enum USState {...}
var AreaCodeUSState = new Dictionary<string, USState>
    {
        {"408", USState.California},
        {"701", USState.NorthDakota},
        ...
    };

enum USState {...}
var AreaCodeUSState = new Dictionary<string, USState>
    {
        ["408"] = USState.California,
        ["701"] = USState.NorthDakota,
        ...
    };

create a Dictionary<string, USState>
add to new Dictionary the following items: 
     "408", USState.California
     "701", USState.NorthDakota

create a Dictionary<string, USState> then
using AreaCodeUSState's default Indexed property
    set the Value of Key "408" to USState.California
    set the Value of Key "701" to USState.NorthDakota

enum USState {...}
var AreaCodeUSState = new Dictionary<string, USState>
        {
            { "408", USState.Confusion},
            { "701", USState.NorthDakota },
            { "408", USState.California},
            ...
        };
Console.WriteLine( AreaCodeUSState.Where(x => x.Key == "408").FirstOrDefault().Value );

enum USState {...}
var AreaCodeUSState = new Dictionary<string, USState>
    {
        ["408"] = USState.Confusion,
        ["701"] = USState.NorthDakota,
        ["408"] = USState.California,
        ...
    };
Console.WriteLine( AreaCodeUSState2.Where(x => x.Key == "408").FirstOrDefault().Value );  // output = California

var fibonaccis = new List<int>
    {
        [0] = 1,
        [1] = 2,
        [3] = 5,
        [5] = 13
    }

<input type="text" [(ngModel)]="myModel" (blur)="onBlurMethod()">

export class AppComponent {
    searchForm: ControlGroup;
    results: Observable<any[]>;

    constructor(private http: Http) {
        let searchField = new Control();
        this.searchForm = new ControlGroup({searchField});
        this.results = searchField.valueChanges
                  .debounceTime(500)
                  .switchMap((val:string) => {
                         return this.search(val);
                  });
    }

[DataContract(IsReference = true)]
public class Post
{
    public Post()
    {
        comments = new HashSet<Comments>();
    }
    
    [DataMember]
    public int PostId { get; set; }
    [DataMember]
    public string Title { get; set; }
    [DataMember]
    public virtual ICollection<Comment> Comments { get; set; }
}

[DataContract(IsReference=true)]
public class Comment
{
    [DataMember]
    public int CommentId { get; set; }
    [DataMember]
    public int PostId { get; set; }
    [DataMember]
    public string CommentText { get; set; }
    [DataMember]
    public virtual Post Post { get; set; }
}

public class EFRecipesEntities : DbContext
{
    public EFRecipesEntities() : base("name=EFRecipesEntities") {}

    public DbSet<Post> posts;
    public DbSet<Comment> comments;
}

<connectionStrings>
  <add name="Recipe2ConnectionString"
    connectionString="Data Source=.;
    Initial Catalog=EFRecipes;
    Integrated Security=True;
    MultipleActiveResultSets=True"
    providerName="System.Data.SqlClient" />
</connectionStrings>

[ServiceContract]
public interface IService1
{
    [OperationContract]
    void Cleanup();
    [OperationContract]
    Post GetPostByTitle(string title);
    [OperationContract]
    Post SubmitPost(Post post);
    [OperationContract]
    Comment SubmitComment(Comment comment);
    [OperationContract]
    void DeleteComment(Comment comment);
}

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        using (var client = new ServiceReference2.Service1Client())
        {
            // cleanup previous data
            client.Cleanup();
            // insert a post
            var post = new Post { Title = "POCO Proxies" };
            post = client.SubmitPost(post);
            // update the post
            post.Title = "Change Tracking Proxies";
            client.SubmitPost(post);
            // add a comment
            var comment1 = new Comment { CommentText = "Virtual Properties are cool!", PostId = post.PostId };
            var comment2 = new Comment { CommentText = "I use ICollection<T> all the time", PostId = post.PostId };
            comment1 = client.SubmitComment(comment1);
            comment2 = client.SubmitComment(comment2);
            // update a comment
            comment1.CommentText = "How do I use ICollection<T>?";
            client.SubmitComment(comment1);
            // delete comment 1
            client.DeleteComment(comment1);
            // get posts with comments
            var p = client.GetPostByTitle("Change Tracking Proxies");
            Console.WriteLine("Comments for post: {0}", p.Title);
            foreach (var comment in p.Comments)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("\tComment: {0}", comment.CommentText);
            }
        }
    }
}

using System;

namespace FastReflectionTests
{
    class Person
    {
        public string Name { set; get; }

        public string Speak()
        {
            return string.Format("Hello, my name is {0}.", this.Name);
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //روش متداول
            var vahid = new Person { Name = "Vahid" };
            Console.WriteLine(vahid.Speak());

            var type = vahid.GetType();

            //نمایش متدهای یک کلاس
            var methods = type.GetMethods();
            foreach (var method in methods)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(method.Name);
            }

            //تغییر مقدار یک خاصیت
            var setNameMethod = type.GetMethod("set_Name");
            setNameMethod.Invoke(obj: vahid, parameters: new[] { "Ali" });

            //فراخوانی یک متد
            var speakMethod = type.GetMethod("Speak");
            var result = speakMethod.Invoke(obj: vahid, parameters: null);
            Console.WriteLine(result);
        }
    }
}

 Hello, my name is Vahid.
set_Name
get_Name
Speak
ToString
Equals
GetHashCode
GetType
Hello, my name is Ali.

using System;
using System.Reflection.Emit;

namespace FastReflectionTests
{
    class Program
    {
        static double Divider(int a, int b)
        {
            return a / b;
        }

        delegate double DividerDelegate(int a, int b);
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //روش متداول
            Console.WriteLine(Divider(10, 2));

            //تعریف امضای متد
            var myMethod = new DynamicMethod(
                                        name: "DividerMethod",
                                        returnType: typeof(double),
                                        parameterTypes: new[] { typeof(int), typeof(int) },
                                        m: typeof(Program).Module);
            //تعریف بدنه متد
            var il = myMethod.GetILGenerator();
            il.Emit(opcode: OpCodes.Ldarg_0); //بارگذاری پارامتر اول بر روی پشته ارزیابی
            il.Emit(opcode: OpCodes.Ldarg_1); //بارگذاری پارامتر دوم بر روی پشته ارزیابی
            il.Emit(opcode: OpCodes.Div); // دو پارامتر از پشته ارزیابی دریافت و تقسیم خواهند شد
            il.Emit(opcode: OpCodes.Ret); // دریافت نتیجه نهایی از پشته ارزیابی و بازگشت آن

            //فراخوانی متد پویا
            //روش اول
            var result = myMethod.Invoke(obj: null, parameters: new object[] { 10, 2 });
            Console.WriteLine(result);

            //روش دوم
            var method = (DividerDelegate)myMethod.CreateDelegate(delegateType: typeof(DividerDelegate));
            Console.WriteLine(method(10, 2));
        }
    }
}

public class User
{
     public int Id { set; get; }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Reflection;
using System.Reflection.Emit;

namespace FastReflectionTests
{
    /// <summary>
    /// کلاسی برای اندازه گیری زمان اجرای عملیات
    /// </summary>
    public class Benchmark : IDisposable
    {
        Stopwatch _watch;
        string _name;

        public static Benchmark Start(string name)
        {
            return new Benchmark(name);
        }

        private Benchmark(string name)
        {
            _name = name;
            _watch = new Stopwatch();
            _watch.Start();
        }

        public void Dispose()
        {
            _watch.Stop();
            Console.WriteLine("{0} Total seconds: {1}"
                               , _name, _watch.Elapsed.TotalSeconds);
        }
    }

    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
    }

    class Program
    {
        public static Func<object, object> GetFastGetterFunc(string propertyName, Type ownerType)
        {
            var propertyInfo = ownerType.GetProperty(propertyName, BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public);

            if (propertyInfo == null)
                return null;
            
            var getter = ownerType.GetMethod("get_" + propertyInfo.Name,
                                             BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public | BindingFlags.FlattenHierarchy);
            if (getter == null)
                return null;

            var dynamicGetterMethod = new DynamicMethod(
                                                name: "_",
                                                returnType: typeof(object),
                                                parameterTypes: new[] { typeof(object) },
                                                owner: propertyInfo.DeclaringType,
                                                skipVisibility: true);
            var il = dynamicGetterMethod.GetILGenerator();

            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ldarg_0); // Load input to stack
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Castclass, propertyInfo.DeclaringType); // Cast to source type
            // نکته مهم در اینجا فراخوانی نهایی متد گت بدون استفاده از ریفلکشن است
            il.Emit(OpCodes.Callvirt, getter); //calls its get method

            if (propertyInfo.PropertyType.IsValueType)
                il.Emit(OpCodes.Box, propertyInfo.PropertyType);//box

            il.Emit(OpCodes.Ret);

            return (Func<object, object>)dynamicGetterMethod.CreateDelegate(typeof(Func<object, object>));
        }


        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            //تهیه لیستی از داده‌ها جهت آزمایش
            var list = new List<User>();
            for (int i = 0; i < 1000000; i++)
            {
                list.Add(new User { Id = i });
            }

            // دسترسی به اطلاعات لیست به صورت متداول از طریق ریفلکشن معمولی
            var idProperty = typeof(User).GetProperty("Id");
            using (Benchmark.Start("Normal reflection"))
            {
                foreach (var item in list)
                {
                    var id = idProperty.GetValue(item, null);
                }
            }

            // دسترسی از طریق روش سریع دستیابی به اطلاعات خواص
            var fastIdProperty = GetFastGetterFunc("Id", typeof(User));
            using (Benchmark.Start("Fast Property"))
            {
                foreach (var item in list)
                {
                    var id = fastIdProperty(item);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

 Normal reflection Total seconds: 2.0054177
Fast Property Total seconds: 0.0552056

public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, CancellationToken, ValueTask> body)
public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken, Func<TSource, CancellationToken, ValueTask> body)
public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(IEnumerable<TSource> source, ParallelOptions parallelOptions, Func<TSource, CancellationToken, ValueTask> body)
public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, Func<TSource, CancellationToken, ValueTask> body)
public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, CancellationToken cancellationToken, Func<TSource, CancellationToken, ValueTask> body)
public static Task ForEachAsync<TSource>(IAsyncEnumerable<TSource> source, ParallelOptions parallelOptions, Func<TSource, CancellationToken, ValueTask> body)

customers.ForEach(c => SendEmailAsync(c));

foreach(var c in customers)
{
    SendEmailAsync(c); // the return task is ignored
}

customers.ForEach(async c => await SendEmailAsync(c));

foreach(var c in customers)
{
   await SendEmailAsync(c);
}

foreach(var o in orders)
{
    await ProcessOrderAsync(o);
}

var tasks = orders.Select(o => ProcessOrderAsync(o)).ToList();
await Task.WhenAll(tasks);

 public static class  ExtendingClassName
 {
      public static ReturnType MethodName(this   ExtendedMethod  arg)
      {
           //دستورات درون متد
          Return ReturnType;
      } 
 } 

public static class  ExtendingString
{
  public static  string  AddPrefix(this   string  arg)
  {
     return String.Format("prefix{0}",arg);
  } 
} 

string  s = "Student";
Console.WriteLine(s.AddPrefix());

public static class ExtendingString   
{
    public static string AddPrefix(this   string arg, string prefix)
    {
         return String.Format("{0}{1}", prefix, arg);
     }
} 

var  s = "Student";
Console.WriteLine(s.AddPrefix("tbl"));

public class Test 
{
     public int AddOne(int val)
     {
         return val + 1;
     }
  }

public static class ExtendingTest   
{
     public static int AddTwo(this   Test  arg, int val)
     {
         return val + 2;
     }
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
       var x = new Test();
       Console.WriteLine(x.AddOne(10));
       Console.WriteLine(x.AddTwo(10));
       Console.Read();
}

public ActionResult Details(int id)
        {
            var user=_userService.GetById(3); // این متد ممکن است مقداری برگرداند و یا مقدار نال برگرداند
            if( user == null)
                 return HttpNotFound();
            return View(user);
        }

public ActionResult Details(int id)
        {
            var user = _userService
                            .GetById(3)
                            .DefaultIfEmpty(new User())
                            .Single();
            return View(user);
        }

public ActionResult Details(int id)
{
    return 
        Search<ActionResult>(id)
        .OnExistValue(View("Details"))
        .OnNotExistValue(new HttpNotFoundResult())
        .ToValue();
}

public class Maybe<T, TResult> : IEnumerable<T>
    {
        private readonly T[] _data;
        private readonly TResult _result;

        private Maybe(T[] data)
        {
            _data = data;
        }

        private Maybe(TResult result)
        {
            _result = result;
        }

        public TResult ToValue() => _result;
        public Maybe<T, TResult> OnExistValue(TResult result) => _data.Any() ? new Maybe<T, TResult>(result) : this;

        public Maybe<T, TResult> OnNotExistValue(TResult result) => _result == null ? new Maybe<T, TResult>(result) : this; 

        public static Maybe<T, TResult> Create(T element) => new Maybe<T, TResult>(new[] {element});

    public static Maybe<T, TResult> CreateEmpty() => new Maybe<T, TResult>(new T[0]);

    public IEnumerator<T> GetEnumerator() => ((IEnumerable<T>) _data).GetEnumerator();

    IEnumerator IEnumerable.GetEnumerator() => this.GetEnumerator();
}

public Maybe<User, TResult> Search<TResult>(int id)
{
    var lst = new User[] {};

    var r = lst.Where(x => x.Id == id).ToList();
    return r.Any() ? Maybe<User, TResult>.Create(r[0]) : Maybe<User, TResult>.CreateEmpty();
}