public class Magazine
{
  public int MagazineId { get; set; }
  public string Name { get; set; }
  public string Publisher { get; set; }

  public List<Article> Articles { get; set; }
}

public class Article
{
  public int ArticleId { get; set; }
  public string Title { get; set; }
  public DateTime PublishDate { get;  set; }

  public int MagazineId { get; set; }

  public Author Author { get; set; }
  public int? AuthorId { get; set; }
}

public class Author
{
  public int AuthorId { get; set; }
  public string Name { get; set; }

  public List<Article> Articles { get; set; }
}

protected override void OnModelCreating (ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
{
   modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().HasData(new Magazine { MagazineId = 1, Name = "DNT Magazine" });
}

migrationBuilder.InsertData(
  table: "Magazines",
  columns: new[] { "MagazineId", "Name", "Publisher" },
  values: new object[] { 1, "DNT Magazine", null });

set IDENTITY_INSERT ON
INSERT INTO "Magazines" ("MagazineId", "Name", "Publisher") VALUES (1, 'DNT Magazine', NULL);

modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>()
           .HasData(new Magazine{ MagazineId=2, Name="This Mag" },
                    new Magazine{ MagazineId=3, Name="That Mag" }
           );

modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().Property(m=>m.Publisher).IsRequired();

 "The seed entity for entity type 'Magazine' cannot be added because there was no value provided for the required property 'Publisher'."

public Magazine(string name, string publisher)
{
  Name=name;
  Publisher=publisher;
}

modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().HasData(new Magazine("DNT Magazine", "1105 Media"));

modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().HasData(new {MagazineId=1, Name="DNT Mag", Publisher="1105 Media"});

migrationBuilder.InsertData(
                table: "Magazines",
                columns: new[] { "MagazineId", "Name", "Publisher" },
                values: new object[] { 1, "DNT Mag", "1105 Media" });

public class Magazine
{
  public Magazine(string name, string publisher)
  {
    Name=name;
    Publisher=publisher;
    MagazineId=Guid.NewGuid();
  }

  public Guid MagazineId { get; private set; }
  public string Name { get; private set; }
  public string Publisher { get; private set; }
  public List<Article> Articles { get; set; }
}

modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().HasData(new Magazine("DNT Mag", "1105 Media");

var mag1=new {MagazineId= new Guid("0483b59c-f7f8-4b21-b1df-5149fb57984e"),  Name="DNT Mag", Publisher="1105 Media"};
modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().HasData(mag1);

modelBuilder.Entity<Article>().HasData(new Article { ArticleId = 1, MagazineId = 1, Title = "EF Core 2.1 Query Types"});

var mag1=new {MagazineId= new Guid("0483b59c-f7f8-4b21-b1df-5149fb57984e"),  Name="DNT Mag", Publisher="1105 Media"};
modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().HasData(mag1);

public class Publisher
{
  public string Name { get; set; }
  public int YearFounded { get; set; }
}

public class Magazine
{ 
  public int MagazineId { get;  set; }
  public string Name { get;  set; }
  public Publisher Publisher { get;  set; }
  public List<Article> Articles { get; set; }
}

modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().HasData (new Magazine { MagazineId = 1, Name = "DNT Magazine" });
modelBuilder.Entity<Magazine>().OwnsOne (m => m.Publisher)
   .HasData (new { Name = "1105 Media", YearFounded = 2006, MagazineId=1 });

migrationBuilder.InsertData(
  table: "Magazines",
  columns: new[] { "MagazineId", "Name", "Publisher_Name", "Publisher_YearFounded" },
  values: new object[] { 1, "DNT Magazine", "1105 Media", 2006 });

namespace EFCoreMultipleDb.Web
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            applyPendingMigrations(app);
// ...
        }

        private static void applyPendingMigrations(IApplicationBuilder app)
        {
            var scopeFactory = app.ApplicationServices.GetRequiredService<IServiceScopeFactory>();
            using (var scope = scopeFactory.CreateScope())
            {
                var uow = scope.ServiceProvider.GetService<IUnitOfWork>();
                uow.Migrate();
            }
        }
    }
}

namespace EFCoreMultipleDb.DataLayer.SQLite.Context
{
    public class SQLiteDbContext : DbContext, IUnitOfWork
    {
    // ... 

        public void Migrate()
        {
            this.Database.Migrate();
        }
    }
}

public static void Main(string[] args)
{
   var host = BuildWebHost(args);
   using (var scope = host.Services.CreateScope())
   {
       var context = scope.ServiceProvider.GetRequiredService<yourDBContext>();
       context.Database.Migrate();
   }
   host.Run();
}

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.Configure<BearerTokensOptions>(options => Configuration.GetSection("BearerTokens").Bind(options));

            services
                .AddAuthentication(options =>
                {
                    options.DefaultChallengeScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                    options.DefaultSignInScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                    options.DefaultAuthenticateScheme = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme;
                })
                .AddJwtBearer(cfg =>
                {
                    cfg.RequireHttpsMetadata = false;
                    cfg.SaveToken = true;
                    cfg.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
                    {
                        ValidIssuer = Configuration["BearerTokens:Issuer"],
                        ValidAudience = Configuration["BearerTokens:Audience"],
                        IssuerSigningKey = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(Configuration["BearerTokens:Key"])),
                        ValidateIssuerSigningKey = true,
                        ValidateLifetime = true,
                        ClockSkew = TimeSpan.Zero
                    };
                    cfg.Events = new JwtBearerEvents
                    {
                        OnAuthenticationFailed = context =>
                        {
                            var logger = context.HttpContext.RequestServices.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger(nameof(JwtBearerEvents));
                            logger.LogError("Authentication failed.", context.Exception);
                            return Task.CompletedTask;
                        },
                        OnTokenValidated = context =>
                        {
                            var tokenValidatorService = context.HttpContext.RequestServices.GetRequiredService<ITokenValidatorService>();
                            return tokenValidatorService.ValidateAsync(context);
                        },
                        OnMessageReceived = context =>
                         {
                             return Task.CompletedTask;
                         },
                        OnChallenge = context =>
                        {
                            var logger = context.HttpContext.RequestServices.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>().CreateLogger(nameof(JwtBearerEvents));
                            logger.LogError("OnChallenge error", context.Error, context.ErrorDescription);
                            return Task.CompletedTask;
                        }
                    };
                });

{
  "BearerTokens": {
    "Key": "This is my shared key, not so secret, secret!",
    "Issuer": "http://localhost/",
    "Audience": "Any",
    "AccessTokenExpirationMinutes": 2,
    "RefreshTokenExpirationMinutes": 60
  }
}

[Authorize(AuthenticationSchemes = JwtBearerDefaults.AuthenticationScheme)]

$.ajax({
     headers: { 'Authorization': 'Bearer ' + jwtToken },

const string tokenKey = "my.custom.jwt.token.key";
if (context.HttpContext.Items.ContainsKey(tokenKey))
{
    context.Token = (string)context.HttpContext.Items[tokenKey];
}

OnTokenValidated = context =>
{
      var tokenValidatorService = context.HttpContext.RequestServices.GetRequiredService<ITokenValidatorService>();
      return tokenValidatorService.ValidateAsync(context);
},

    public class TokenValidatorService : ITokenValidatorService
    {
        private readonly IUsersService _usersService;
        private readonly ITokenStoreService _tokenStoreService;

        public TokenValidatorService(IUsersService usersService, ITokenStoreService tokenStoreService)
        {
            _usersService = usersService;
            _usersService.CheckArgumentIsNull(nameof(usersService));

            _tokenStoreService = tokenStoreService;
            _tokenStoreService.CheckArgumentIsNull(nameof(_tokenStoreService));
        }

        public async Task ValidateAsync(TokenValidatedContext context)
        {
            var userPrincipal = context.Principal;

            var claimsIdentity = context.Principal.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;
            if (claimsIdentity?.Claims == null || !claimsIdentity.Claims.Any())
            {
                context.Fail("This is not our issued token. It has no claims.");
                return;
            }

            var serialNumberClaim = claimsIdentity.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.SerialNumber);
            if (serialNumberClaim == null)
            {
                context.Fail("This is not our issued token. It has no serial.");
                return;
            }

            var userIdString = claimsIdentity.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.UserData).Value;
            if (!int.TryParse(userIdString, out int userId))
            {
                context.Fail("This is not our issued token. It has no user-id.");
                return;
            }

            var user = await _usersService.FindUserAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false);
            if (user == null || user.SerialNumber != serialNumberClaim.Value || !user.IsActive)
            {
                // user has changed his/her password/roles/stat/IsActive
                context.Fail("This token is expired. Please login again.");
            }

            var accessToken = context.SecurityToken as JwtSecurityToken;
            if (accessToken == null || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(accessToken.RawData) ||
                !await _tokenStoreService.IsValidTokenAsync(accessToken.RawData, userId).ConfigureAwait(false))
            {
                context.Fail("This token is not in our database.");
                return;
            }

            await _usersService.UpdateUserLastActivityDateAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }
    }

    public class UserToken
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string AccessTokenHash { get; set; }

        public DateTimeOffset AccessTokenExpiresDateTime { get; set; }

        public string RefreshTokenIdHash { get; set; }

        public DateTimeOffset RefreshTokenExpiresDateTime { get; set; }

        public int UserId { get; set; } // one-to-one association
        public virtual User User { get; set; }
    }

    public interface ITokenStoreService
    {
        Task AddUserTokenAsync(UserToken userToken);
        Task AddUserTokenAsync(
                User user, string refreshToken, string accessToken,
                DateTimeOffset refreshTokenExpiresDateTime, DateTimeOffset accessTokenExpiresDateTime);
        Task<bool> IsValidTokenAsync(string accessToken, int userId);
        Task DeleteExpiredTokensAsync();
        Task<UserToken> FindTokenAsync(string refreshToken);
        Task DeleteTokenAsync(string refreshToken);
        Task InvalidateUserTokensAsync(int userId);
        Task<(string accessToken, string refreshToken)> CreateJwtTokens(User user);
    }

        private async Task<string> createAccessTokenAsync(User user, DateTime expires)
        {
            var claims = new List<Claim>
            {
                // Unique Id for all Jwt tokes
                new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Jti, Guid.NewGuid().ToString()),
                // Issuer
                new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Iss, _configuration.Value.Issuer),
                // Issued at
                new Claim(JwtRegisteredClaimNames.Iat, DateTime.UtcNow.ToUnixEpochDate().ToString(), ClaimValueTypes.Integer64),
                new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, user.Id.ToString()),
                new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, user.Username),
                new Claim("DisplayName", user.DisplayName),
                // to invalidate the cookie
                new Claim(ClaimTypes.SerialNumber, user.SerialNumber),
                // custom data
                new Claim(ClaimTypes.UserData, user.Id.ToString())
            };

            // add roles
            var roles = await _rolesService.FindUserRolesAsync(user.Id).ConfigureAwait(false);
            foreach (var role in roles)
            {
                claims.Add(new Claim(ClaimTypes.Role, role.Name));
            }

            var key = new SymmetricSecurityKey(Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(_configuration.Value.Key));
            var creds = new SigningCredentials(key, SecurityAlgorithms.HmacSha256);
            var token = new JwtSecurityToken(
                issuer: _configuration.Value.Issuer,
                audience: _configuration.Value.Audience,
                claims: claims,
                notBefore: DateTime.UtcNow,
                expires: expires,
                signingCredentials: creds);
            return new JwtSecurityTokenHandler().WriteToken(token);
        }

<ItemGroup>
   <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authentication.JwtBearer" Version="2.0.0" />
</ItemGroup>

        public async Task<(string accessToken, string refreshToken)> CreateJwtTokens(User user)
        {
            var now = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;
            var accessTokenExpiresDateTime = now.AddMinutes(_configuration.Value.AccessTokenExpirationMinutes);
            var refreshTokenExpiresDateTime = now.AddMinutes(_configuration.Value.RefreshTokenExpirationMinutes);
            var accessToken = await createAccessTokenAsync(user, accessTokenExpiresDateTime.UtcDateTime).ConfigureAwait(false);
            var refreshToken = Guid.NewGuid().ToString().Replace("-", "");

            await AddUserTokenAsync(user, refreshToken, accessToken, refreshTokenExpiresDateTime, accessTokenExpiresDateTime).ConfigureAwait(false);
            await _uow.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            return (accessToken, refreshToken);
        }

        [AllowAnonymous]
        [HttpPost("[action]")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> Login([FromBody]  User loginUser)
        {
            if (loginUser == null)
            {
                return BadRequest("user is not set.");
            }

            var user = await _usersService.FindUserAsync(loginUser.Username, loginUser.Password).ConfigureAwait(false);
            if (user == null || !user.IsActive)
            {
                return Unauthorized();
            }

            var (accessToken, refreshToken) = await _tokenStoreService.CreateJwtTokens(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
            return Ok(new { access_token = accessToken, refresh_token = refreshToken });
        }

        [AllowAnonymous]
        [HttpPost("[action]")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> RefreshToken([FromBody]JToken jsonBody)
        {
            var refreshToken = jsonBody.Value<string>("refreshToken");
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(refreshToken))
            {
                return BadRequest("refreshToken is not set.");
            }

            var token = await _tokenStoreService.FindTokenAsync(refreshToken);
            if (token == null)
            {
                return Unauthorized();
            }

            var (accessToken, newRefreshToken) = await _tokenStoreService.CreateJwtTokens(token.User).ConfigureAwait(false);
            return Ok(new { access_token = accessToken, refresh_token = newRefreshToken });
        }

        [AllowAnonymous]
        [HttpGet("[action]"), HttpPost("[action]")]
        public async Task<bool> Logout()
        {
            var claimsIdentity = this.User.Identity as ClaimsIdentity;
            var userIdValue = claimsIdentity.FindFirst(ClaimTypes.UserData)?.Value;

            // The Jwt implementation does not support "revoke OAuth token" (logout) by design.
            // Delete the user's tokens from the database (revoke its bearer token)
            if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(userIdValue) && int.TryParse(userIdValue, out int userId))
            {
                await _tokenStoreService.InvalidateUserTokensAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false);
            }
            await _tokenStoreService.DeleteExpiredTokensAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
            await _uow.SaveChangesAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);

            return true;
        }