public class Order
{
    public string CustomerId { get; set; }
    public LineItem[] LineItems { get; set; }
    public double TotalPrice { get; set; }
}
 
public class Customer
{
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public string Address { get; set; }
    public short Age { get; set; }
    public string HashedPassword { get; set; }
}

var order = session.Include<Order>(x => x.CustomerId)
                   .Load("orders/1234");
 
// این کوئری از کش سشن خوانده می‌شود و کاری به سرور ندارد
var cust = session.Load<Customer>(order.CustomerId);

var orders = session.Include<Order>(x => x.CustomerId)
    .Load("orders/1234", "orders/4321");
 
foreach (var order in orders)
{
    // این کوئری‌ها سمت کلاینت هستند و به سرور ارسال نمی‌شوند
    var cust = session.Load<Customer>(order.CustomerId);
}

var orders = session.Query<Order>()
    .Customize(x => x.Include<Order>(o => o.CustomerId))
    .Where(x => x.TotalPrice > 100)
    .ToList();
 
foreach (var order in orders)
{
    // این کوئری‌ها سمت کلاینت اجرا می‌شوند
    var cust = session.Load<Customer>(order.CustomerId);
}

public class Order
{
    public string CustomerId { get; set; }
    public string[] SupplierIds { get; set; }
    public LineItem[] LineItems { get; set; }
    public double TotalPrice { get; set; }
}

var orders = session.Include<Order>(x => x.SupplierIds)
    .Load("orders/1234", "orders/4321");
 
foreach (var order in orders)
{
    foreach (var supplierId in order.SupplierIds)
    {
        // از کش سشن خوانده می‌شود
        var supp = session.Load<Supplier>(supplierId);
    }
}

public class Order
{
    public string CustomerId { get; set; }
    public string[] SupplierIds { get; set; }
    public Referral Refferal { get; set; }
    public LineItem[] LineItems { get; set; }
    public double TotalPrice { get; set; }
}

public class Referral
{
    public string CustomerId { get; set; }
    public double CommissionPercentage { get; set; }
}

var order = session.Include<Order>(x => x.Refferal.CustomerId)
    .Load("orders/1234");
 
// از کش سشن خوانده می‌شود
var referrer = session.Load<Customer>(order.Refferal.CustomerId);

public class LineItem
{
    public string ProductId { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public int Quantity { get; set; }
    public double Price { get; set; }
}

var order = session.Include<Order>(x => x.LineItems.Select(li => li.ProductId))
    .Load("orders/1234");
 
foreach (var lineItem in order.LineItems)
{
    // از کش سمت کلاینت خوانده می‌شود
    var product = session.Load<Product>(lineItem.ProductId);
}

var order = session.Load<Order>("orders/1");
var customer = session.Load<Customer>(order.CustomerId);

# Don't do this
model = eval(modelName)

# Use square brackets instead
model = window[modelName]

typeof undefinedVar is "undefined"

Value               Class      Type
----------------------------------------------
"foo"               String     string
new String("foo")   String     object
1.2                 Number     number
new Number(1.2)     Number     object
true                Boolean    boolean
new Boolean(true)   Boolean    object
new Date()          Date       object
new Error()         Error      object
[1,2,3]             Array      object
new Array(1, 2, 3)  Array      object
new Function("")    Function   function
/abc/g              RegExp     object
new RegExp("meow")  RegExp     object
{}                  Object     object
new Object()        Object     object

type = do ->
  classToType = {}
  for name in "Boolean Number String Function Array Date RegExp Undefined Null".split(" ")
    classToType["[object " + name + "]"] = name.toLowerCase()

  (obj) ->
    strType = Object::toString.call(obj)
    classToType[strType] or "object"

# Returns the sort of types we'd expect:
type("")         # "string"
type(new String) # "string"
type([])         # "array"
type(/\d/)       # "regexp"
type(new Date)   # "date"
type(true)       # "boolean"
type(null)       # "null"
type({})         # "object"

if typeof aVar isnt "undefined"
  objectType = type(aVar)

objectType = type(aVar?)

anArray?.push? aValue

new String("foo") instanceof String # true
"foo" instanceof String             # false

class Parent
class Child extends Parent

child = new Child
child instanceof Child  # true
child instanceof Parent # true

anObject = {one: 1, two: 2}
delete anObject.one
anObject.hasOwnProperty("one") # false

aVar = 1
delete aVar
typeof Var # "integer"

aVar = 1
aVar = null

private void A ( [CallerMemberName] string callerName = "") 
{
  Console.WriteLine("Caller is " + callerName);
}

private static void B()
{
        // let's call A
        A();
}

    public class PersonViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

        private void OnPropertyChanged(string propertyName)
        {
            if (PropertyChanged != null)
                PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
        }

        private string name;
        public string Name
        {
            get { return name; }
            set
            {
                this.name = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("Name");
            }
        }
    }

private string firstName;
public string FirstName
{
            get { return firstName; }
            set
            {
                this.firstName = value;
                OnPropertyChanged("Name");
            }
}

public abstract class ViewModelBase : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

        protected void OnPropertyChanged([CallerMemberName] string propertyName = "")
        {
            OnPropertyChangedExplicit(propertyName);
        }

        protected void OnPropertyChanged<TProperty>(Expression<Func<TProperty>> projection)
        {
            var memberExpression = (MemberExpression)projection.Body;
            OnPropertyChangedExplicit(memberExpression.Member.Name);
        }

        void OnPropertyChangedExplicit(string propertyName)
        {
            this.CheckPropertyName(propertyName);

            PropertyChangedEventHandler handler = this.PropertyChanged;

            if (handler != null)
            {
                var e = new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName);
                handler(this, e);
            }
        }

        #region Check property name

        [Conditional("DEBUG")]
        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public void CheckPropertyName(string propertyName)
        {
            if (TypeDescriptor.GetProperties(this)[propertyName] == null)
                throw new Exception(String.Format("Could not find property \"{0}\"", propertyName));
        }

        #endregion // Check property name
}

public class PersonViewModel : ViewModelBase
{
        private string firstName;
        public string FirstName
        {
            get { return firstName; }
            set
            {
                this.firstName = value;

                OnPropertyChanged();
                OnPropertyChanged(() => this.FullName);
            }
        }

        private string lastName;
        public string LastName
        {
            get { return lastName; }
            set
            {
                this.lastName = value;

                OnPropertyChanged();
                OnPropertyChanged(() => this.FullName);
            }
        }

        public string FullName
        {
            get { return string.Format("{0} {1}", FirstName, LastName); }
        }
}

using(var client = new HttpClient())
{
   // do something with http client
}

 Unable to connect to the remote server
System.Net.Sockets.SocketException: Only one usage of each socket address (protocol/network address/port) is normally permitted.

using (var client = new HttpClient())
{
       var result = await client.GetAsync("http://example.com/");
}

for (int i = 0; i < 10; i++)
{
      using (var client = new HttpClient())
      {
            var result = await client.GetAsync("http://example.com/");
            Console.WriteLine(result.StatusCode);
      }
}

  TCP    192.168.1.6:13996      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:13997      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:13998      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:13999      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14000      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14001      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14002      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14003      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14004      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT
  TCP    192.168.1.6:14005      93.184.216.34:http     TIME_WAIT

 [HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\Services\Tcpip\Parameters\TcpTimedWaitDelay]

CancelPendingRequests
DeleteAsync
GetAsync
GetByteArrayAsync
GetStreamAsync
GetStringAsync
PostAsync
PutAsync
SendAsync

BaseAddress
DefaultRequestHeaders
MaxResponseContentBufferSize
Timeout

var sp = ServicePointManager.FindServicePoint(new Uri("http://thisisasample.com"));
sp.ConnectionLeaseTimeout = 60*1000; //In milliseconds

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Net.Http;

namespace HttpClientTips
{
    public interface IHttpClientFactory : IDisposable
    {
        HttpClient GetOrCreate(
            Uri baseAddress,
            IDictionary<string, string> defaultRequestHeaders = null,
            TimeSpan? timeout = null,
            long? maxResponseContentBufferSize = null,
            HttpMessageHandler handler = null);
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Concurrent;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Net;
using System.Net.Http;
using System.Threading;

namespace HttpClientTips
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Lifetime of this class should be set to `Singleton`.
    /// </summary>
    public class HttpClientFactory : IHttpClientFactory
    {
        // 'GetOrAdd' call on the dictionary is not thread safe and we might end up creating the HttpClient more than
        // once. To prevent this Lazy<> is used. In the worst case multiple Lazy<> objects are created for multiple
        // threads but only one of the objects succeeds in creating the HttpClient.
        private readonly ConcurrentDictionary<Uri, Lazy<HttpClient>> _httpClients =
                         new ConcurrentDictionary<Uri, Lazy<HttpClient>>();
        private const int ConnectionLeaseTimeout = 60 * 1000; // 1 minute

        public HttpClientFactory()
        {
            // Default is 2 minutes: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/system.net.servicepointmanager.dnsrefreshtimeout(v=vs.110).aspx
            ServicePointManager.DnsRefreshTimeout = (int)TimeSpan.FromMinutes(1).TotalMilliseconds;
            // Increases the concurrent outbound connections
            ServicePointManager.DefaultConnectionLimit = 1024;
        }

        public HttpClient GetOrCreate(
           Uri baseAddress,
           IDictionary<string, string> defaultRequestHeaders = null,
           TimeSpan? timeout = null,
           long? maxResponseContentBufferSize = null,
           HttpMessageHandler handler = null)
        {
            return _httpClients.GetOrAdd(baseAddress,
                             uri => new Lazy<HttpClient>(() =>
                             {
                                 // Reusing a single HttpClient instance across a multi-threaded application means
                                 // you can't change the values of the stateful properties (which are not thread safe),
                                 // like BaseAddress, DefaultRequestHeaders, MaxResponseContentBufferSize and Timeout.
                                 // So you can only use them if they are constant across your application and need their own instance if being varied.
                                 var client = handler == null ? new HttpClient { BaseAddress = baseAddress } :
                                               new HttpClient(handler, disposeHandler: false) { BaseAddress = baseAddress };
                                 setRequestTimeout(timeout, client);
                                 setMaxResponseBufferSize(maxResponseContentBufferSize, client);
                                 setDefaultHeaders(defaultRequestHeaders, client);
                                 setConnectionLeaseTimeout(baseAddress, client);
                                 return client;
                             },
                             LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication)).Value;
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            foreach (var httpClient in _httpClients.Values)
            {
                httpClient.Value.Dispose();
            }
        }

        private static void setConnectionLeaseTimeout(Uri baseAddress, HttpClient client)
        {
            // This ensures connections are used efficiently but not indefinitely.
            client.DefaultRequestHeaders.ConnectionClose = false; // keeps the connection open -> more efficient use of the client
            ServicePointManager.FindServicePoint(baseAddress).ConnectionLeaseTimeout = ConnectionLeaseTimeout; // ensures connections are not used indefinitely.
        }

        private static void setDefaultHeaders(IDictionary<string, string> defaultRequestHeaders, HttpClient client)
        {
            if (defaultRequestHeaders == null)
            {
                return;
            }
            foreach (var item in defaultRequestHeaders)
            {
                client.DefaultRequestHeaders.Add(item.Key, item.Value);
            }
        }

        private static void setMaxResponseBufferSize(long? maxResponseContentBufferSize, HttpClient client)
        {
            if (maxResponseContentBufferSize.HasValue)
            {
                client.MaxResponseContentBufferSize = maxResponseContentBufferSize.Value;
            }
        }

        private static void setRequestTimeout(TimeSpan? timeout, HttpClient client)
        {
            if (timeout.HasValue)
            {
                client.Timeout = timeout.Value;
            }
        }
    }
}

namespace HttpClientTips.Web
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddSingleton<IHttpClientFactory, HttpClientFactory>();
            services.AddMvc();
        }

namespace HttpClientTips.Web.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IHttpClientFactory _httpClientFactory;
        public HomeController(IHttpClientFactory httpClientFactory)
        {
            _httpClientFactory = httpClientFactory;
        }

        public async Task<IActionResult> Index()
        {
            var host = new Uri("http://localhost:5000");
            var httpClient = _httpClientFactory.GetOrCreate(host);
            var responseMessage = await httpClient.GetAsync("home/about").ConfigureAwait(false);
            var responseContent = await responseMessage.Content.ReadAsStringAsync().ConfigureAwait(false);
            return Content(responseContent);
        }

Request #   2: GET     - 3,818 ms - <system>   - 200 - /indexes/dynamic/Questions?&query=Title%3ARaven*&pageSize=128

using System;
using System.Linq;
using Raven.Client.Document;
using RavenDBSample01.Models;
using Raven.Client;
using Raven.Client.Linq;
using Raven.Client.Indexes;

namespace RavenDBSample01
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            using (var store = new DocumentStore
            {
                Url = "http://localhost:8080"
            }.Initialize())
            {
                store.DatabaseCommands.PutIndex(
                name: "Questions/ByTitle",
                indexDef: new IndexDefinitionBuilder<Question>
                {
                    Map = questions => questions.Select(question => new { Title = question.Title } )
                });
            }
        }
    }
}

    public class QuestionsByTitle : AbstractIndexCreationTask<Question>
    {
        public QuestionsByTitle()
        {
            Map = questions => questions.Select(question => new { Title = question.Title });
        }
    }

            using (var store = new DocumentStore
            {
                Url = "http://localhost:8080"
            }.Initialize())
            {
                IndexCreation.CreateIndexes(typeof(QuestionsByTitle).Assembly, store);
            }

            using (var store = new DocumentStore
            {
                Url = "http://localhost:8080"
            }.Initialize())
            {
                using (var session = store.OpenSession())
                {
                    var questions = session.Query<Question>(indexName: "QuestionsByTitle")
                                           .Where(x => x.Title.StartsWith("Raven")).Take(128);
                    foreach (var question in questions)
                    {
                        Console.WriteLine(question.Title);
                    }
                }
            }

Request # 147: GET     -    58 ms - <system>   - 200 - /indexes/QuestionsByTitle?&query=Title%3ARaven*&pageSize=128
        Query: Title:Raven*
        Time: 7 ms
        Index: QuestionsByTitle
        Results: 2 returned out of 2 total.

                    var questions = session.Query<Question, QuestionsByTitle>()
                                           .Where(x => x.Title.StartsWith("Raven")).Take(128);

    public class QuestionsCountByTitleReduceResult
    {
        public string Title { set; get; }
        public int Count { set; get; }
    }

    public class QuestionsCountByTitle : AbstractIndexCreationTask<Question, QuestionsCountByTitleReduceResult>
    {
        public QuestionsCountByTitle()
        {
            Map = questions => questions.Select(question =>
                                                    new
                                                    {
                                                        Title = question.Title,
                                                        Count = 1
                                                    });
            Reduce = results => results.GroupBy(x => x.Title)
                                       .Select(g =>
                                                   new
                                                   {
                                                       Title = g.Key,
                                                       Count = g.Sum(x => x.Count)
                                                   });
        }
    }

            using (var store = new DocumentStore
            {
                Url = "http://localhost:8080"
            }.Initialize())
            {
                IndexCreation.CreateIndexes(typeof(QuestionsCountByTitle).Assembly, store);

                using (var session = store.OpenSession())
                {
                    var result = session.Query<QuestionsCountByTitleReduceResult, QuestionsCountByTitle>()
                                         .FirstOrDefault(x => x.Title == "Raven") ?? new QuestionsCountByTitleReduceResult();
                    Console.WriteLine(result.Count);
                }
            }

export interface ILogger {
  log(message: string): void;
}

export class Logger implements ILogger
{
}

export class AnnoyingLogger implements ILogger {
   log(message: string): void{
         alert(message);
     } 
}

export class MyClass implements IFirstInterface, ISecondInterface
{

}

IPerson {
   firstName: string;
   lastName: string;
} 
class Person implements IPerson {
  constructor(public firstName: string, public lastName: string) {
  }
}

varpersonA: IPerson = newPerson('Masoud', 'Pakdel'); //expilict
varpersonB: IPerson = { firstName: 'Ashkan', lastName: 'Shahram'}; // duck typing

interface IMover {
 move() : void;
}

interface IShaker {
 shake() : void;
} 

interface IMoverShaker extends IMover, IShaker {
}
class MoverShaker implements IMoverShaker {
 move() {
 }
 shake() {
 }
}

var isLogger = logger instanceof Utilities.Logger; 
var isLogger = logger instanceof Utilities.AnnoyingLogger; 
var isLogger = logger instanceof Utilities.Formatter;

class BaseEmployee
{   
    constructor (public fname: string,public lname: string) 
    {  
    }  
    sayInfo() 
    {  
       alert('this is base class method');
    }  
}

class Employee extends BaseEmployee
{  
   sayInfo() 
     {  
        alert('this is derived class method');
     }  
}  

window.onload = () =>  
{   
    var first: BaseEmployee= new Employee();     
    first.sayInfo();  
    var second: BaseEmployee = new BaseEmployee(); 
    second.sayInfo(); 
}

class Animal {
    constructor (public name: string) {
    }
}

class Dog extends Animal {    
      constructor (public name: string, public age:number)
      {
        super(name);
      }

    sayHello() {


      alert(super.name);


 }
}

public class Dog : Animal 
{    
      public Dog (string name, int age):base(name)
      {
      }
}

یک برنامه‌ی Vue.js را ایجاد کنید و سپس یک پوشه را در فولدر src بنام mixins بسازید. در این پوشه یک فایل را با نام دلخواهی از نوع جاوااسکریپت، ایجاد کنید و محتوای زیر را در آن قرار دهید:

export default  {
    data() {
        return {
            title: 'Mixins are cool',
            copyright: 'All rights reserved. Product of super awesome people'
        };
    },
    created: function () {
        this.greetings();
    },
    methods: {
        greetings() {
            console.log('Howdy my good fellow!');
        }
    }
};

برای استفاده از mixin بشکل زیر عمل میکنیم. در واقع کد زیر شامل تمام موارد تعریف شده در myMixin.js میباشد. 

<script>

import myMixin from './mixins/myMixin'

export default {
  name: 'app',
  //را دریافت میکند mixins آرایه ای از 
  mixins:[myMixin]
}
</script>

<style>

نکته: در صورتیکه بین mixin و کامپوننت، داده‌های همنامی وجود داشته باشد، اولویت با داده یا تابعی است که در خود کامپوننت تعریف شده‌است. مثال زیر را در نظر بگیرید:

export default  {
    data() {
        return {
            blogName: 'google.com'
        };
    },
    methods: {
        print() {
            console.log(this.blogName);
        }
    }
};

و در کامپوننتی که از mixin فوق استفاده میکند:

<script>
import myMixin from "./mixins/myMixin";
import duplicateFuncData from "./mixins/duplicateFuncData";

export default {
  name: "app",
  data() {
    return {
      // و کامپوننت جاری تکراری ست mixin نام این متغیر در
      blogName: "microsoft.com"
    };
  },
  methods: {
    // و کامپوننت جاری تکراری ست ولی عملکرد متفاوت دارد mixin نام این تابع در
    print() {
      alert(this.blogName);
    }
  },
  components: {},
  //را دریافت میکند mixins آرایه ای از
  mixins: [myMixin, duplicateFuncData]
};
</script>

و نتیجه‌ی اجرا:

تعریف mixin بصورت سراسری: وقتی یک mixin را بصورت global تعریف میکنیم، تمام نمونه‌های وهله سازی شده از vue، دارای قابلیت‌های تعریف شده‌ی در mixin می‌باشند. کد main.js را بشکل زیر تغییر میدهیم. اکنون با اجرای برنامه، به ازای هر نمونه‌ای از vue که وهله سازی میشود، تابع زیر اجرا می‌گردد.

import Vue from 'vue'
import App from './App.vue'

Vue.config.productionTip = false
// بصورت سراسری تعریف شده
Vue.mixin({
  created: function () {
    alert('from global mixin')
  }
})

new Vue({
  render: h => h(App),
}).$mount('#app')

نتیجه‌گیری:

1) استفاده از mixin باعث اجتناب از تکرار کدها و داده‌های تکراری میشود (DRY).

2) از mixin در ساخت پلاگین برای Vue.js استفاده میشود.

// 3. inject some component options
  Vue.mixin({
    created: function () {
      // some logic ...
    }
    ...
  })

3) اگر mixin و کامپوننتی که از mixin استفاده میکند، هر دو توابع  lifecycle را پیاده سازی کرده باشند، اول توابع lifecycle مربوط به mixin اجرا میشود و سپس توابع lifecycle مربوط به کامپوننت.

4) اگر دو کامپوننت، mixin مشترکی را استفاده کنند، داده‌های آنها share نخواهد شد و برای اینکه دو کامپوننتی که از mixin واحدی استفاده میکنند بتوانند از داده‌های یکسانی در mixin استفاده کنند، نیاز به تزریق وابستگی دارند.

5) اگر از ادغام قسمت جاوااسکریپتی و HTML مربوط به کامپوننت‌ها ناراضی هستید، یک راه حل جداسازی، استفاده از mixin به ازای هر کامپوننت است.

6) استفاده از mixin باعث به روزسانی، نگهداری و توسعه‌ی ساده‌تر و همچنین ماژولار بودن برنامه میشود.

کد مثال مقاله‌ی جاری 

نکته: برای اجرای برنامه و دریافت پکیج‌های مورد استفاده در مثال جاری، نیاز است دستور زیر را اجرا کنید:  

npm install

"use strict";

var person = {
    name: "Vahid Mohammad Taheri"
};

Object.seal(person);
person.age = 27;    // Error!

var proxy = new Proxy({ name: "Vahid" }, {
    get: function(target, property) {
        if (property in target) {
            return target[property];
        } else {
            return 13;
        }
    }
});

console.log(proxy.time);        // 13
console.log(proxy.name);        // "Vahid"
console.log(proxy.title);       // 13

function createDefensiveObject(target) {

    return new Proxy(target, {
        get: function(target, property) {
            if (property in target) {
                return target[property];
            } else {
                throw new ReferenceError("Property \"" + property + "\" does not exist.");
            }
        }
    });
}

var person = {
    name: "Vahid"
};

var defensivePerson = createDefensiveObject(person);

console.log(defensivePerson.name);        // "Vahid"
console.log(defensivePerson.age);         // Error!

var person = {
    name: "Vahid"
};

var defensivePerson = createDefensiveObject(person);

console.log(defensivePerson.name);        // "Vahid"

defensivePerson.age = 13;
console.log(defensivePerson.age);         // 13

var person = {
    name: "Vahid"
};

var defensivePerson = createDefensiveObject(person);

console.log("name" in defensivePerson);               // true
console.log(defensivePerson.hasOwnProperty("name"));  // true

console.log("age" in defensivePerson);                // false
console.log(defensivePerson.hasOwnProperty("age"));   // false

var person = {
    name: "Vahid"
};

Object.preventExtensions(person);

var defensivePerson = createDefensiveObject(person);


defensivePerson.age = 27;                 // Error!
console.log(defensivePerson.age);         // Error!

function Person(name) {
    this.name = name;

    return createDefensiveObject(this);
}

var person = new Person("Vahid");
console.log(person.age);         // Error!