public interface IHaveTrackingState
{
    TrackingState TrackingState { get; set; }
    //ICollection<string> ModifiedProperties { get; set; }
}

public enum TrackingState
{
    Unchanged = 0,
    Added = 1,
    Modified = 2,
    Deleted = 3
}

Mapper.Initialize(expression =>
{
    expression.CreateMap<MasterModel, Master>(MemberList.None).ReverseMap();
    expression.CreateMap<DetailModel, Detail>(MemberList.None).ReverseMap();
    expression.CreateMap<DetailOfDetailModel, DetailOfDetail>(MemberList.None).ReverseMap();
});

البته بهتر است این تنظیمات در درون Profile‌های مرتبط با AutoMapper کپسوله شوند و در زمان مورد نیاز نیز برای انجام نگاشت‌ها، واسط IMapper تزریق شده و استفاده شود.

using (var context = new ProjectDbContext())
{
    Console.WriteLine("################ Create Master and Details and DetailsOfDetail ##################");
    Print(masterModel);

    var masterEntity = Mapper.Map<Master>(masterModel);

    context.ChangeTracker.TrackGraph(
        masterEntity,
        n =>
        {
            var entity = (IHaveTrackingState) n.Entry.Entity;
            n.Entry.State = entity.TrackingState.ToEntityState();
        });

    context.SaveChanges();
}

در تکه کد بالا، پس از انجام عملیات نگاشت، توسط متد TrackGraph به صورت صریح، وضعیت موجودیت‌ها مشخص شده است؛ این کار با تغییر State ارسالی توسط کلاینت به State قابل فهم توسط EF انجام شده‌است. برای این منظور دو متد الحاقی زیر را می‌توان در نظر گرفت:

//GetForEditAsync
var masterModel = context.Masters
    .ProjectTo<MasterModel>()
    .AsNoTracking().Single(a => a.Id == 1);

//Client
var detail1 = masterModel.Details.First();
detail1.Title = "Details-EditedTitle";
detail1.TrackingState = TrackingState.Modified;

foreach (var detail in detail1.Details)
{
    detail.TrackingState = TrackingState.Deleted;
    //detail.Title = "DetailOfDetails-EditedTitle";
}

برای بحث اعتبارسنجی هم می‌توان به شکل زیر عمل کرد:

public class MasterValidator : AbstractValidator<MasterModel>
{
    public MasterValidator()
    {
        RuleFor(a => a.Title).NotEmpty();
        RuleForEach(a => a.Details).SetValidator(new DetailValidator());
    }
}

public class DetailValidator : AbstractValidator<DetailModel>
{
    public DetailValidator()
    {
        RuleFor(a => a.Title).NotEmpty();
        RuleForEach(a => a.Details).SetValidator(new DetailOfDetailValidator());
    }
}

public class DetailOfDetailValidator : AbstractValidator<DetailOfDetailModel>
{
    public DetailOfDetailValidator()
    {
        RuleFor(a => a.Title).NotEmpty();
    }
}

با استفاده از متد RuleForEach و SetValidator موجود در کتابخانه FluentValidation، امکان مشخص کردن اعتبارسنج برای Detail موجود در شیء Master را خواهیم داشت.

همچنین با توجه به این که برای عملیات Create و Edit از یک مدل (DTO) استفاده خواهیم کرد، شاید لازم باشد اعتبارسنجی خاصی را فقط در زمان ویرایش لازم داشته باشیم، که در این صورت می‌توان از امکانات RuleSet استفاده کنید. در مطلب «طراحی و پیاده سازی ServiceLayer به همراه خودکارسازی Business Validationها» با استفاده ValidateWithRuleAttribute امکان مشخص کردن RuleSet مورد نظر برای اعتبارسنجی ورودی متد سرویس نیز در نظر گرفته شده است.

منابع تکمیلی

• ChangeTracker.TrackGraph() in Entity Framework Core 
• Disconnected entities 
• https://msdn.microsoft.com/magazine/mt694083 
• https://msdn.microsoft.com/magazine/mt767693
  
• https://blog.tonysneed.com/2017/10/01/trackable-entities-for-ef-core/ 
  
• Tracking Individually Modified Properties 
  

 PM> Install-Package Google.Apis
PM> Install-Package Google.Apis.auth
PM> Install-Package Google.Apis.Analytics.v3

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Security.Cryptography.X509Certificates;
using Google.Apis.Analytics.v3;
using Google.Apis.Analytics.v3.Data;
using Google.Apis.Auth.OAuth2;
using Google.Apis.Services;

namespace GoogleAnalyticsAPIv3Tests
{
    public class AnalyticsQueryParameters
    {
        public DateTime Start { set; get; }
        public DateTime End { set; get; } 
        public string Dimensions { set; get; } 
        public string Filters { set; get; }
        public string Metrics { set; get; }
    }

    public class AnalyticsAuthentication
    {
        public Uri SiteUrl { set; get; }
        public string ApplicationName { set; get; }
        public string ServiceAccountEmail { set; get; }
        public string KeyFilePath { set; get; }
        public string KeyFilePassword { set; get; }

        public AnalyticsAuthentication()
        {
            KeyFilePassword = "notasecret";
        }
    }

    public class GoogleAnalyticsApiV3
    {
        public AnalyticsAuthentication Authentication { set; get; }
        public AnalyticsQueryParameters QueryParameters { set; get; }

        public GaData GetData()
        {
            var service = createAnalyticsService();
            var profile = getProfile(service);
            var query = service.Data.Ga.Get("ga:" + profile.Id,
                                QueryParameters.Start.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd"),
                                QueryParameters.End.ToString("yyyy-MM-dd"),
                                QueryParameters.Metrics);
            query.Dimensions = QueryParameters.Dimensions;
            query.Filters = QueryParameters.Filters;
            query.SamplingLevel = DataResource.GaResource.GetRequest.SamplingLevelEnum.HIGHERPRECISION;
            return query.Execute();
        }

        private AnalyticsService createAnalyticsService()
        {
            var certificate = new X509Certificate2(Authentication.KeyFilePath, Authentication.KeyFilePassword, X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);
            var credential = new ServiceAccountCredential(
                new ServiceAccountCredential.Initializer(Authentication.ServiceAccountEmail)
                {
                    Scopes = new[] { AnalyticsService.Scope.AnalyticsReadonly }
                }.FromCertificate(certificate));

            return new AnalyticsService(new BaseClientService.Initializer
            {
                HttpClientInitializer = credential,
                ApplicationName = Authentication.ApplicationName
            });
        }

        private Profile getProfile(AnalyticsService service)
        {
            var accountListRequest = service.Management.Accounts.List();
            var accountList = accountListRequest.Execute();
            var site = Authentication.SiteUrl.Host.ToLowerInvariant();
            var account = accountList.Items.FirstOrDefault(x => x.Name.ToLowerInvariant().Contains(site));
            var webPropertyListRequest = service.Management.Webproperties.List(account.Id);
            var webPropertyList = webPropertyListRequest.Execute();
            var sitePropertyList = webPropertyList.Items.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Name.ToLowerInvariant().Contains(site));
            var profileListRequest = service.Management.Profiles.List(account.Id, sitePropertyList.Id);
            var profileList = profileListRequest.Execute();
            return profileList.Items.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Name.ToLowerInvariant().Contains(site));
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

namespace GoogleAnalyticsAPIv3Tests
{
    class Program
    {

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            var statistics = new GoogleAnalyticsApiV3
            {
                Authentication = new AnalyticsAuthentication
                {
                    ApplicationName = "My Project",
                    KeyFilePath = "811e1d9976cd516b55-privatekey.p12",
                    ServiceAccountEmail = "10152bng4j3mq@developer.gserviceaccount.com",
                    SiteUrl = new Uri("https://www.dntips.ir/")
                },
                QueryParameters = new AnalyticsQueryParameters
                {
                    Start = DateTime.Now.AddDays(-7),
                    End = DateTime.Now,
                    Dimensions = "ga:date",
                    Filters = null,
                    Metrics = "ga:users,ga:sessions,ga:pageviews"
                }
            }.GetData();


            foreach (var result in statistics.TotalsForAllResults)
            {
                Console.WriteLine(result.Key + " -> total:" + result.Value);
            }
            Console.WriteLine();

            foreach (var row in statistics.ColumnHeaders)
            {
                Console.Write(row.Name + "\t");
            }
            Console.WriteLine();

            foreach (var row in statistics.Rows)
            {
                var rowItems = (List<string>)row;
                Console.WriteLine(rowItems.Aggregate((s1, s2) => s1 + "\t" + s2));
            }

            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }
}

 >ng g c Dashboard/CallProtectedApi

import { CallProtectedApiComponent } from "./call-protected-api/call-protected-api.component";

const routes: Routes = [
  {
    path: "callProtectedApi",
    component: CallProtectedApiComponent,
    data: {
      permission: {
        permittedRoles: ["Admin", "User"],
        deniedRoles: null
      } as AuthGuardPermission
    },
    canActivate: [AuthGuard]
  }
];

<li *ngIf="isLoggedIn" routerLinkActive="active">
        <a [routerLink]="['/callProtectedApi']">‍‍Call Protected Api</a>
</li>

import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core";
import { AuthService } from "../../core/services/auth.service";

@Component({
  selector: "app-call-protected-api",
  templateUrl: "./call-protected-api.component.html",
  styleUrls: ["./call-protected-api.component.css"]
})
export class CallProtectedApiComponent implements OnInit {

  isAdmin = false;
  isUser = false;
  result: any;

  constructor(private authService: AuthService) { }

  ngOnInit() {
    this.isAdmin = this.authService.isAuthUserInRole("Admin");
    this.isUser = this.authService.isAuthUserInRole("User");
  }

  callMyProtectedAdminApiController() {
  }

  callMyProtectedApiController() {
  }
}

<button *ngIf="isAdmin" (click)="callMyProtectedAdminApiController()">
  Call Protected Admin API [Authorize(Roles = "Admin")]
</button>

<button *ngIf="isAdmin || isUser" (click)="callMyProtectedApiController()">
  Call Protected API ([Authorize])
</button>

<div *ngIf="result">
  <pre>{{result | json}}</pre>
</div>

  getBearerAuthHeader(): HttpHeaders {
    return new HttpHeaders({
      "Content-Type": "application/json",
      "Authorization": `Bearer ${this.getRawAuthToken(AuthTokenType.AccessToken)}`
    });
  }

import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";
import { HttpEvent, HttpInterceptor, HttpHandler, HttpRequest } from "@angular/common/http";
import { Observable } from "rxjs/Observable";

import { AuthService, AuthTokenType } from "./auth.service";

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {

  constructor(private authService: AuthService) { }

  intercept(request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {

    const accessToken = this.authService.getRawAuthToken(AuthTokenType.AccessToken);
    if (accessToken) {
      request = request.clone({
        headers: request.headers.set("Authorization", `Bearer ${accessToken}`)
      });
    }

    return next.handle(request);
  }
}

import { HTTP_INTERCEPTORS } from "@angular/common/http";

import { AuthInterceptor } from "./services/auth.interceptor";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    {
      provide: HTTP_INTERCEPTORS,
      useClass: AuthInterceptor,
      multi: true
    }
  ]
})
export class CoreModule {}

compiler.js:19514 Uncaught Error: Provider parse errors:
Cannot instantiate cyclic dependency! InjectionToken_HTTP_INTERCEPTORS ("[ERROR ->]"): in NgModule AppModule in ./AppModule@-1:-1

import { Injector } from "@angular/core";

  constructor(private injector: Injector) { }

  intercept(request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
    const authService = this.injector.get(AuthService);

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {

  constructor(private injector: Injector) { }

  intercept(request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
    const authService = this.injector.get(AuthService);
    const accessToken = authService.getRawAuthToken(AuthTokenType.AccessToken);
    if (accessToken) {
      request = request.clone({
        headers: request.headers.set("Authorization", `Bearer ${accessToken}`)
      });
    }

    return next.handle(request);
  }
}

  constructor(
    private authService: AuthService,
    private httpClient: HttpClient,
    @Inject(APP_CONFIG) private appConfig: IAppConfig,
  ) { }

  callMyProtectedAdminApiController() {
    this.httpClient
      .get(`${this.appConfig.apiEndpoint}/MyProtectedAdminApi`)
      .map(response => response || {})
      .catch((error: HttpErrorResponse) => Observable.throw(error))
      .subscribe(result => {
        this.result = result;
      });
  }

  callMyProtectedApiController() {
    this.httpClient
      .get(`${this.appConfig.apiEndpoint}/MyProtectedApi`)
      .map(response => response || {})
      .catch((error: HttpErrorResponse) => Observable.throw(error))
      .subscribe(result => {
        this.result = result;
      });
  }

    return next.handle(request)
      .catch((error: any, caught: Observable<HttpEvent<any>>) => {
        if (error.status === 401 || error.status === 403) {
          this.router.navigate(["/accessDenied"]);
        }
        return Observable.throw(error);
      });

@Injectable()
export class AuthInterceptor implements HttpInterceptor {

  constructor(
    private injector: Injector,
    private router: Router) { }

  intercept(request: HttpRequest<any>, next: HttpHandler): Observable<HttpEvent<any>> {
    const authService = this.injector.get(AuthService);
    const accessToken = authService.getRawAuthToken(AuthTokenType.AccessToken);
    if (accessToken) {
      request = request.clone({
        headers: request.headers.set("Authorization", `Bearer ${accessToken}`)
      });
      return next.handle(request)
        .catch((error: any, caught: Observable<HttpEvent<any>>) => {
          if (error.status === 401 || error.status === 403) {
            this.router.navigate(["/accessDenied"]);
          }
          return Observable.throw(error);
        });
    } else {
      // login page
      return next.handle(request);
    }
  }
}

using ASPNETCore2JwtAuthentication.Services;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Authorization;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Cors;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace ASPNETCore2JwtAuthentication.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    [EnableCors("CorsPolicy")]
    [Authorize(Policy = CustomRoles.Editor)]
    public class MyProtectedEditorsApiController : Controller
    {
        public IActionResult Get()
        {
            return Ok(new
            {
                Id = 1,
                Title = "Hello from My Protected Editors Controller! [Authorize(Policy = CustomRoles.Editor)]",
                Username = this.User.Identity.Name
            });
        }
    }
}

  callMyProtectedEditorsApiController() {
    this.httpClient
      .get(`${this.appConfig.apiEndpoint}/MyProtectedEditorsApi`)
      .map(response => response || {})
      .catch((error: HttpErrorResponse) => Observable.throw(error))
      .subscribe(result => {
        this.result = result;
      });
  }

public class User
{
   public string Name { set; get; }
}

public record User
{
   public string Name { set; get; }
}

var user = new User();
user.Name = "User 1";

public record User(string Name);

var user = new User("User 1");
// Error: Init-only property or indexer 'User.Name' can only be assigned
// in an object initializer, or on 'this' or 'base' in an instance constructor
// or an 'init' accessor. [CS9Features]csharp(CS8852)
user.Name = "User 1";

public record User(string Name);

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;
using System.Text;
using CS9Features;

public class User : IEquatable<User>
{
 protected virtual Type EqualityContract
 {
  [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(1)]
  [CompilerGenerated]
  get
  {
   return typeof(User);
  }
 }

 public string Name
 {
  get;
  set/*init*/;
 }

 public User(string Name)
 {
  this.Name = Name;
  base..ctor();
 }

 public override string ToString()
 {
  StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();
  stringBuilder.Append("User");
  stringBuilder.Append(" { ");
  if (PrintMembers(stringBuilder))
  {
   stringBuilder.Append(" ");
  }
  stringBuilder.Append("}");
  return stringBuilder.ToString();
 }

 protected virtual bool PrintMembers(StringBuilder builder)
 {
  builder.Append("Name");
  builder.Append(" = ");
  builder.Append((object?)Name);
  return true;
 }

 [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(2)]
 public static bool operator !=(User? r1, User? r2)
 {
  return !(r1 == r2);
 }

 [System.Runtime.CompilerServices.NullableContext(2)]
 public static bool operator ==(User? r1, User? r2)
 {
  return (object)r1 == r2 || (r1?.Equals(r2) ?? false);
 }

 public override int GetHashCode()
 {
  return EqualityComparer<Type>.Default.GetHashCode(EqualityContract) * -1521134295 + EqualityComparer<string>.Default.GetHashCode(Name);
 }

 public override bool Equals(object? obj)
 {
  return Equals(obj as User);
 }

 public virtual bool Equals(User? other)
 {
  return (object)other != null && EqualityContract == other!.EqualityContract && EqualityComparer<string>.Default.Equals(Name, other!.Name);
 }

 public virtual User <Clone>$()
 {
  return new User(this);
 }

 protected User(User original)
 {
  Name = original.Name;
 }

 public void Deconstruct(out string Name)
 {
  Name = this.Name;
 }
}

public virtual User <Clone>$()
{
  return new User(this);
}

public record User(string Name, int Age);

var user1 = new User("User 1", 21);

var user2 = user1 with { Age = 31 };

var user1 = new User("User 1", 21);
var user2 = new User("User 1", 21);

Console.WriteLine("user1.Equals(user2) -> {0}", user1.Equals(user2));
Console.WriteLine("user1 == user2 -> {0}", user1 == user2);

user1.Equals(user2) -> True
user1 == user2 -> True

public virtual bool Equals(User? other)
{
   return (object)other != null &&
 EqualityContract == other!.EqualityContract &&
 EqualityComparer<string>.Default.Equals(Name, other!.Name) && 
EqualityComparer<int>.Default.Equals(Age, other!.Age);
}

    public record User
    {
        public string Name { get; init; }

        public User(string name)
        {
            Name = name;
        }
    }

    public record UserWithAge : User
    {
        public int Age { get; init; }

        public UserWithAge(string name, int age) : base(name)
        {
            Age = age;
        }
    }

var user1 = new User("User 1");
var user2 = new UserWithAge("User 1", 21);

Console.WriteLine("user1.Equals(user2) -> {0}", user1.Equals(user2));
Console.WriteLine("user1 == user2 -> {0}", user1 == user2);

user1.Equals(user2) -> False
user1 == user2 -> False

public abstract record Food(int Calories);
public record Milk(int C, double FatPercentage) : Food(C);

Console.WriteLine(user1.ToString());
Console.WriteLine(user2.ToString());

User { Name = User 1 }
UserWithAge { Name = User 1, Age = 21 }

public record Person(string Name, int Age);

public void Deconstruct(out string Name, out int Age)
{
  Name = this.Name;
  Age = this.Age;
}

var (name, age) = new Person("User 1", 21);

 public record Person([Required] string Name, [Range(0, 150)] int Age);

 public class PersonController
 {
   public IActionResult Index() => View();

   [HttpPost]
   public IActionResult Index(Person person)
   {
    // ...
   }
 }

var numbers = new List<int> { -7, 1, 5, -6 };

var sortedNumbers1 = numbers.OrderBy(n => n);
var sortedNumbers2 = numbers.OrderByDescending(n => n);

public static IOrderedEnumerable<TSource> OrderBy<TSource,TKey>(
   [NotNull] this IEnumerable<TSource> source,
   [NotNull] Func<TSource,TKey> keySelector)

var sortedNumbers3 = numbers.Order();
var sortedNumbers4 = numbers.OrderDescending();

public static IOrderedEnumerable<T> Order<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source)
public static IOrderedEnumerable<T> OrderDescending<T>(this IEnumerable<T> source)

public class User
{
   public string Name { set; get; }
   public int Age { set; get; }
}

List<User> users = new()
                           {
                               new User { Name = "User 1", Age = 34 },
                               new User { Name = "User 2", Age = 24 },
                           };

var orderedUsers = users.Order();

public class User : IComparable<User>
{
    public string Name { set; get; }
    public int Age { set; get; }

    public int CompareTo(User? other)
    {
        if (ReferenceEquals(this, other))
        {
            return 0;
        }

        if (ReferenceEquals(null, other))
        {
            return 1;
        }

        var nameComparison = string.Compare(Name, other.Name, StringComparison.Ordinal);
        if (nameComparison != 0)
        {
            return nameComparison;
        }

        return Age.CompareTo(other.Age);
    }
}

var orderedUsers2 = users.OrderBy(user => user.Name).ThenBy(user => user.Age);

        private static ObjectQuery TryGetObjectQuery<T>(IQueryable<T> source)
        {
            var dbQuery = source as DbQuery<T>;

            if (dbQuery != null)
            {
                const BindingFlags privateFieldFlags = 
                    BindingFlags.NonPublic | BindingFlags.Instance | BindingFlags.Public;

                var internalQuery =
                    source.GetType().GetProperty("InternalQuery", privateFieldFlags)
                        .GetValue(source);

                return
                    (ObjectQuery)internalQuery.GetType().GetProperty("ObjectQuery", privateFieldFlags)
                        .GetValue(internalQuery);
            }

            return null;
        }

 PM> Install-Package EFSecondLevelCache

 var products = context.Products.Include(x => x.Tags).FirstOrDefault();

 var products = context.Products.Include(x => x.Tags).Cacheable().FirstOrDefault(); // Async methods are supported too.

namespace EFSecondLevelCache.TestDataLayer.DataLayer
{
    public class SampleContext : DbContext
    {
        // public DbSet<Product> Products { get; set; }
 
        public SampleContext()
            : base("connectionString1")
        {
        }
 
        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            return SaveAllChanges(invalidateCacheDependencies: true);
        }
 
        public int SaveAllChanges(bool invalidateCacheDependencies = true)
        {
            var changedEntityNames = getChangedEntityNames();
            var result = base.SaveChanges();
            if (invalidateCacheDependencies)
            {
               new EFCacheServiceProvider().InvalidateCacheDependencies(changedEntityNames);
            }
            return result;
        }
 
        private string[] getChangedEntityNames()
        {
            return this.ChangeTracker.Entries()
                .Where(x => x.State == EntityState.Added ||
                            x.State == EntityState.Modified ||
                            x.State == EntityState.Deleted)
                .Select(x => ObjectContext.GetObjectType(x.Entity.GetType()).FullName)
                .Distinct()
                .ToArray();
        }
    }
}

• تنها کاربران احراز هویت شده قادر خواهند بود تا لیست ToDo‌های خود را ببینند، آیتم‌های جدید ثبت کنند یا داده‌های قبلی را ویرایش و حذف کنند.
• کاربران نباید آیتم‌های ایجاد شده توسط دیگر کاربران را ببینند.
• تنها کاربرانی که به نقش Admin تعلق دارند باید بتوانند تمام ToDo‌های ایجاد شده را ببینند.

Database.SetInitializer<MyDbContext>(new MyDbInitializer());

ایجاد نقش مدیر و کاربر جدیدی که به این نقش تعلق دارد

ساخت یک ToDo بعنوان کاربر عادی

پس از ساختن یک ToDo می‌توانید لیست رکوردهای خود را مشاهده کنید. دقت داشته باشید که رکوردهایی که کاربران دیگر ثبت کرده اند برای شما نمایش داده نخواهند شد.

مشاهده تمام ToDo‌ها بعنوان مدیر سایت

• سازنده (constructor)
  
• پراپرتی، متد
• Access Modifiers
  
• ارث‌بری
  
• کلاس‌های Abstract
  

class ReferenceItem {
    constructor(title: string, publisher?: string) {
        // perform initialization here
    }
}

let encyclopedia = new ReferenceItem('WorldPedia', 'WorldPub');

class ReferenceItem {
    numberOfPages: number;
}

class ReferenceItem {
    numberOfPages: number;
    
    get editor(): string {
        // custom getter logic goes here, should return a value
    }
    
    set editor(newEditor: string) {
        // custom setter logic goes here
    }
}

class ReferenceItem {
    numberOfPages: number;
    
    get editor(): string {
        // custom getter logic goes here, should return a value
    }
    
    set editor(newEditor: string) {
        // custom setter logic goes here
    }
    
    printChapterTitle(chapterNum: number): void {
        // print title here
    }
}

class Author {
    name: string;
    
    constructor(authorName: string) {
        name = authorName;
    }
}

class Author {
    constructor(public name: string){}
}

class Library {
    constructor(public name: string) {}
    
    static description: string = 'A source of knowledge';
}

let lib = new Library('New York Public Library');
console.log(lib.name); // available on instances of the class

console.log(Library.description);

class ReferenceItem {
    title: string;
    printItem(): void { 
        // print something here 
    }
}

class Journal extends ReferenceItem {
    constructor() {
        super();
    }
    
    contributors: string[];
}

class Journal extends ReferenceItem {
    constructor() {
        super();
    }
    
    printItem(): void { 
        super.printItem();
        console.log('message from Journal');
    }
    
    contributors: string[];
}

abstract class ReferenceItem {
    private _publisher: string;
    static departement: string = 'Research';
    
    constructor(public title: string, protected year: number) {
        
    }
    
    printItem(): void {
        console.log('message from abstract class');
    } 
    
    get publisher(): string {
        return this._publisher.toUpperCase();
    }
    
    set publisher(newPublisher: string) {
        this._publisher = newPublisher;
    }
    
    abstract printCitation(): void;
}

class Encyclopedia extends ReferenceItem {
    
    constructor(newTitle: string, newYear, public edition: number) {
        super(newTitle, newYear);
    }
    
    printCitation(): void {
        console.log('message');
    }
}

let test = new Encyclopedia('WorldPerdia', 1900, 10);
test.printItem();

namespace CS11Tests;

public class StaticAbstractMembers
{
    public static void Test()
    {
        var sum = AddAll(new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 });
        Console.WriteLine(sum);
    }

    private static int AddAll(int[] values)
    {
        int result = 0;
        foreach (var value in values)
        {
            result += value;
        }
        return result;
    }
}

var sum = AddAll(new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 0.68 });

Argument 1: cannot convert from 'double[]' to 'int[]' [CS11Tests]csharp(CS1503)

private static T AddAll<T>(T[] values)
    {
        T result = 0;
        foreach (var value in values)
        {
            result += value;
        }
        return result;
    }

T result = T.Zero;

using System.Numerics;

namespace CS11Tests;

public class StaticAbstractMembers
{
    public static void Test()
    {
        //var sum = AddAll(new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4 });
        var sum = AddAll(new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 0.68 });
        Console.WriteLine(sum);
    }

    private static T AddAll<T>(T[] values) where T : INumber<T>
    {
        T result = T.Zero;
        foreach (var value in values)
        {
            result += value;
        }
        return result;
    }
}

abstract static TSelf One { get; }
abstract static TSelf Zero { get; }

abstract static TResult operator +(TSelf left, TOther right);

public interface ISport
{
    bool IsTeamSport();
}

public class Swimming : ISport
{
    public bool IsTeamSport() => false;
}

public class Football : ISport
{
    public bool IsTeamSport() => true;
}

public class StaticAbstractMembers
{
    public static void Display<T>(T sport) where T : ISport
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Is Team Sport:" + sport.IsTeamSport());
    }
}

Display(new Football());

public interface ISport
{
    static abstract bool IsTeamSport();
}

public class Swimming : ISport
{
    public static bool IsTeamSport() => false;
}

public class Football : ISport
{
    public static bool IsTeamSport() => true;
}

public class StaticAbstractMembers
{
    public static void Display<T>() where T : ISport
    {
        Console.WriteLine("Is Team Sport:" + T.IsTeamSport());
    }
}