public int CalculateElapsedDays(DateTime from)
{
   DateTime now = DateTime.Now;
   return (now - from).Days;
}

 public static int CalculateElapsedDays(DateTime from, DateTime now) => (now - from).Days;

public int Divide(int numerator, int denominator)
{
   return numerator / denominator;
}

var result = Divide(1,0);

public static int Divide(int numerator, NonZeroInt denominator)
{
   return numerator / denominator.Value;
}

Func<int, bool> isMod2 = x => x % 2 == 0;
var list = Enumerable.Range(1, 10);
var evenNumbers = list.Where(isMod2);

public static IEnumerable<T> Where<T>(this IEnumerable<T> ts, Func<T, bool> predicate)
{
   foreach (T t in ts)
      if (predicate(t))
         yield return t;
}

    //Stateful
    public class UserProfile
    {
        private User _user;
        private string _address;

        public void UpdateUser(int userId, string name)
        {
            _user = new User(userId, name);
        }
    }

    //Stateless
    public class User
    {
        public User(int id, string name)
        {
            Id = id;
            Name = name;
        }

        public int Id { get; }
        public string Name { get; }
    }

    public class UserProfile
    {
        private readonly User _user;
        private readonly string _address;

        public UserProfile(User user,string address)
        {
            _user = user;
            _address = address;
        }
        public UserProfile UpdateUser(int userId, string name)
        {
            var newUser = new User(userId, name);
            return  new UserProfile(newUser,_address);
        }
    }

    public class User
    {
        public User(int id, string name)
        {
            Id = id;
            Name = name;
        }

        public int Id { get; }
        public string Name { get; }
    }

//Create Immutable List
ImmutableList<string> list = ImmutableList.Create<string>();
ImmutableList<string> list2 = list.Add("Salam");

//Builder
ImmutableList<string>.Builder builder = ImmutableList.CreateBuilder<string>();
builder.Add("avali");
builder.Add("dovomi");
builder.Add("sevomi");

ImmutableList<string> immutableList = builder.ToImmutable();

چطور با side effect کنار بیایم؟ 

یکی از الگوهای رایج برای این کار، مفهوم جدا سازی Command/Query است. به طور ساده تمامی عملیاتی را که تاثیر گذار هستند، به صورت Command در نظر میگیریم. Command ‌ها معمولا هیچ نوعی را بازگشت نمیدهند و همینطور بر عکس این قضیه برای Query ‌ها صادق است. اشتباه رایج درباره این الگو، محدود کردن این الگو به معماری‌های خاصی مانند Domain Driven می‌باشد؛ در صورتیکه الزامی برای رعایت این الگو در سایر معماری‌ها وجود ندارد. 

به مثال زیر دقت کنید. سعی کردم قسمت‌های Command و Query را از هم جدا کنم: 

در واقع هر برنامه می‌تواند شامل دو قسمت باشد:

قسمتی که در آن منطق تجاری برنامه پیاده سازی می‌شود و باید به صورت Immutable باشد که یک خروجی را تولید میکند و قسمت دیگر برنامه که خروجی تولید شده را برای ذخیره سازی وضعیت سیستم استفاده می‌کند. 

برای مسائلی که در بالا صحبت شد، نمونه‌‌ای را آماده کرده‌ام. این نمونه به طور ساده یک سیستم مدیریت نوبت است که نوبت‌ها را در فایلی ذخیره و بازیابی میکند ( mutate ) و منطق مربوط به نوبت‌ها و زمان ویزیت آن میتواند به صورت immutable پیاده سازی شود. این کد در دو حالت functional و غیر functional پیاده سازی شده تا به خوبی تفاوت آن را در حالت قبل و بعد از برنامه نویسی تابعی بتوانیم درک کنیم. به جهت خوانایی بیشتر و دسترسی به کد‌ها، آن‌ها را روی گیت‌هاب قرار داده و شما میتوانید از اینجا سورس کد مورد نظر را بررسی کنید. سعی شده در این مثال تمامی مواردی که در این قسمت ذکر شد را پیاده سازی کنیم. امیدوارم که مطالب مربوط به برنامه نویسی تابعی یا functional programming توانسته باشد دیدگاه جدیدی را به کدهایی که مینویسیم بدهد. در  قسمت‌های بعدی به مواردی مانند مدیریت exception ‌ها و کار با null ‌ها و ... خواهیم پرداخت.

یعنی اگر شما دارید نوع جدیدی را در یک زبان ایجاد می‌کنید که قصد دارید در یک زبان دیگر استفاده شود، نباید از امتیازات ویژه‌ای که آن زبان در اختیار شما می‌گذارد و به بیان بهتر CLS آن‌ها را پشتیبانی نمی‌کند، استفاده کنید؛ چرا که کد شما ممکن است در زبان دیگر مورد استفاده قرار نگیرد.

using System;

// Tell compiler to check for CLS compliance
[assembly: CLSCompliant(true)]

namespace SomeLibrary {

// Warnings appear because the class is public
public sealed class SomeLibraryType {

// Warning: Return type of 'SomeLibrary.SomeLibraryType.Abc()'
// is not CLS­compliant
public UInt32 Abc() { return 0; }

// Warning: Identifier 'SomeLibrary.SomeLibraryType.abc()'
// differing only in case is not CLS­compliant
public void abc() { }

// No warning: this method is private
private UInt32 ABC() { return 0; }
}
}

// Pure
const add = (a, b) => {
  return a + b;
}

// Impure
const b;

const add = (a) => {
  return a + b;
}

// Impure
const add = (a, b) => {
  console.log('lolololol');
  return a + b;
}

// Impure
const add = (a, b) => {
   Api.post('/add', { a, b }, (response) => {
    // Do something.
   });
};

// Copy object
const original = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const copy = Object.assign({}, original);

// Extend object
const original = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const extension = { c: 3 };
const extended = Object.assign({}, original, extension);

// Copy object
const original = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const copy = { ...original };

// Extend object
const original = { a: 1, b: 2 };
const extension = { c: 3 };
const extended = { ...original, ...extension };

// Copy array
const original = [1, 2, 3];
const copy = [1, 2, 3].slice();

// Copy array
const original = [1, 2, 3];
const copy = [ ...original ];

// Extend array
const original = [1, 2, 3];
const extended = original.concat(4);
const moreExtended = original.concat([4, 5]);

// Extend array
const original = [1, 2, 3];
const extended = [ ...original, 4 ];
const moreExtended = [ ...original, ...extended, 5 ];

 A suitable constructor for type 'YourType' could not be located. Ensure the type is concrete and services are registered for all parameters of a public constructor.

 Multiple constructors accepting all given argument types have been found in type 'YourType'. There should only be one applicable constructor.

// throws InvalidOperationException: Unable to resolve service for type 'System.String'...
public CharactersController(ICharacterRepository characterRepository, string title)
{
    _characterRepository = characterRepository;
    _title = title;
}

// runs without error
public CharactersController(ICharacterRepository characterRepository, string title = "Characters")
{
    _characterRepository = characterRepository;
    _title = title;
}

// This method gets called by the runtime. Use this method to add services to the container.
public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    // Add framework services.
    services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>(options =>
        options.UseSqlServer(Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection")));

    services.AddIdentity<ApplicationUser, IdentityRole>()
        .AddEntityFrameworkStores<ApplicationDbContext>()
        .AddDefaultTokenProviders();

    services.AddMvc();

    // Add application services.
    services.AddTransient<IEmailSender, AuthMessageSender>();
    services.AddTransient<ISmsSender, AuthMessageSender>();
}

services.AddTransient<IEmailSender, AuthMessageSender>();
services.AddTransient<ISmsSender, AuthMessageSender>();

public class CharactersController : Controller
{
    private readonly ICharacterRepository _characterRepository;

    public CharactersController(ICharacterRepository characterRepository)
    {
        _characterRepository = characterRepository;
    }

    // GET: /characters/
    public IActionResult Index()
    {
        PopulateCharactersIfNoneExist();
        var characters = _characterRepository.ListAll();

        return View(characters);
    }

    private void PopulateCharactersIfNoneExist()
    {
        if (!_characterRepository.ListAll().Any())
        {
            _characterRepository.Add(new Character("Darth Maul"));
            _characterRepository.Add(new Character("Darth Vader"));
            _characterRepository.Add(new Character("Yoda"));
            _characterRepository.Add(new Character("Mace Windu"));
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using DependencyInjectionSample.Models;

namespace DependencyInjectionSample.Interfaces
{
    public interface ICharacterRepository
    {
        IEnumerable<Character> ListAll();
        void Add(Character character);
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using DependencyInjectionSample.Interfaces;

namespace DependencyInjectionSample.Models
{
    public class CharacterRepository : ICharacterRepository
    {
        private readonly ApplicationDbContext _dbContext;

        public CharacterRepository(ApplicationDbContext dbContext)
        {
            _dbContext = dbContext;
        }

        public IEnumerable<Character> ListAll()
        {
            return _dbContext.Characters.AsEnumerable();
        }

        public void Add(Character character)
        {
            _dbContext.Characters.Add(character);
            _dbContext.SaveChanges();
        }
    }
}

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>(options =>
        options.UseInMemoryDatabase()
    );

    // Add framework services.
    services.AddMvc();

    // Register application services.
    services.AddScoped<ICharacterRepository, CharacterRepository>();
    services.AddTransient<IOperationTransient, Operation>();
    services.AddScoped<IOperationScoped, Operation>();
    services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingleton, Operation>();
    services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingletonInstance>(new Operation(Guid.Empty));
    services.AddTransient<OperationService, OperationService>();
}

using System;

namespace DependencyInjectionSample.Interfaces
{
    public interface IOperation
    {
        Guid OperationId { get; }
    }

    public interface IOperationTransient : IOperation
    {
    }
    public interface IOperationScoped : IOperation
    {
    }
    public interface IOperationSingleton : IOperation
    {
    }
    public interface IOperationSingletonInstance : IOperation
    {
    }
}

services.AddScoped<ICharacterRepository, CharacterRepository>();
services.AddTransient<IOperationTransient, Operation>();
services.AddScoped<IOperationScoped, Operation>();
services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingleton, Operation>();
services.AddSingleton<IOperationSingletonInstance>(new Operation(Guid.Empty));
services.AddTransient<OperationService, OperationService>();

using DependencyInjectionSample.Interfaces;

namespace DependencyInjectionSample.Services
{
    public class OperationService
    {
        public IOperationTransient TransientOperation { get; }
        public IOperationScoped ScopedOperation { get; }
        public IOperationSingleton SingletonOperation { get; }
        public IOperationSingletonInstance SingletonInstanceOperation { get; }

        public OperationService(IOperationTransient transientOperation,
            IOperationScoped scopedOperation,
            IOperationSingleton singletonOperation,
            IOperationSingletonInstance instanceOperation)
        {
            TransientOperation = transientOperation;
            ScopedOperation = scopedOperation;
            SingletonOperation = singletonOperation;
            SingletonInstanceOperation = instanceOperation;
        }
    }
}

using DependencyInjectionSample.Interfaces;
using DependencyInjectionSample.Services;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace DependencyInjectionSample.Controllers
{
    public class OperationsController : Controller
    {
        private readonly OperationService _operationService;
        private readonly IOperationTransient _transientOperation;
        private readonly IOperationScoped _scopedOperation;
        private readonly IOperationSingleton _singletonOperation;
        private readonly IOperationSingletonInstance _singletonInstanceOperation;

        public OperationsController(OperationService operationService,
            IOperationTransient transientOperation,
            IOperationScoped scopedOperation,
            IOperationSingleton singletonOperation,
            IOperationSingletonInstance singletonInstanceOperation)
        {
            _operationService = operationService;
            _transientOperation = transientOperation;
            _scopedOperation = scopedOperation;
            _singletonOperation = singletonOperation;
            _singletonInstanceOperation = singletonInstanceOperation;
        }

        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            // viewbag contains controller-requested services
            ViewBag.Transient = _transientOperation;
            ViewBag.Scoped = _scopedOperation;
            ViewBag.Singleton = _singletonOperation;
            ViewBag.SingletonInstance = _singletonInstanceOperation;

            // operation service has its own requested services
            ViewBag.Service = _operationService;
            return View();
        }
    }
}

// Services implement IDisposable:
public class Service1 : IDisposable {}
public class Service2 : IDisposable {}
public class Service3 : IDisposable {}

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    // container will create the instance(s) of these types and will dispose them
    services.AddScoped<Service1>();
    services.AddSingleton<Service2>();

    // container did not create instance so it will NOT dispose it
    services.AddSingleton<Service3>(new Service3());
    services.AddSingleton(new Service3());
}

Autofac
Autofac.Extensions.DependencyInjection

public IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    services.AddMvc();
    // Add other framework services

    // Add Autofac
    var containerBuilder = new ContainerBuilder();
    containerBuilder.RegisterModule<DefaultModule>();
    containerBuilder.Populate(services);
    var container = containerBuilder.Build();
    return new AutofacServiceProvider(container);
}

import { action, observable, computed } from 'mobx';

class PizzaCalculator {
  @observable numberOfPeople = 0;
  @observable slicesPerPerson = 2;
  @observable slicesPerPie = 8;

  @computed get slicesNeeded() {
    console.log('Getting slices needed');
    return this.numberOfPeople * this.slicesPerPerson;
   }

  @computed get piesNeeded() {
    console.log('Getting pies needed');
    return Math.ceil(this.slicesNeeded / this.slicesPerPie);
   }

   @action addGuest() {
     this.numberOfPeople!++;
   }
}

const extendObservable = (target, source) => {
  source.keys().forEach(key => {
    const wrappedInObservable = observable(source[key]);
    Object.defineProperty(target, key, {
      set: value.set.
      get: value.get
    });
  });
};

 > npm install --save mobx mobx-react

import { observer } from "mobx-react";

@observer class Counter extends Component {

const Counter = observer(({ count }) => {
  return (
   // ...
  );
});

class ContainerComponent extends Component () {
   componentDidMount() {
     this.stopListening = autorun(() => this.render());
   }

   componentWillUnmount() {
     this.stopListening();
   }

   render() { … }
}

import { Provider } from 'mobx-react';

import ItemStore from './store/ItemStore';
import Application from './components/Application';

const itemStore = new ItemStore();

ReactDOM.render(
   <Provider itemStore={itemStore}>
     <Application />
   </Provider>,
   document.getElementById('root'),
);

@inject('itemStore')
class NewItem extends Component {
// ...

const UnpackedItems = inject('itemStore')(
    observer(({ itemStore }) => (
    // ...
  )),
);

> create-react-app state-management-with-mobx-part2
> cd state-management-with-mobx-part2
> npm start

> npm install --save mobx mobx-react bootstrap

import "bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css";

import "./index.css";
import "bootstrap/dist/css/bootstrap.css";

import { autorun, decorate, observable } from "mobx";
import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom";

import Counter from "./components/Counter";
import * as serviceWorker from "./serviceWorker";

class Count {
  value = 0;

  increment = () => {
    this.value++;
  };

  decrement = () => {
    this.value--;
  };
}

decorate(Count, { value: observable });

const count = (window.count = new Count());
autorun(() => console.log("The count changed!", count.value));

ReactDOM.render(
  <main className="container">
    <Counter count={count} />
  </main>,
  document.getElementById("root")
);

serviceWorker.unregister();

import { observer } from "mobx-react";
import React from "react";

const Counter = observer(({ count }) => {
  return (
    <section className="card mt-5">
      <div className="card-body text-center">
        <span className="badge m-2 badge-primary">{count.value}</span>
      </div>
      <div className="card-footer">
        <div className="d-flex justify-content-center align-items-center">
          <button
            className="btn btn-secondary btn-sm"
            onClick={count.increment}
          >
            +
          </button>
          <button
            className="btn btn-secondary btn-sm m-2"
            onClick={count.decrement}
          >
            -
          </button>
        </div>
      </div>
    </section>
  );
});

export default Counter;

public class Rectangle
{
    public int Length { get; set; }
    public int Height { get; set; }

    public void Grow(int length, int height)
    {
        Length += length;
        Height += height;
    }
}

Rectangle r = new Rectangle();
r.Length = 5;
r.Height = 10;
r.Grow(10, 10);// r.Length is 15, r.Height is 20, same instance of r

// After
public class ImmutableRectangle
{
    int Length { get; }
    int Height { get; }

    public ImmutableRectangle(int length, int height)
    {
        Length = length;
        Height = height;
    }

    public ImmutableRectangle Grow(int length, int height) =>
          new ImmutableRectangle(Length + length, Height + height);
}

ImmutableRectangle r = new ImmutableRectangle(5, 10);
r = r.Grow(10, 10);// r.Length is 15, r.Height is 20, is a new instance of r

public static void Main()
{
    Console.WriteLine(GetSalutation(DateTime.Now.Hour));
}

// imparitive, mutates state to produce a result
/*public static string GetSalutation(int hour)
{
    string salutation; // placeholder value

    if (hour < 12)
        salutation = "Good Morning";
    else
        salutation = "Good Afternoon";

    return salutation; // return mutated variable
}*/

public static string GetSalutation(int hour) => hour < 12 ? "Good Morning" : "Good Afternoon";

public static int Count<TSource>(this IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, bool> predicate)
{
    int count = 0;

    foreach (TSource element in source)
    {
        checked
        {
            if (predicate(element))
            {
                count++;
            }
        }
    }

    return count;
}

public static class Extensions
{
    public static Func<T, TReturn2> Compose<T, TReturn1, TReturn2>(this Func<TReturn1, TReturn2> func1, Func<T, TReturn1> func2)
    {
        return x => func1(func2(x));
    }
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Func<int, int> square = (x) => x * x;
        Func<int, int> negate = x => x * -1;
        Func<int, string> toString = s => s.ToString();
        Func<int, string> squareNegateThenToString = toString.Compose(negate).Compose(square);
        Console.WriteLine(squareNegateThenToString(2));
    }
}

string str = new StringBuilder()
  .Append("Hello ")
  .Append("World ")
  .ToString()
  .TrimEnd()
  .ToUpper();

public static class Extensions
{
    public static StringBuilder AppendWhen(this StringBuilder sb, string value, bool predicate) => predicate ? sb.Append(value) : sb;
}

public class Program
{
    public static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        // Extends the StringBuilder class to accept a predicate
        string htmlButton = new StringBuilder().Append("<button").AppendWhen(" disabled", false).Append(">Click me</button>").ToString();
    }
}

public static void Main()
{
    int[] a = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

    foreach (int n in GreaterThan(a, 3))
    {
        Console.WriteLine(n);
    }
}


/*public static IEnumerable<int> GreaterThan(int[] arr, int gt)
{
    List<int> temp = new List<int>();
    foreach (int n in arr)
    {
        if (n > gt) temp.Add(n);
    }
    return temp;
}*/

public static IEnumerable<int> GreaterThan(int[] arr, int gt)
{
    foreach (int n in arr)
    {
        if (n > gt) yield return n;
    }
}

List<int> collection = new List<int> { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };

// Imparative style of programming is verbose
List<int> results = new List<int>();

foreach(var num in collection)
{
  if (num % 2 != 0) results.Add(num);
}

// Declarative is terse and beautiful
var results = collection.Where(num => num % 2 != 0);