public List<StoreProcedureResultViewModel>  IsRelation(string tableName , int keyValue, string keyFieldName)
        {
            List<StoreProcedureResultViewModel> IsContact;
            try
            {
                string[,] Parametr = new string[3, 2];
                Parametr[0, 0] = "@TableName";
                Parametr[0, 1] = tableName ;
                Parametr[1, 0] = "@ValueOfField";
                Parametr[1, 1] = keyValue.ToString().Trim();
                Parametr[2, 0] = "@FieldOfRelation";
                Parametr[2, 1] = keyFieldName.Trim();
                IsContact = _Reader.GetSp<StoreProcedureResultViewModel>(Parametr, "IsRelation");
                return IsContact;
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
            }
        }
    }

SELECT Title FROM Book WHERE Desc LIKE '%cat%';

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.Contains("cat")).ToList();

SELECT  "c"."Text" FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE ('cat' = '') OR (instr("c"."Text", 'cat') > 0)

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.StartsWith("cat")).ToList();
// SELECT "c"."Text", FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE "c"."Text" IS NOT NULL AND ("c"."Text" LIKE 'cat%')

var cats = context.Chapters.Where(item => item.Text.EndsWith("cat")).ToList();
// SELECT "c"."Title" FROM "Chapters" AS "c" WHERE "c"."Text" IS NOT NULL AND ("c"."Text" LIKE '%cat')

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.Entities
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Name { get; set; }

        public ICollection<Chapter> Chapters { get; set; }
    }

    public class Chapter
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Title { get; set; }

        public string Text { get; set; }

        public User User { get; set; }
        public int UserId { get; set; }
    }
}

CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE "Chapters_FTS"
USING fts5("Text", "Title", content="Chapters", content_rowid="Id")

private static void createFtsTables(ApplicationDbContext context)
{
    // For SQLite FTS
    // Note: This can be added to the `protected override void Up(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)` method too.
    context.Database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE IF NOT EXISTS ""Chapters_FTS""
    USING fts5(""Text"", ""Title"", content=""Chapters"", content_rowid=""Id"");");
}

-- Create a table. And an external content fts5 table to index it.
CREATE TABLE tbl(a INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, b, c);
CREATE VIRTUAL TABLE fts_idx USING fts5(b, c, content='tbl', content_rowid='a');

-- Triggers to keep the FTS index up to date.
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_ai AFTER INSERT ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(rowid, b, c) VALUES (new.a, new.b, new.c);
END;
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_ad AFTER DELETE ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(fts_idx, rowid, b, c) VALUES('delete', old.a, old.b, old.c);
END;
CREATE TRIGGER tbl_au AFTER UPDATE ON tbl BEGIN
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(fts_idx, rowid, b, c) VALUES('delete', old.a, old.b, old.c);
  INSERT INTO fts_idx(rowid, b, c) VALUES (new.a, new.b, new.c);
END;

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public static class EFChangeTrackerExtensions
    {
        public static List<(EntityState State, TEntity NewEntity, TEntity OldEntity)>
                    GetChangedEntities<TEntity>(this DbContext dbContext) where TEntity : class, new()
        {
            if (!dbContext.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled)
            {
                // ChangeTracker.Entries() only calls `Try`DetectChanges() behind the scene.
                dbContext.ChangeTracker.DetectChanges();
            }

            return dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries<TEntity>()
                    .Where(IsEntityChanged)
                    .Select(entityEntry => (entityEntry.State,
                                            entityEntry.Entity,
                                            createWithValues<TEntity>(entityEntry.OriginalValues)))
                    .ToList();
        }

        private static bool IsEntityChanged(EntityEntry entry)
        {
            return entry.State == EntityState.Added
                    || entry.State == EntityState.Modified
                    || entry.State == EntityState.Deleted
                    || entry.References.Any(r => r.TargetEntry?.Metadata.IsOwned() == true && IsEntityChanged(r.TargetEntry));
        }

        private static T createWithValues<T>(PropertyValues values) where T : new()
        {
            var entity = new T();
            foreach (var prop in values.Properties)
            {
                var value = values[prop.Name];
                if (value is PropertyValues)
                {
                    throw new NotSupportedException("nested complex object");
                }
                else
                {
                    prop.PropertyInfo.SetValue(entity, value);
                }
            }
            return entity;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using EFCoreSQLiteFTS.Entities;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public static class FtsNormalizer
    {
        private static readonly Regex _htmlRegex = new Regex("<[^>]*>", RegexOptions.Compiled);

        public static string NormalizeText(this string text)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(text))
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            // Remove html tags
            text = _htmlRegex.Replace(text, string.Empty);

            // TODO: add other normalizers here, such as `remove diacritics`, `fix Persian Ye-Ke` and so on ...

            return text;
        }
    }

    public static class UpdateFtsTriggers
    {
        public static void UpdateChapterFTS(
            this DbContext context,
            List<(EntityState State, Chapter NewEntity, Chapter OldEntity)> changedChapters)
        {
            var database = context.Database;

            try
            {
                database.BeginTransaction(IsolationLevel.ReadCommitted);

                foreach (var (State, NewEntity, OldEntity) in changedChapters)
                {
                    var chapterNew = NewEntity;
                    var chapterOld = OldEntity;

                    var normalizedNewText = chapterNew.Text.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedOldText = chapterOld.Text.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedNewTitle = chapterNew.Title.NormalizeText();
                    var normalizedOldTitle = chapterOld.Title.NormalizeText();
                    switch (State)
                    {
                        case EntityState.Added:
                            if (shouldSkipAddedChapter(chapterNew))
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw("INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(rowid, Text, Title) values({0}, {1}, {2});",
                                    chapterNew.Id, normalizedNewText, normalizedNewTitle);
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Modified:
                            if (shouldSkipModifiedChapter(chapterNew, chapterOld))
                            {
                                continue;
                            }
                            // This format is important! Otherwise we will get `SQLite Error 11: 'database disk image is malformed'.` error!
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(Chapters_FTS, rowid, Text, Title)
                                                        VALUES('delete', {0}, {1}, {2}); ",
                                                        chapterOld.Id, normalizedOldText, normalizedOldTitle);
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw("INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(rowid, Text, Title) values({0}, {1}, {2});",
                                    chapterNew.Id, normalizedNewText, normalizedNewTitle);
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Deleted:
                            // This format is important! Otherwise we will get `SQLite Error 11: 'database disk image is malformed'.` error!
                            database.ExecuteSqlRaw(@"INSERT INTO Chapters_FTS(Chapters_FTS, rowid, Text, Title)
                                                        VALUES('delete', {0}, {1}, {2}); ",
                                    chapterOld.Id, normalizedOldText, normalizedOldTitle);
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }
            finally
            {
                database.CommitTransaction();
            }
        }

        private static bool shouldSkipAddedChapter(Chapter chapterNew)
        {
            // TODO: add your logic to avoid indexing this item
            return false;
        }

        private static bool shouldSkipModifiedChapter(Chapter chapterNew, Chapter chapterOld)
        {
            // TODO: add your logic to avoid indexing this item
            return chapterNew.Text == chapterOld.Text && chapterNew.Title == chapterOld.Title;
        }
    }
}

namespace EFCoreSQLiteFTS.DataLayer
{
    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
        public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        {
        }

        public DbSet<Chapter> Chapters { get; set; }
        public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            var changedChapters = this.GetChangedEntities<Chapter>();

            this.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false; // for performance reasons, to avoid calling DetectChanges() again.
            var result = base.SaveChanges();
            this.ChangeTracker.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = true;

            this.UpdateChapterFTS(changedChapters);
            return result;
        }
    }
}

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace NotifyPropertyChangedGenerator.Demo;

public enum Gender
{
    NotSpecified,
    [Display(Name = "مرد")] Male,
    [Display(Name = "زن")] Female
}

public static class Extensions
{
    public static string GetDisplayName(this Enum value)
    {
        if (value is null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(value));

        var attribute = value.GetType().GetField(value.ToString())?
            .GetCustomAttributes<DisplayAttribute>(false).FirstOrDefault();

        if (attribute is null)
            return value.ToString();

        return attribute.GetType().GetProperty("Name")?.GetValue(attribute, null)?.ToString();
    }
}

namespace NotifyPropertyChangedGenerator.Demo
{
  public static class GenderExtensions
  {
      public static string GetDisplayName(this Gender @enum)
      {
          return @enum switch
            {
                Gender.NotSpecified => "NotSpecified",
                Gender.Male => "مرد",
                Gender.Female => "زن",
                _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(@enum))
            };
      }
  }
}

[Generator]
public class EnumExtensionsGenerator : ISourceGenerator
{
    public void Initialize(GeneratorInitializationContext context)
    {}

    public void Execute(GeneratorExecutionContext context)
    {
        var compilation = context.Compilation;
        foreach (var syntaxTree in compilation.SyntaxTrees)
        {
            var semanticModel = compilation.GetSemanticModel(syntaxTree);
            var immutableHashSet = syntaxTree.GetRoot()
                .DescendantNodesAndSelf()
                .OfType<EnumDeclarationSyntax>()
                .Select(enumDeclarationSyntax => semanticModel.GetDeclaredSymbol(enumDeclarationSyntax))
                .OfType<ITypeSymbol>()
                /*.Where(typeSymbol => typeSymbol.GetAttributes().Any(
                    attributeData => string.Equals(attributeData.AttributeClass?.Name, "GenerateExtensions",
                        StringComparison.Ordinal)
                ))*/
                .ToImmutableHashSet();

            foreach (var typeSymbol in immutableHashSet)
            {
                var source = GenerateEnumExtensions(typeSymbol);
                context.AddSource($"{typeSymbol.Name}Extensions.cs", source);
            }
        }
    }

    private string GenerateEnumExtensions(ITypeSymbol typeSymbol)
    {
        return $@"namespace {typeSymbol.ContainingNamespace}
{{
  public static class {typeSymbol.Name}Extensions
  {{
      public static string GetDisplayName(this {typeSymbol.Name} @enum)
      {{
          {GenerateExtensionMethodBody(typeSymbol)}
      }}
  }}
}}";
    }

    private static string GenerateExtensionMethodBody(ITypeSymbol typeSymbol)
    {
        var sb = new StringBuilder();
        sb.Append(@"return @enum switch
            {
");

        foreach (var fieldSymbol in typeSymbol.GetMembers().OfType<IFieldSymbol>())
        {
            var displayAttribute = fieldSymbol.GetAttributes()
                .FirstOrDefault(attributeData =>
                    string.Equals(attributeData.AttributeClass?.Name, "DisplayAttribute", StringComparison.Ordinal));
            if (displayAttribute is null)
            {                
                sb.AppendLine(
                    $@"                {typeSymbol.Name}.{fieldSymbol.Name} => ""{fieldSymbol.Name}"",");
            }
            else
            {
                var displayAttributeName = displayAttribute.NamedArguments
                    .FirstOrDefault(x => string.Equals(x.Key, "Name", StringComparison.Ordinal))
                    .Value;
                sb.AppendLine(
                    $@"                {typeSymbol.Name}.{fieldSymbol.Name} => ""{displayAttributeName.Value}"",");
            }
        }

        sb.Append(
            @"                _ => throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(@enum))
            };");

        return sb.ToString();
    }

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">

  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net6.0</TargetFramework>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>

    <EmitCompilerGeneratedFiles>true</EmitCompilerGeneratedFiles>
    <CompilerGeneratedFilesOutputPath>Generated</CompilerGeneratedFilesOutputPath>
  </PropertyGroup>
  
  <Target Name="CleanSourceGeneratedFiles" BeforeTargets="BeforeBuild" DependsOnTargets="$(BeforeBuildDependsOn)">
    <RemoveDir Directories="$(CompilerGeneratedFilesOutputPath)" />
  </Target>  
  <ItemGroup>
    <!-- Exclude the output of source generators from the compilation -->
    <Compile Remove="$(CompilerGeneratedFilesOutputPath)/**/*.cs" />
<Content Include="$(CompilerGeneratedFilesOutputPath)/**" />
  </ItemGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\NotifyPropertyChangedGenerator\NotifyPropertyChangedGenerator.csproj" 
OutputItemType="Analyzer" ReferenceOutputAssembly="false" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

{BaseIntermediateOutpath}/generated/{Assembly}/{SourceGeneratorName}/{GeneratedFile}

    public class Bill
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public virtual ICollection<Transaction> Transactions { set; get; }
    }

    public class Transaction
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public DateTime AddDate { set; get; }
        public int Amount { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("BillId")]
        public virtual Bill Bill { set; get; }
        public int BillId { set; get; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Bill> Bills { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Transaction> Transactions { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {
            var bill1 = new Bill { Name = "bill-1" };
            context.Bills.Add(bill1);

            for (int i = 0; i < 11; i++)
            {
                context.Transactions.Add(new Transaction
                {
                    AddDate = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-i),
                    Amount = 1000000000 + i,
                    Bill = bill1
                });
            }
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void RunTests()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            using (var context = new MyContext())
            {
                var sum = context.Transactions.Sum(x => x.Amount);
                Console.WriteLine(sum);
            }
        }
    }

SELECT 
         [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
         FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM([Extent1].[Amount]) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    )  AS [GroupBy1]

 Arithmetic overflow error converting expression to data type int.

var sum2 = context.Transactions.Sum(x => (Int64)x.Amount);

SELECT 
      [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
         FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
               )  AS [GroupBy1]                  

var date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(10);
var sum3 = context.Transactions
                  .Where(x => x.AddDate > date)  
                  .Sum(x => (Int64)x.Amount);               

SELECT 
     [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
        FROM ( SELECT 
                    SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                    FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    WHERE [Extent1].[AddDate] > @p__linq__0
              )  AS [GroupBy1]

The cast to value type 'Int64' failed because the materialized value is null.
Either the result type's generic parameter or the query must use a nullable type.

var date = DateTime.Now.AddDays(10);
var sum3 = context.Transactions
                  .Where(x => x.AddDate > date)
                  .Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

 var sum4 = context.Bills.First().Transactions.Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

SELECT 
     [Extent1].[Id] AS [Id], 
     [Extent1].[AddDate] AS [AddDate], 
     [Extent1].[Amount] AS [Amount], 
     [Extent1].[BillId] AS [BillId]
   FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
   WHERE [Extent1].[BillId] = @EntityKeyValue1

var entry = context.Bills.First();
var sum5 = context.Entry(entry).Collection(x => x.Transactions).Query().Sum(x => (Int64?)x.Amount) ?? 0;

SELECT 
    [GroupBy1].[A1] AS [C1]
     FROM ( SELECT 
               SUM( CAST( [Extent1].[Amount] AS bigint)) AS [A1]
                   FROM [dbo].[Transactions] AS [Extent1]
                    WHERE [Extent1].[BillId] = @EntityKeyValue1
            )  AS [GroupBy1]                  

• در این حالت مرورگر منتظر می‌ماند تا فونت دانلود شود و آن را parse  کند و تنها بعد از آن متن را بر روی صفحه نمایش می‌دهد. متن روی صفحه تا زمانیکه فونت دانلود و parse  نشده باشد، قابل مشاهده نیست؛ این FOIT است (Flash of invisible text) .
  
• مرورگر در ابتدا متن را با استفاده از فونت معمول نمایش می‌دهد و بعد از آن سعی می‌کند که ساختار‌های فونت خارجی را دریافت کند. وقتی که دانلود انجام شد و سپس آن را parse  کرد، فونت سفارشی دانلود شده، با فونت معمول جایگزین خواهد شد؛ این FOUT است ( Flash of unstyled text ).