Beefeater - Guard your methods' Ins and Outs. 

public Result<bool, ErrorResult> Create(NotNull<string> filePath, Option<string> second)

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp3.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>8.0</LangVersion>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

    interface IDoStuff<TIn, TOut> where TIn : notnull where TOut : notnull
    {
        TOut DoStuff(TIn input);
    }

using System;
using System.Diagnostics.CodeAnalysis;

namespace ConsoleApp
{
    public class MyClass
    {
        private string _innerValue = string.Empty;

        [AllowNull]
        public string MyValue
        {
            get
            {
                return _innerValue;
            }
            set
            {
                _innerValue = value ?? string.Empty;
            }
        }
    }

    public class MyArray
    {
        // Result is the default of T if no match is found
        [return: MaybeNull]
        public static T Find<T>(T[] array, Func<T, bool> match)
        {
            //...
        }

        // Never gives back a null when called
        public static void Resize<T>([NotNull] ref T[]? array, int newSize)
        {
            //...
        }
    }

    public class MyString
    {
        // True when 'value' is null
        public static bool IsNullOrEmpty([NotNullWhen(false)] string? value)
        {
            //...
        }
    }

    public class MyVersion
    {
        // If it parses successfully, the Version will not be null.
        public static bool TryParse(string? input, [NotNullWhen(true)] out Version? version)
        {
            //...
        }
    }

    public class MyQueue<T>
    {
        // 'result' could be null if we couldn't Dequeue it.
        public bool TryDequeue([MaybeNullWhen(false)] out T result)
        {
            //...
        }
    }

    class MyPath
    {
        [return: NotNullIfNotNull("path")]
        public static string? GetFileName(string? path)
        {
            //...
        }
    }

    internal static class ThrowHelper
    {
        [DoesNotReturn]
        public static void ThrowArgumentNullException(ExceptionArgument arg)
        {
            //...
        }
    }

    public static class MyAssertionLibrary
    {
        public static void MyAssert([DoesNotReturnIf(false)] bool condition)
        {
            //...
        }
    }

PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.Samples -Pre

public partial class Startup
{
    public void ConfigureAuth(IAppBuilder app)
    {
        // Enable the application to use a cookie to 
        // store information for the signed in user
        app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions
        {
            AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,
            LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login")
        });

        // Use a cookie to temporarily store information about a 
        // user logging in with a third party login provider
        app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);

        // Uncomment the following lines to enable logging 
        // in with third party login providers
        //app.UseMicrosoftAccountAuthentication(
        //    clientId: "",
        //    clientSecret: "");

        //app.UseTwitterAuthentication(
        //   consumerKey: "",
        //   consumerSecret: "");
 
        //app.UseFacebookAuthentication(
        //   appId: "",
        //   appSecret: "");

        //app.UseGoogleAuthentication();
    }
}

public partial class Startup {
    public void ConfigureAuth(IAppBuilder app) {
        // Configure the db context, user manager and role 
        // manager to use a single instance per request
        app.CreatePerOwinContext(ApplicationDbContext.Create);
        app.CreatePerOwinContext<ApplicationUserManager>(ApplicationUserManager.Create);
        app.CreatePerOwinContext<ApplicationRoleManager>(ApplicationRoleManager.Create);

        // Enable the application to use a cookie to store information for the 
        // signed in user and to use a cookie to temporarily store information 
        // about a user logging in with a third party login provider 
        // Configure the sign in cookie
        app.UseCookieAuthentication(new CookieAuthenticationOptions {
            AuthenticationType = DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie,
            LoginPath = new PathString("/Account/Login"),
            Provider = new CookieAuthenticationProvider {
                // Enables the application to validate the security stamp when the user 
                // logs in. This is a security feature which is used when you 
                // change a password or add an external login to your account.  
                OnValidateIdentity = SecurityStampValidator
                    .OnValidateIdentity<ApplicationUserManager, ApplicationUser>(
                    validateInterval: TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30),
                    regenerateIdentity: (manager, user) 
                    => user.GenerateUserIdentityAsync(manager))
            }
        });

        app.UseExternalSignInCookie(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);

        // Enables the application to temporarily store user information when 
        // they are verifying the second factor in the two-factor authentication process.
        app.UseTwoFactorSignInCookie(
            DefaultAuthenticationTypes.TwoFactorCookie, 
            TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5));

        // Enables the application to remember the second login verification factor such 
        // as phone or email. Once you check this option, your second step of 
        // verification during the login process will be remembered on the device where 
        // you logged in from. This is similar to the RememberMe option when you log in.
        app.UseTwoFactorRememberBrowserCookie(
            DefaultAuthenticationTypes.TwoFactorRememberBrowserCookie);

        // Uncomment the following lines to enable logging in 
        // with third party login providers
        //app.UseMicrosoftAccountAuthentication(
        //    clientId: "",
        //    clientSecret: "");

        //app.UseTwitterAuthentication(
        //   consumerKey: "",
        //   consumerSecret: "");

        //app.UseFacebookAuthentication(
        //   appId: "",
        //   appSecret: "");

        //app.UseGoogleAuthentication();
    }
}

public class IdentityUser : IUser
{
    public IdentityUser();
    public IdentityUser(string userName);

    public virtual string Id { get; set; }
    public virtual string UserName { get; set; }

    public virtual ICollection<IdentityUserRole> Roles { get; }
    public virtual ICollection<IdentityUserClaim> Claims { get; }
    public virtual ICollection<IdentityUserLogin> Logins { get; }

    public virtual string PasswordHash { get; set; }
    public virtual string SecurityStamp { get; set; }
}

public class ApplicationUser : IdentityUser {
    public async Task<ClaimsIdentity> GenerateUserIdentityAsync(
        UserManager<ApplicationUser> manager) {
        // Note the authenticationType must match the one 
        // defined in CookieAuthenticationOptions.AuthenticationType
        var userIdentity = 
            await manager.CreateIdentityAsync(this, 
                DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);

        // Add custom user claims here
        return userIdentity;
    }
}

public class IdentityUser<TKey, TLogin, TRole, TClaim> : IUser<TKey>
    where TLogin : Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework.IdentityUserLogin<TKey>
    where TRole : Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework.IdentityUserRole<TKey>
    where TClaim : Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework.IdentityUserClaim<TKey>
{
    public IdentityUser();

    // Used to record failures for the purposes of lockout
    public virtual int AccessFailedCount { get; set; }
    // Navigation property for user claims
    public virtual ICollection<TClaim> Claims { get; }
    // Email
    public virtual string Email { get; set; }
    // True if the email is confirmed, default is false
    public virtual bool EmailConfirmed { get; set; }
    // User ID (Primary Key)
    public virtual TKey Id { get; set; }
    // Is lockout enabled for this user
    public virtual bool LockoutEnabled { get; set; }
    // DateTime in UTC when lockout ends, any 
    // time in the past is considered not locked out.
    public virtual DateTime? LockoutEndDateUtc { get; set; }

    // Navigation property for user logins
    public virtual ICollection<TLogin> Logins { get; }
    // The salted/hashed form of the user password
    public virtual string PasswordHash { get; set; }
    // PhoneNumber for the user
    public virtual string PhoneNumber { get; set; }
    // True if the phone number is confirmed, default is false
    public virtual bool PhoneNumberConfirmed { get; set; }
    // Navigation property for user roles
    public virtual ICollection<TRole> Roles { get; }

    // A random value that should change whenever a users 
    // credentials have changed (password changed, login removed)
    public virtual string SecurityStamp { get; set; }
    // Is two factor enabled for the user
    public virtual bool TwoFactorEnabled { get; set; }
    // User name
    public virtual string UserName { get; set; }
}

public class IdentityUser<TKey, TLogin, TRole, TClaim> : IUser<TKey>
    where TLogin : Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework.IdentityUserLogin<TKey>
    where TRole : Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework.IdentityUserRole<TKey>
    where TClaim : Microsoft.AspNet.Identity.EntityFramework.IdentityUserClaim<TKey>

public virtual TKey Id { get; set; }

public virtual ICollection<TRole> Roles { get; }

public class IdentityUserRole 
{
      public IdentityUserRole();
      public virtual IdentityRole Role { get; set; }
      public virtual string RoleId { get; set; }
      public virtual IdentityUser User { get; set; }
      public virtual string UserId { get; set; }
}

public class IdentityUserRole<TKey> 
{
    public IdentityUserRole();
    public virtual TKey RoleId { get; set; }
    public virtual TKey UserId { get; set; }
}

public class ApplicationUserManager : UserManager<ApplicationUser>
{
    public ApplicationUserManager(IUserStore<ApplicationUser> store)
        : base(store)
    {
    }

    public static ApplicationUserManager Create(
        IdentityFactoryOptions<ApplicationUserManager> options, 
        IOwinContext context)
    {
        var manager = new ApplicationUserManager(
            new UserStore<ApplicationUser>(
                context.Get<ApplicationDbContext>()));

        // Configure validation logic for usernames
        manager.UserValidator = 
            new UserValidator<ApplicationUser>(manager)
        {
            AllowOnlyAlphanumericUserNames = false,
            RequireUniqueEmail = true
        };

        // Configure validation logic for passwords
        manager.PasswordValidator = new PasswordValidator
        {
            RequiredLength = 6, 
            RequireNonLetterOrDigit = true,
            RequireDigit = true,
            RequireLowercase = true,
            RequireUppercase = true,
        };

        // Configure user lockout defaults
        manager.UserLockoutEnabledByDefault = true;
        manager.DefaultAccountLockoutTimeSpan = TimeSpan.FromMinutes(5);
        manager.MaxFailedAccessAttemptsBeforeLockout = 5;

        // Register two factor authentication providers. This application uses 
        // Phone and Emails as a step of receiving a code for verifying 
        // the user You can write your own provider and plug in here.
        manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider("PhoneCode", 
            new PhoneNumberTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
        {
            MessageFormat = "Your security code is: {0}"
        });

        manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider("EmailCode", 
            new EmailTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
        {
            Subject = "SecurityCode",
            BodyFormat = "Your security code is {0}"
        });

        manager.EmailService = new EmailService();
        manager.SmsService = new SmsService();

        var dataProtectionProvider = options.DataProtectionProvider;

        if (dataProtectionProvider != null)
        {
            manager.UserTokenProvider = 
                new DataProtectorTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>(
                    dataProtectionProvider.Create("ASP.NET Identity"));
        }

        return manager;
    }

    public virtual async Task<IdentityResult> AddUserToRolesAsync(
        string userId, IList<string> roles)
    {
        var userRoleStore = (IUserRoleStore<ApplicationUser, string>)Store;
        var user = await FindByIdAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false);

        if (user == null)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid user Id");
        }

        var userRoles = await userRoleStore
            .GetRolesAsync(user)
            .ConfigureAwait(false);

        // Add user to each role using UserRoleStore
        foreach (var role in roles.Where(role => !userRoles.Contains(role)))
        {
            await userRoleStore.AddToRoleAsync(user, role).ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        // Call update once when all roles are added
        return await UpdateAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
    }

    public virtual async Task<IdentityResult> RemoveUserFromRolesAsync(
        string userId, IList<string> roles)
    {
        var userRoleStore = (IUserRoleStore<ApplicationUser, string>) Store;
        var user = await FindByIdAsync(userId).ConfigureAwait(false);

        if (user == null)
        {
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid user Id");
        }

        var userRoles = await userRoleStore
            .GetRolesAsync(user)
            .ConfigureAwait(false);

        // Remove user to each role using UserRoleStore
        foreach (var role in roles.Where(userRoles.Contains))
        {
            await userRoleStore
                .RemoveFromRoleAsync(user, role)
                .ConfigureAwait(false);
        }

        // Call update once when all roles are removed
        return await UpdateAsync(user).ConfigureAwait(false);
    }
}

public class ApplicationRoleManager : RoleManager<IdentityRole>
{
    public ApplicationRoleManager(IRoleStore<IdentityRole,string> roleStore)
        : base(roleStore)
    {
    }

    public static ApplicationRoleManager Create(
        IdentityFactoryOptions<ApplicationRoleManager> options, 
        IOwinContext context)
    {
        var manager = new ApplicationRoleManager(
            new RoleStore<IdentityRole>(
                context.Get<ApplicationDbContext>()));

        return manager;
    }
}

public class EmailService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Plug in your email service here to send an email.
        return Task.FromResult(0);
    }
}

public class SmsService : IIdentityMessageService
{
    public Task SendAsync(IdentityMessage message)
    {
        // Plug in your sms service here to send a text message.
        return Task.FromResult(0);
    }
}

// Register two factor authentication providers. This application uses 
// Phone and Emails as a step of receiving a code for verifying 
// the user You can write your own provider and plug in here.
manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider("PhoneCode", 
    new PhoneNumberTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
{
    MessageFormat = "Your security code is: {0}"
});

manager.RegisterTwoFactorProvider("EmailCode", 
    new EmailTokenProvider<ApplicationUser>
{
    Subject = "SecurityCode",
    BodyFormat = "Your security code is {0}"
});

manager.EmailService = new EmailService();
manager.SmsService = new SmsService();

public class SignInHelper
{
    public SignInHelper(
        ApplicationUserManager userManager, 
        IAuthenticationManager authManager)
    {
        UserManager = userManager;
        AuthenticationManager = authManager;
    }

    public ApplicationUserManager UserManager { get; private set; }
    public IAuthenticationManager AuthenticationManager { get; private set; }

    public async Task SignInAsync(
        ApplicationUser user, 
        bool isPersistent, 
        bool rememberBrowser)
    {
        // Clear any partial cookies from external or two factor partial sign ins
        AuthenticationManager.SignOut(
            DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie, 
            DefaultAuthenticationTypes.TwoFactorCookie);

        var userIdentity = await user.GenerateUserIdentityAsync(UserManager);

        if (rememberBrowser)
        {
            var rememberBrowserIdentity = 
                AuthenticationManager.CreateTwoFactorRememberBrowserIdentity(user.Id);

            AuthenticationManager.SignIn(
                new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = isPersistent }, 
                userIdentity, 
                rememberBrowserIdentity);
        }
        else
        {
            AuthenticationManager.SignIn(
                new AuthenticationProperties { IsPersistent = isPersistent }, 
                userIdentity);
        }
    }

    public async Task<bool> SendTwoFactorCode(string provider)
    {
        var userId = await GetVerifiedUserIdAsync();

        if (userId == null)
        {
            return false;
        }

        var token = await UserManager.GenerateTwoFactorTokenAsync(userId, provider);

        // See IdentityConfig.cs to plug in Email/SMS services to actually send the code
        await UserManager.NotifyTwoFactorTokenAsync(userId, provider, token);

        return true;
    }

    public async Task<string> GetVerifiedUserIdAsync()
    {
        var result = await AuthenticationManager.AuthenticateAsync(
            DefaultAuthenticationTypes.TwoFactorCookie);

        if (result != null && result.Identity != null 
            && !String.IsNullOrEmpty(result.Identity.GetUserId()))
        {
            return result.Identity.GetUserId();
        }

        return null;
    }

    public async Task<bool> HasBeenVerified()
    {
        return await GetVerifiedUserIdAsync() != null;
    }

    public async Task<SignInStatus> TwoFactorSignIn(
        string provider, 
        string code, 
        bool isPersistent, 
        bool rememberBrowser)
    {
        var userId = await GetVerifiedUserIdAsync();

        if (userId == null)
        {
            return SignInStatus.Failure;
        }

        var user = await UserManager.FindByIdAsync(userId);

        if (user == null)
        {
            return SignInStatus.Failure;
        }

        if (await UserManager.IsLockedOutAsync(user.Id))
        {
            return SignInStatus.LockedOut;
        }

        if (await UserManager.VerifyTwoFactorTokenAsync(user.Id, provider, code))
        {
            // When token is verified correctly, clear the access failed 
            // count used for lockout
            await UserManager.ResetAccessFailedCountAsync(user.Id);
            await SignInAsync(user, isPersistent, rememberBrowser);

            return SignInStatus.Success;
        }

        // If the token is incorrect, record the failure which 
        // also may cause the user to be locked out
        await UserManager.AccessFailedAsync(user.Id);

        return SignInStatus.Failure;
    }

    public async Task<SignInStatus> ExternalSignIn(
        ExternalLoginInfo loginInfo, 
        bool isPersistent)
    {
        var user = await UserManager.FindAsync(loginInfo.Login);

        if (user == null)
        {
            return SignInStatus.Failure;
        }

        if (await UserManager.IsLockedOutAsync(user.Id))
        {
            return SignInStatus.LockedOut;
        }

        return await SignInOrTwoFactor(user, isPersistent);
    }

    private async Task<SignInStatus> SignInOrTwoFactor(
        ApplicationUser user, 
        bool isPersistent)
    {
        if (await UserManager.GetTwoFactorEnabledAsync(user.Id) &&
            !await AuthenticationManager.TwoFactorBrowserRememberedAsync(user.Id))
        {
            var identity = new ClaimsIdentity(DefaultAuthenticationTypes.TwoFactorCookie);
            identity.AddClaim(new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, user.Id));

            AuthenticationManager.SignIn(identity);
            return SignInStatus.RequiresTwoFactorAuthentication;
        }

        await SignInAsync(user, isPersistent, false);
        return SignInStatus.Success;
    }

    public async Task<SignInStatus> PasswordSignIn(
        string userName, 
        string password, 
        bool isPersistent, 
        bool shouldLockout)
    {
        var user = await UserManager.FindByNameAsync(userName);

        if (user == null)
        {
            return SignInStatus.Failure;
        }

        if (await UserManager.IsLockedOutAsync(user.Id))
        {
            return SignInStatus.LockedOut;
        }

        if (await UserManager.CheckPasswordAsync(user, password))
        {
            return await SignInOrTwoFactor(user, isPersistent);
        }

        if (shouldLockout)
        {
            // If lockout is requested, increment access failed 
            // count which might lock out the user
            await UserManager.AccessFailedAsync(user.Id);

            if (await UserManager.IsLockedOutAsync(user.Id))
            {
                return SignInStatus.LockedOut;
            }
        }

        return SignInStatus.Failure;
    }
}

[HttpPost]
[AllowAnonymous]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginViewModel model, string returnUrl)
{
    if (!ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        return View(model);
    }

    // This doen't count login failures towards lockout only two factor authentication
    // To enable password failures to trigger lockout, change to shouldLockout: true
    var result = await SignInHelper.PasswordSignIn(
        model.Email, 
        model.Password, 
        model.RememberMe, 
        shouldLockout: false);

    switch (result)
    {
        case SignInStatus.Success:
            return RedirectToLocal(returnUrl);
        case SignInStatus.LockedOut:
            return View("Lockout");
        case SignInStatus.RequiresTwoFactorAuthentication:
            return RedirectToAction("SendCode", new { ReturnUrl = returnUrl });
        case SignInStatus.Failure:
        default:
            ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid login attempt.");

            return View(model);
    }
}

[HttpPost]
[AllowAnonymous]
[ValidateAntiForgeryToken]
public async Task<ActionResult> Login(LoginViewModel model, string returnUrl)
{
    if (ModelState.IsValid)
    {
        var user = await UserManager.FindAsync(model.UserName, model.Password);

        if (user != null)
        {
            await SignInAsync(user, model.RememberMe);
            return RedirectToLocal(returnUrl);
        }
        else
        {
            ModelState.AddModelError("", "Invalid username or password.");
        }
    }

    // If we got this far, something failed, redisplay form
    return View(model);
}

private async Task SignInAsync(ApplicationUser user, bool isPersistent)
{
    AuthenticationManager.SignOut(
        DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ExternalCookie);

    var identity = await UserManager.CreateIdentityAsync(
        user, DefaultAuthenticationTypes.ApplicationCookie);

    AuthenticationManager.SignIn(
        new AuthenticationProperties() { IsPersistent = isPersistent }, identity);
}

public class ApplicationDbContext : IdentityDbContext<ApplicationUser> {
    public ApplicationDbContext()
        : base("DefaultConnection", throwIfV1Schema: false) {
    }

    static ApplicationDbContext() {
        // Set the database intializer which is run once during application start
        // This seeds the database with admin user credentials and admin role
        Database.SetInitializer<ApplicationDbContext>(new ApplicationDbInitializer());
    }

    public static ApplicationDbContext Create() {
        return new ApplicationDbContext();
    }
}

public class ApplicationDbInitializer 
    : DropCreateDatabaseIfModelChanges<ApplicationDbContext> 
{
    protected override void Seed(ApplicationDbContext context) 
    {
        InitializeIdentityForEF(context);
        base.Seed(context);
    }

    public static void InitializeIdentityForEF(ApplicationDbContext db) 
    {
        var userManager = HttpContext
            .Current.GetOwinContext()
            .GetUserManager<ApplicationUserManager>();

        var roleManager = HttpContext.Current
            .GetOwinContext()
            .Get<ApplicationRoleManager>();

        const string name = "admin@admin.com";
        const string password = "Admin@123456";
        const string roleName = "Admin";

        //Create Role Admin if it does not exist
        var role = roleManager.FindByName(roleName);

        if (role == null) 
        {
            role = new IdentityRole(roleName);
            var roleresult = roleManager.Create(role);
        }

        var user = userManager.FindByName(name);

        if (user == null) 
        {
            user = new ApplicationUser { UserName = name, Email = name };

            var result = userManager.Create(user, password);
            result = userManager.SetLockoutEnabled(user.Id, false);
        }

        // Add user admin to Role Admin if not already added
        var rolesForUser = userManager.GetRoles(user.Id);

        if (!rolesForUser.Contains(role.Name)) 
        {
            var result = userManager.AddToRole(user.Id, role.Name);
        }
    }
}

اگر مطالب پیش نیاز را مطالعه کنید، قطعا روش مطرح شده را انتخاب نخواهید کرد؛ به همین دلیل به دنبال راه حل صحیح برخورد با این سناریوها بودم که نتیجه آن را در ادامه خواهیم دید.

راه حل صحیح برای برخورد با این سناریوها بازگشت یک Result می‌باشد که در مطلب قبلی هم تحت عنوان OperationResult مطرح شد. 

    public class Result
    {
        private static readonly Result SuccessResult = new Result(true, null);

        protected Result(bool succeeded, string message)
        {
            if (succeeded)
            {
                if (message != null)
                    throw new ArgumentException("There should be no error message for success.", nameof(message));
            }
            else
            {
                if (message == null)
                    throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(message), "There must be error message for failure.");
            }

            Succeeded = succeeded;
            Error = message;
        }

        public bool Succeeded { get; }
        public string Error { get; }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Success()
        {
            return SuccessResult;
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Failed(string message)
        {
            return new Result(false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Failed<T>(string message)
        {
            return new Result<T>(default, false, message);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result<T> Success<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Result<T>(value, true, string.Empty);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(string seperator, params Result[] results)
        {
            var failedResults = results.Where(x => !x.Succeeded).ToList();

            if (!failedResults.Any())
                return Success();

            var error = string.Join(seperator, failedResults.Select(x => x.Error).ToArray());
            return Failed(error);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine(params Result[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            return Combine(", ", results);
        }

        [DebuggerStepThrough]
        public static Result Combine<T>(string seperator, params Result<T>[] results)
        {
            var untyped = results.Select(result => (Result) result).ToArray();
            return Combine(seperator, untyped);
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return Succeeded
                ? "Succeeded"
                : $"Failed : {Error}";
        }
    }

مشابه کلاس بالا، در فریمورک ASP.NET Identity کلاسی تحت عنوان IdentityResult برای همین منظور در نظر گرفته شده‌است.

پراپرتی Succeeded نشان دهنده موفقت آمیز بودن یا عدم موفقیت عملیات (به عنوان مثال یک متد ApplicationService) می‌باشد. پراپرتی Error دربرگیرنده پیغام خطایی می‌باشد که قبلا از طریق Message مربوط به یک استثناء صادر شده، در اختیار بالاترین لایه قرار می‌گرفت. با استفاده از متد Combine، امکان ترکیب چندین Result حاصل از عملیات مختلف را خواهید داشت. متدهای استاتیک Failed و Success هم برای درگیر نشدن برای وهله سازی از کلاس Result در نظر گرفته شده‌اند.

متد GetForEdit مربوط به MeetingService را در نظر بگیرید. به عنوان مثال وظیفه این متد بازگشت یک MeetingEditModel می‌باشد؛ اما با توجه به یکسری قواعد تجاری، به‌عنوان مثال «امکان ویرایش جلسه‌ای که پابلیش نهایی شده‌است، وجود ندارد و ...» لازم است خروجی این متد نیز در صورت Fail شدن، دلیل آن را به مصرف کننده ارائه دهد. از این رو کلاس جنریک Result را به شکل زیر خواهیم داشت:

    public class Result<T> : Result
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        protected internal Result(T value, bool succeeded, string error)
            : base(succeeded, error)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public T Value
        {
            get
            {
                if (!Succeeded)
                    throw new InvalidOperationException("There is no value for failure.");

                return _value;
            }
        }
    }

    public static class ResultExtensions
    {
        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, TK> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func(result.Value));
        }

        public static Result<T> Ensure<T>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, bool> predicate, string message)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded)
                return Result.Failed<T>(result.Error);

            return !predicate(result.Value) ? Result.Failed<T>(message) : Result.Success(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result<TK> Map<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, TK> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func(result.Value));
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result<T> result, Action<T> action)
        {
            if (result.Succeeded) action(result.Value);

            return result;
        }

        public static T OnBoth<T>(this Result result, Func<Result, T> func)
        {
            return func(result);
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess(this Result result, Action action)
        {
            if (result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result result, Func<T> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func());
        }

        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, Result<TK>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : func(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result<T> OnSuccess<T>(this Result result, Func<Result<T>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : func();
        }

        public static Result<TK> OnSuccess<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<Result<TK>> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<TK>(result.Error) : func();
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess<T>(this Result<T> result, Func<T, Result> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed(result.Error) : func(result.Value);
        }

        public static Result OnSuccess(this Result result, Func<Result> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? result : func();
        }

        public static Result Ensure(this Result result, Func<bool> predicate, string message)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded)
                return Result.Failed(result.Error);

            return !predicate() ? Result.Failed(message) : Result.Success();
        }

        public static Result<T> Map<T>(this Result result, Func<T> func)
        {
            return !result.Succeeded ? Result.Failed<T>(result.Error) : Result.Success(func());
        }


        public static TK OnBoth<T, TK>(this Result<T> result, Func<Result<T>, TK> func)
        {
            return func(result);
        }

        public static Result<T> OnFailure<T>(this Result<T> result, Action action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result OnFailure(this Result result, Action action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action();

            return result;
        }

        public static Result<T> OnFailure<T>(this Result<T> result, Action<string> action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action(result.Error);

            return result;
        }

        public static Result OnFailure(this Result result, Action<string> action)
        {
            if (!result.Succeeded) action(result.Error);

            return result;
        }
    }

[HttpPost, AjaxOnly, ValidateAntiForgeryToken, ValidateModelState]
public virtual async Task<ActionResult> Create([Bind(Prefix = "Model")]MeetingCreateModel model)
{
    var result = await _service.CreateAsync(model);

    return result.OnSuccess(() => { })
                 .OnFailure(() => { })
                 .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? InformationNotification("Messages.Save.Success") : ErrorMessage(r.Error));

}

var result = await _service.CreateAsync(new TenantAwareEntityCreateModel());

return Result.Combine(result, Result.Success(), Result.Failed("نتیجه یک متد دیگر به عنوان مثال"))
    .OnSuccess(() => { })
    .OnFailure(() => { })
    .OnBoth(r => r.Succeeded ? Json("OK") : Json(r.Error));

ترکیب با الگوی Maybe یا Option

    public struct Maybe<T> : IEquatable<Maybe<T>>
        where T : class
    {
        private readonly T _value;

        private Maybe(T value)
        {
            _value = value;
        }

        public bool HasValue => _value != null;
        public T Value => _value ?? throw new InvalidOperationException();
        public static Maybe<T> None => new Maybe<T>();


        public static implicit operator Maybe<T>(T value)
        {
            return new Maybe<T>(value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return maybe.HasValue && maybe.Value.Equals(value);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> maybe, T value)
        {
            return !(maybe == value);
        }

        public static bool operator ==(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return left.Equals(right);
        }

        public static bool operator !=(Maybe<T> left, Maybe<T> right)
        {
            return !(left == right);
        }

        /// <inheritdoc />
        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid boxing and Give type safety
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="other"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public bool Equals(Maybe<T> other)
        {
            if (!HasValue && !other.HasValue)
                return true;

            if (!HasValue || !other.HasValue)
                return false;

            return _value.Equals(other.Value);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Avoid reflection
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="obj"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override bool Equals(object obj)
        {
            if (obj is T typed)
            {
                obj = new Maybe<T>(typed);
            }

            if (!(obj is Maybe<T> other)) return false;

            return Equals(other);
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     Good practice when overriding Equals method.
        ///     If x.Equals(y) then we must have x.GetHashCode()==y.GetHashCode()
        /// </summary>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public override int GetHashCode()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.GetHashCode() : 0;
        }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return HasValue ? _value.ToString() : "NO VALUE";
        }
    }

public static Result<T> ToResult<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, string message)
    where T : class
{
    return !maybe.HasValue ? Result.Failed<T>(message) : Result.Success(maybe.Value);
}

Result<Customer> customerResult = _customerRepository.GetById(model.Id)
    .ToResult("Customer with such Id is not found: " + model.Id);

همچنین متدهای الحاقی زیر را نیز برای ساختار داده Maybe می‌توان در نظر گرفت:

        public static T GetValueOrDefault<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, T defaultValue = default)
            where T : class
        {
            return maybe.GetValueOrDefault(x => x, defaultValue);
        }

        public static TK GetValueOrDefault<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, TK> selector, TK defaultValue = default)
            where T : class
        {
            return maybe.HasValue ? selector(maybe.Value) : defaultValue;
        }

        public static Maybe<T> Where<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, bool> predicate)
            where T : class
        {
            if (!maybe.HasValue)
                return default(T);

            return predicate(maybe.Value) ? maybe : default(T);
        }

        public static Maybe<TK> Select<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, TK> selector)
            where T : class
            where TK : class
        {
            return !maybe.HasValue ? default : selector(maybe.Value);
        }

        public static Maybe<TK> Select<T, TK>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Func<T, Maybe<TK>> selector)
            where T : class
            where TK : class
        {
            return !maybe.HasValue ? default(TK) : selector(maybe.Value);
        }

        public static void Execute<T>(this Maybe<T> maybe, Action<T> action)
            where T : class
        {
            if (!maybe.HasValue)
                return;

            action(maybe.Value);
        }
    }

dotnet add package FluentValidation.AspNetCore

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModel
    {
        [Required]
        [Display(Name = "User name")]
        public string UserName { get; set; }

        [Required]
        [StringLength(100, ErrorMessage = "The {0} must be at least {2} characters long.", MinimumLength = 6)]
        [DataType(DataType.Password)]
        [Display(Name = "Password")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.Password)]
        [Display(Name = "Confirm password")]
        [Compare("Password", ErrorMessage = "The password and confirmation password do not match.")]
        public string ConfirmPassword { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.EmailAddress)]
        [Display(Name = "Email")]
        [EmailAddress]
        public string Email { get; set; }

        [Range(18, 60)]
        [Display(Name = "Age")]
        public int Age { get; set; }
    }
}

using FluentValidation;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModelValidator : AbstractValidator<RegisterModel>
    {
        public RegisterModelValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.UserName).NotNull();
            RuleFor(x => x.Password).NotNull().Length(6, 100);
            RuleFor(x => x.ConfirmPassword).Equal(x => x.Password);
            RuleFor(x => x.Email).EmailAddress();
            RuleFor(x => x.Age).InclusiveBetween(18, 60);
        }
    }
}

using System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModel
    {
        [Display(Name = "User name")]
        public string UserName { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.Password)]
        [Display(Name = "Password")]
        public string Password { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.Password)]
        [Display(Name = "Confirm password")]
        public string ConfirmPassword { get; set; }

        [DataType(DataType.EmailAddress)]
        [Display(Name = "Email")]
        public string Email { get; set; }

        [Display(Name = "Age")]
        public int Age { get; set; }
    }
}

using FluentValidation;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModelValidator : AbstractValidator<RegisterModel>
    {
        public RegisterModelValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.UserName)
                .NotNull()
                    .WithMessage("Your first name is required.")
                .MaximumLength(20)
                    .WithMessage("Your first name is too long!")
                .MinimumLength(3)
                    .WithMessage(registerModel => $"Your first name `{registerModel.UserName}` is too short!");

            RuleFor(x => x.Password)
                .NotNull()
                    .WithMessage("Your password is required.")
                .Length(6, 100);

            RuleFor(x => x.ConfirmPassword)
                .NotNull()
                    .WithMessage("Your confirmation password is required.")
                .Equal(x => x.Password)
                    .WithMessage("The password and confirmation password do not match.");

            RuleFor(x => x.Email).EmailAddress();
            RuleFor(x => x.Age).InclusiveBetween(18, 60);
        }
    }
}

using System.Text.RegularExpressions;
using FluentValidation;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class RegisterModelValidator : AbstractValidator<RegisterModel>
    {
        public RegisterModelValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.Password)
                .NotNull()
                    .WithMessage("Your password is required.")
                .Length(6, 100)
                .Must(password => hasValidPassword(password));
            //...

        }

        private static bool hasValidPassword(string password)
        {
            var lowercase = new Regex("[a-z]+");
            var uppercase = new Regex("[A-Z]+");
            var digit = new Regex("(\\d)+");
            var symbol = new Regex("(\\W)+");
            return lowercase.IsMatch(password) &&
                    uppercase.IsMatch(password) &&
                    digit.IsMatch(password) &&
                    symbol.IsMatch(password);
        }
    }
}

RuleFor(x => x.Password)
    .NotNull()
        .WithMessage("Your password is required.")
    .Length(6, 100)
    .Must(hasValidPassword);

using System;
using FluentValidation;
using FluentValidation.Validators;

namespace FluentValidationSample.Models
{
    public class EmailFromDomainValidator : PropertyValidator
    {
        private readonly string _domain;

        public EmailFromDomainValidator(string domain)
            : base("Email address {PropertyValue} is not from domain {domain}")
        {
            _domain = domain;
        }

        protected override bool IsValid(PropertyValidatorContext context)
        {
            if (context.PropertyValue == null) return false;
            var split = context.PropertyValue.ToString().Split('@');
            return split.Length == 2 && split[1].Equals(_domain, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
        }
    }
}

RuleFor(x => x.Email)
    .SetValidator(new EmailFromDomainValidator("gmail.com"));

    public static class CustomValidatorExtensions
    {
        public static IRuleBuilderOptions<T, string> EmailAddressFromDomain<T>(
            this IRuleBuilder<T, string> ruleBuilder, string domain)
        {
            return ruleBuilder.SetValidator(new EmailFromDomainValidator(domain));
        }
    }

RuleFor(x => x.Email).EmailAddressFromDomain("gmail.com");

    public class RegisterModel
    {
        // ...

        public Address Address { get; set; }

        public ICollection<Phone> Phones { get; set; }
    }

    public class Phone
    {
        public string Number { get; set; }
        public string Description { get; set; }
    }

    public class Address
    {
        public string Location { get; set; }
        public string PostalCode { get; set; }
    }

    public class PhoneValidator : AbstractValidator<Phone>
    {
        public PhoneValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.Number).NotNull();
        }
    }

    public class AddressValidator : AbstractValidator<Address>
    {
        public AddressValidator()
        {
            RuleFor(x => x.PostalCode).NotNull();
            RuleFor(x => x.Location).NotNull();
        }
    }

    public class RegisterModelValidator : AbstractValidator<RegisterModel>
    {
        public RegisterModelValidator()
        {
            // ...

            RuleFor(x => x.Address).SetValidator(new AddressValidator());

            RuleForEach(x => x.Phones).SetValidator(new PhoneValidator());
        }

"C:\Program Files\Git\usr\bin\openssl.exe" genrsa -out private.key 2048
"C:\Program Files\Git\usr\bin\openssl.exe" req -new -x509 -key private.key -out publickey.cer -days 1398
"C:\Program Files\Git\usr\bin\openssl.exe" pkcs12 -export -out idp.pfx -inkey private.key -in publickey.cer

private static X509Certificate2 loadCertificateFromFile(string filePath, string password)
{
    // NOTE:
    // You should check out the identity of your application pool and make sure
    // that the `Load user profile` option is turned on, otherwise the crypto susbsystem won't work.

    // For decryption the certificate must be in the certificate store. It's a limitation of how EncryptedXml works.
    using (var store = new X509Store(StoreName.My, StoreLocation.CurrentUser))
    {
      store.Open(OpenFlags.ReadWrite);
      store.Add(new X509Certificate2(filePath, password, X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable));
    }

    return new X509Certificate2(
            filePath,
            password,
            keyStorageFlags: X509KeyStorageFlags.MachineKeySet | X509KeyStorageFlags.PersistKeySet
                             | X509KeyStorageFlags.Exportable);
}

services
   .AddDataProtection()
   .SetDefaultKeyLifetime(...)
   .SetApplicationName(...)
   .ProtectKeysWithCertificate(loadCertificateFromFile("path ...", "123"));

<%: %>

public IHtmlString Raw(string value)
{
    return new HtmlString(value);
}

public IHtmlString Raw(object value)
{
    return new HtmlString(value == null ? null : value.ToString());
}

namespace System.Web.Mvc
{
    public sealed class MvcHtmlString : HtmlString
    {
        [SuppressMessage("Microsoft.Security", "CA2104:DoNotDeclareReadOnlyMutableReferenceTypes", Justification = "MvcHtmlString is immutable")]
        public static readonly MvcHtmlString Empty = Create(String.Empty);

        private readonly string _value;

        public MvcHtmlString(string value)
            : base(value ?? String.Empty)
        {
            _value = value ?? String.Empty;
        }

        public static MvcHtmlString Create(string value)
        {
            return new MvcHtmlString(value);
        }

        public static bool IsNullOrEmpty(MvcHtmlString value)
        {
            return (value == null || value._value.Length == 0);
        }
    }
}