// The getDate() function returns a nested function which refers the 'date' variable defined
// by outer function getDate()
function getDate() {
   var date = new Date();    // This variable stays around even after function returns

   // nested function
   return function () {
      return date.getMilliseconds();
   }
}

// Once getDate() is executed the variable date should be out of scope and it is, but since
// the inner function
// referenes date, this value is available to the inner function.
var dt = getDate();

alert(dt());
alert(dt());

        function myNonClosure() {
            var date = new Date();
            return date.getMilliseconds();
        }

var MyDate = function () {
    var date = new Date();
    var getMilliSeconds = function () {
        return date.getMilliseconds();
    }
}

var dt = new MyDate();

alert(dt.getMilliSeconds());  // This will throw error as getMilliSeconds is not accessible.

// This is closure 
var MyDate = function () {
    var date = new Date();   // variable stays around even after function returns
    var getMilliSeconds = function () {
        return date.getMilliseconds();
    };
    return {
        getMs : getMilliSeconds
    }
}

var sb1 = new StringBuilder("Food");
var sb2 = new StringBuilder("Food");
Console.WriteLine(sb1 == sb2);

true if this instance and sb have equal string, Capacity, and MaxCapacity values; otherwise, false.

public class CaptchaController : Controller
    {
        private static readonly Brush ForeColor = Brushes.Black;
        private const string FontName = "tahoma";
        private const int FontSize = 14;
        private const int Width = 130;
        private const int Height = 35;

        [HttpGet]
        public ActionResult Image(string cc)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(cc) || string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(cc))
                return null;

            var captchaData = CustomHashing.DecryptTpl(cc);

            var rand = new Random((int)DateTime.Now.Ticks);

            // image stream
            FileContentResult img = null;

            using (var mem = new MemoryStream())
            using (var bmp = new Bitmap(Width, Height))
            using (var mtrx = new Matrix())
            using (var gfx = Graphics.FromImage((Image)bmp))
            {
                gfx.TextRenderingHint = TextRenderingHint.ClearTypeGridFit;
                gfx.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.AntiAlias;
                gfx.FillRectangle(Brushes.White, new Rectangle(0, 0, bmp.Width, bmp.Height));

                //add noise
                int rn, xn, yn;
                var pen = new Pen(Color.Yellow);

                for (int i = 1; i < 10; i++)
                {
                    pen.Color = Color.FromArgb((rand.Next(0, 255)), (rand.Next(0, 255)), (rand.Next(0, 255)));

                    rn = rand.Next(0, (130 / 3));
                    xn = rand.Next(0, 130);
                    yn = rand.Next(0, 30);

                    gfx.DrawEllipse(pen, xn - rn, yn - rn, rn, rn);
                }

                //add chars
                #region draw pic

                float x = 1, y = 1;
                int degree = 10;

                for (int i = 0; i < captchaData.Length; i++)
                {
                    mtrx.Reset();

                    x = (float)(Width * (0.19 * i));

                    y = (float)(Height * 0.19);

                    degree = rand.Next(-25, 25);

                    if (i == 0 && degree > 20)
                    {
                        x += (FontSize + 5);
                        y -= 15;
                    }

                    mtrx.RotateAt(degree, new PointF(x, y));

                    gfx.Transform = mtrx;

                    gfx.DrawString(captchaData[i].ToString(), new Font(FontName, FontSize), ForeColor, x, y);

                    gfx.ResetTransform();
                }
                #endregion

                //render as Jpeg
                bmp.Save(mem, System.Drawing.Imaging.ImageFormat.Jpeg);
                img = this.File(mem.GetBuffer(), "image/Jpeg");
            }

            return img;
        }

@{
    var r = new Web.Tools.CustomRandom();
    string hash = Web.Tools.CustomHashing.EncryptTpl(r.CraeteCapchaNumericData(4));
} 

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<head>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
    <title>test Index</title>
</head>
<body>
<div>

    <img src="@Url.Action("Image", "Captcha", new { cc = hash })" />

</div>
</body>
</html>

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Linq;

namespace Framework.Model
{
    public interface IContext
    {
        T Get<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction) where T : class;
        IEnumerable List<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction) where T : class;
        void Insert<T>(T entity) where T : class;
        int Save();
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Framework.Model
{
    public class Context : IContext
    {
        private readonly DbContext _dbContext;

        public Context(DbContext context)
        {
            _dbContext = context;
        }

        public T Get<T>(Func<T,bool> prediction) where T : class
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet!= null)
                return dbSet.Single(prediction);

            throw new Exception();
        }

        public void Insert<T>(T entity) where T : class
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet != null)
            {
                _dbContext.Entry(entity).State = EntityState.Added;
            }
        }

        public int Save()
        {
            return _dbContext.SaveChanges();
        }


        IEnumerable IContext.List<T>(Func<T, bool> prediction)
        {
            var dbSet = _dbContext.Set<T>();
            if (dbSet != null)
                return dbSet.Where(prediction).ToList();

            throw new Exception();
        }
    }
}

using System.Data.Entity;
using DataModel;

namespace Model
{
    public class EFContext : DbContext
    {
        public EFContext(string db): base(db)
        {

        }

        public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Model
{
    public class Context : Framework.Model.Context
    {
        public Context(string db): base(new EFContext(db))
        {
            
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;

namespace Biz
{
    public class Context : Model.Context
    {
        public Context(string db) : base(db)
        {

        }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using DataModel;
using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace ProductionRepository.Controllers
{
    public class ProductController : BaseController
    {
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            var x = DataContext.List<Product>(s => s.Name != null);
            return View(x);
        }

    }
}

using NUnit.Framework;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace TestUnit
{
    [TestFixture]
    public class Test
    {
        [Test]
        public void IndexShouldListProduct()
        {
            var repo = new Moq.Mock<Framework.Model.IContext>();
            var products = new List<DataModel.Product>();
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 1, Name = "asdasdasd" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 2, Name = "adaqwe" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 4, Name = "qewqw" });
            products.Add(new DataModel.Product { Id = 5, Name = "qwe" });
            repo.Setup(x => x.List<DataModel.Product>(p => p.Name != null)).Returns(products.AsEnumerable());
            var controller = new ProductionRepository.Controllers.ProductController();
            controller.DataContext = repo.Object;
            var result = controller.Index() as ViewResult;
            var model = result.Model as List<DataModel.Product>;
            Assert.AreEqual(4, model.Count);
            Assert.AreEqual("", result.ViewName);

        }
    }
}

foreach (Assembly currentassembly in AppDomain.CurrentDomain.GetAssemblies()) 
{
   Type t = currentassembly.GetType("typeName", false, true);
    if (t != null) {return currentassembly.FullName;}
}

mysite.com/reporting

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace SampleProject.Models
{
    public class Channel
    {
        public string ChannelTitle { get; set; }
        [Required]
        public string ChannelUrl { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace SampleProject.Models
{
    public static class ChannelDataSource
    {
        static ChannelDataSource() => Channels = new List<Channel>();
        public static List<Channel> Channels { get; private set; }
        public static void Add(Channel channel) => Channels.Add(channel);
    }
}

using SampleProject.Models;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace SampleProject.Controllers
{
    public class ChannelController : Controller
    {
        // GET: Channel
        public ActionResult Index()
        {
            var channels = ChannelDataSource.Channels;
            return View(channels);
        }

        public ActionResult Channel(string channelUrl)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(channelUrl))
            {
                return new HttpNotFoundResult("channel not found!");
            }
            var channel = ChannelDataSource.Channels.SingleOrDefault(ch => ch.ChannelUrl == channelUrl.ToLower());
            if (channel == null)
            {
                return new HttpNotFoundResult("channel not found!");
            }
            return View(channel);
        }

        public ActionResult Create() => View();

        [HttpPost]
        [ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
        public ActionResult Create(Channel channel)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                ModelState.AddModelError(string.Empty, "Please check your inputs!");
                return View(channel);
            }
            ChannelDataSource.Add(channel);
            TempData["Message"] = "Channel added successfully!";
            return RedirectToAction(nameof(Index));
        }
    }
}

using System.Web.Mvc;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace SampleProject
{
    public class RouteConfig
    {
        public static void RegisterRoutes(RouteCollection routes)
        {
            routes.IgnoreRoute("{resource}.axd/{*pathInfo}");

            routes.MapRoute(
                name: "ChannelUrls",
                url: "{channelurl}",
                defaults: new { controller = "Channel", action = "Channel", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
            );

            routes.MapRoute(
                name: "Default",
                url: "{controller}/{action}/{id}",
                defaults: new { controller = "Channel", action = "Index", id = UrlParameter.Optional }
            );
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace SampleProject.Models
{
    public static class Utility
    {
        public static List<string> GetAllAreaNames()
        {
            var areaNames = RouteTable.Routes.OfType<Route>()
                            .Where(d => d.DataTokens != null)
                            .Where(d=> d.DataTokens.ContainsKey("area"))
                            .Select(r => r.DataTokens["area"].ToString().ToLower())
                            .ToList();
            return areaNames;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using SampleProject.Models;

namespace SampleProject.CustomValidators
{
    public class CheckForAreaExisting : ValidationAttribute, IClientValidatable
    {
        public List<string> AreaNames
        {
            get
            {
                return Utility.GetAllAreaNames();
            }
        }
        public IEnumerable<ModelClientValidationRule> GetClientValidationRules(ModelMetadata metadata, ControllerContext context)
        {
            var rule = new ModelClientValidationRule
            {
                ValidationType = "checkforareaexisting",
                ErrorMessage = FormatErrorMessage(metadata.GetDisplayName())
            };
            rule.ValidationParameters.Add("areanames", string.Join(",", AreaNames));
            yield return rule;
        }

        public override bool IsValid(object value)
        {
            if (value != null)
            {
                return Utility.GetAllAreaNames()
                   .SingleOrDefault(area => area == value.ToString().ToLower()) == null;
            }
            return true;
        }
    }
}

jQuery.validator.addMethod("checkforareaexisting",
    function (value, element, param) {
        var isValueOneOfTheAreaNames = $.inArray(value.toLowerCase(), param.areaNames) === -1;
        return isValueOneOfTheAreaNames;
    });

$.validator.unobtrusive.adapters.add('checkforareaexisting', ['areanames'], function (options) {
    options.rules['checkforareaexisting'] = { areaNames: options.params.areanames.split(',') };
    options.messages['checkforareaexisting'] = options.message;
});

<!DOCTYPE html>

<html>
<head>
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
    <title>_Layout</title>
    <style>

    </style>
</head>
<body>
    <div>
        @RenderBody()
    </div>
    <script src="~/Scripts/Jquery.js"></script>
    <script src="~/Scripts/jquery.validate.min.js"></script>
    <script src="~/Scripts/jquery.validate.unobtrusive.min.js"></script>
    <script src="~/Scripts/CustomValidation.js"></script>
</body>
</html>

using SampleProject.CustomValidators;
using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace SampleProject.Models
{
    public class Channel
    {
        public string ChannelTitle { get; set; }
        [Required]
        [CheckForAreaExisting(ErrorMessage = "You can't use this url for your channel!")]
        public string ChannelUrl { get; set; }
    }
}

[HttpPost]
public ActionResult CheckForAreaExisting(string channelUrl)
{
    var isValueOneOfTheAreaNames = Utility.GetAllAreaNames()
                                   .SingleOrDefault(area => area == channelUrl.ToLower()) == null;
    return Json(isValueOneOfTheAreaNames);
}  

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;
using System.Web.Mvc;

namespace SampleProject.Models
{
    public class Channel
    {
        public string ChannelTitle { get; set; }
        [Required]
        [Remote("CheckForAreaExisting", "Channel",
            ErrorMessage = "You can't use this url for your channel!",
            HttpMethod = "Post")]
        public string ChannelUrl { get; set; }
    }
}

const {ipcMain} = require('electron');
ipcMain.on("SaveToDb", (event, arg) => {
  SaveToDb();
});

function SaveToDb()
{
  var data=db.export();
  var buffer=new Buffer(data);
  fs.writeFileSync(dbPath,buffer);
}

An object with the same key already exists in the ObjectStateManager. The ObjectStateManager cannot track multiple objects with the same key

T attachedEntity = set.Find(entity.Id);
var attachedEntry = dbContext.Entry(attachedEntity);
attachedEntry.CurrentValues.SetValues(entity);

public DbContext()
        {
            this.Configuration.ProxyCreationEnabled = false;
            this.Configuration.LazyLoadingEnabled = false;
            this.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;
         }

 dbContext.Entry(entity).State = EntityState.Detached;

// group id=19  Name="General"  
var customer = new Customer();
customer.Group = group;
customer.Name = "mohammadi";
dbContext.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Added;
var customerstate = dbContext.Entry(customer).State;// customerstate=EntityState.Added
var groupstate = dbContext.Entry(group);// groupstate=EntityState.Added

// group id=19  Name="General"  
var customer = new Customer();
customer.Group = group;
 customer.Name = "mohammadi";
dbContext.Entry(group).State = EntityState.Unchanged;
dbContext.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Added;
var customerstate = dbContext.Entry(customer).State;// customerstate=EntityState.Added
 var groupstate = dbContext.Entry(group);// groupstate=EntityState.Unchanged

  // group id=19  Name="General"  
var customer = new Customer();
 customer.Group = group;
customer.Name = "mohammadi";
dbContext.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Unchanged;
dbContext.Entry(customer).State = EntityState.Added;
var customerstate = dbContext.Entry(customer).State;// customerstate=EntityState.Added
var groupstate = dbContext.Entry(group);//// groupstate=EntityState.Unchanged

var customer  = dbContext.Customers.FirstOrDefault();
 var customerAsNoTracking  = dbContext.Customers.AsNoTracking().FirstOrDefault();
var customerstate = dbContext.Entry(customer).State;// customerstate=EntityState.Unchanged
var customerstateAsNoTracking  = dbContext.Entry(customerAsNoTracking).State;// customerstate=EntityState.Detached

var Entries = dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries();    
var AddedEntries = dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries().Where(entityEntry => entityEntry.State==EntityState.Added);
var ModifiedEntries = dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries().Where(entityEntry => entityEntry.State==EntityState.Modified);
var UnchangedEntries = dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries().Where(entityEntry => entityEntry.State==EntityState.Unchanged);
var DeletedEntries = dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries().Where(entityEntry => entityEntry.State==EntityState.Deleted);
var DetachedEntries = dbContext.ChangeTracker.Entries().Where(entityEntry => entityEntry.State==EntityState.Detached);//* not working !

 public virtual void AddOrUpdate(T entity)
        {
            if (entity.Id == 0)
                Add(entity);
            else
                Update(entity);

        }

 public class DataGridViewChildRelationTextBoxCell : DataGridViewTextBoxCell
    {
        protected override object GetValue(int rowIndex)
        {
            try
            {
                var bs = (BindingSource)DataGridView.DataSource;
                var cl = (DataGridViewChildRelationTextBoxColumn)DataGridView.Columns[ColumnIndex];
                return getChildValue(bs.List[rowIndex], cl.DataPropertyName).ToString();
            }
            catch (Exception)
            {
                return "";
            }
        }

        private object getChildValue(object dataSource, string childMember)
        {
            int nextPoint = childMember.IndexOf('.');
            if (nextPoint == -1) return dataSource.GetType().GetProperty(childMember).GetValue(dataSource, null);
            string proName = childMember.Substring(0, nextPoint);
            object newDs = dataSource.GetType().GetProperty(proName).GetValue(dataSource, null);
            return getChildValue(newDs, childMember.Substring(nextPoint + 1));
        }
    }

    public class DataGridViewChildRelationTextBoxColumn : DataGridViewTextBoxColumn
    {
        public string DataMember { get; set; }

        public DataGridViewChildRelationTextBoxColumn()
        {
            CellTemplate = new DataGridViewChildRelationTextBoxCell();
        }
    }

GroupNameColumn= new DataGridViewChildRelationTextBoxColumn(); //from your class
GroupNameColumn.HeaderText = "گروه مشتری";
GroupNameColumn.DataPropertyName = "Group.Name"; //EF  Property: Customer.Group.Name
GroupNameColumn.Visible = true;
GroupNameColumn.Width = 300;
DataGridView.Columns.Add(GroupNameColumn);