public static T DeserializeFromFile<T>(string filePath, JsonSerializerSettings settings = null)
        {
            if (!File.Exists(filePath))
                return default(T);

            using (var fileStream = File.OpenRead(filePath))
            {
                using (var streamReader = new StreamReader(fileStream))
                {
                    using (var reader = new JsonTextReader(streamReader))
                    {
                        var serializer = settings == null ? JsonSerializer.Create() : JsonSerializer.Create(settings);
                        return serializer.Deserialize<T>(reader);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        public static void SerializeToFile(string filePath, object data, JsonSerializerSettings settings = null)
        {
            using (var fileStream = new FileStream(filePath, FileMode.Create))
            {
                using (var streamReader = new StreamWriter(fileStream))
                {
                    using (var reader = new JsonTextWriter(streamReader))
                    {
                        var serializer = settings == null ? JsonSerializer.Create() : JsonSerializer.Create(settings);
                        serializer.Serialize(reader, data);
                    }
                }
            }
        }

public class Employee
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
    public DateTime HireDate { get; set; }
    public decimal Salary { get; set; }

    public Employee(string firstName, string lastName, DateTime hireDate, decimal salary)
    {
        FirstName = firstName;
        LastName = lastName;
        HireDate = hireDate;
        Salary = salary;
    }
}

public class Employee(string firstName, string lastName, DateTime hireDate, decimal salary)
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; } = firstName;
    public string LastName { get; set; } = lastName;
    public DateTime HireDate { get; set; } = hireDate;
    public decimal Salary { get; set; } = salary;
}

var employee = new Employee("John", "Doe", new DateTime(2020, 1, 1), 50000);

public record class Book(string Title, string Publisher);

public record struct Color(int R, int G, int B);

public class MyService
{
    private readonly IDepedent _dependent;
  
    public MyService(IDependent dependent)
    {
        _dependent = dependent;
    }
  
    public void Do() 
    {
        _dependent.DoWork();
    }
}

public class MyService(IDependent dependent)
{
    public void Do() 
    {
        dependent.DoWork();
    }
}

using System;
using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

namespace CS8Tests
{
  [NullableContext(1)]
  [Nullable(0)]
  public class Employee
  {
    [CompilerGenerated]
    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]
    private string <FirstName>k__BackingField;
    [CompilerGenerated]
    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]
    private string <LastName>k__BackingField;
    [CompilerGenerated]
    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]
    private DateTime <HireDate>k__BackingField;
    [CompilerGenerated]
    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]
    private Decimal <Salary>k__BackingField;

    public Employee(string firstName, string lastName, DateTime hireDate, Decimal salary)
    {
      this.<FirstName>k__BackingField = firstName;
      this.<LastName>k__BackingField = lastName;
      this.<HireDate>k__BackingField = hireDate;
      this.<Salary>k__BackingField = salary;
      base..ctor();
    }

    public string FirstName
    {
      [CompilerGenerated] get
      {
        return this.<FirstName>k__BackingField;
      }
      [CompilerGenerated] set
      {
        this.<FirstName>k__BackingField = value;
      }
    }

    public string LastName
    {
      [CompilerGenerated] get
      {
        return this.<LastName>k__BackingField;
      }
      [CompilerGenerated] set
      {
        this.<LastName>k__BackingField = value;
      }
    }

    public DateTime HireDate
    {
      [CompilerGenerated] get
      {
        return this.<HireDate>k__BackingField;
      }
      [CompilerGenerated] set
      {
        this.<HireDate>k__BackingField = value;
      }
    }

    public Decimal Salary
    {
      [CompilerGenerated] get
      {
        return this.<Salary>k__BackingField;
      }
      [CompilerGenerated] set
      {
        this.<Salary>k__BackingField = value;
      }
    }
  }
}

public class Person(string firstName, string lastName) 
{
    public Person() : this("John", "Smith") { }
    public Person(string firstName) : this(firstName, "Smith") { }
    public string FullName => $"{firstName} {lastName}";
}

public class User
{
    public User(string firstName, string lastName) { }
}

public class Editor(string firstName, string lastName) : User
{
}

public class Automobile
{
    public Automobile(int wheels, int seats)
    {
        Wheels = wheels;
        Seats = seats;
    }

    public int Wheels { get; }
    public int Seats { get; }
}

public class Car : Automobile
{
    public Car(int seats) : base(4, seats)
    {
    }
}

public class Automobile(int wheels, int seats)
{
    public int Wheels { get; } = wheels;
    public int Seats { get; } = seats;
}

public class Car(int seats) : Automobile(4, seats);

public class MyBaseClass(string s); // no body required

public class Derived(int i, string s, bool b) : MyBaseClass(s)
{
    public int I { get; set; } = i;
    public string B => b.ToString();
}

public class Human(int age)
{
    // initialization
    public int Age { get; set; } = age;

    // capture
    public string Bio => $"My age is {age}!";
}

var p = new Human(42);
Console.WriteLine(p.Age); // Output: 42
Console.WriteLine(p.Bio); // Output: My age is 42!

p.Age++;
Console.WriteLine(p.Age); // Output: 43
Console.WriteLine(p.Bio); // Output: My age is 42! // !

using System.Diagnostics;
using System.Runtime.CompilerServices;

namespace CS8Tests
{
  [NullableContext(1)]
  [Nullable(0)]
  public class Human
  {
    [CompilerGenerated]
    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]
    private int <age>P;
    [CompilerGenerated]
    [DebuggerBrowsable(DebuggerBrowsableState.Never)]
    private int <Age>k__BackingField;

    public Human(int age)
    {
      this.<age>P = age;
      this.<Age>k__BackingField = this.<age>P;
      base..ctor();
    }

    public int Age
    {
      [CompilerGenerated] get
      {
        return this.<Age>k__BackingField;
      }
      [CompilerGenerated] set
      {
        this.<Age>k__BackingField = value;
      }
    }

    public string Bio
    {
      get
      {
        DefaultInterpolatedStringHandler interpolatedStringHandler = new DefaultInterpolatedStringHandler(11, 1);
        interpolatedStringHandler.AppendLiteral("My age is ");
        interpolatedStringHandler.AppendFormatted<int>(this.<age>P);
        interpolatedStringHandler.AppendLiteral("!");
        return interpolatedStringHandler.ToStringAndClear();
      }
    }
  }
}

public Human(int age)
{
   this.<age>P = age;
   this.<Age>k__BackingField = this.<age>P;
   base..ctor();
}

1. ViewUsers 
   
2. CreateUser 
   
3. EditUser 
   
4. DeleteUser 
   

npm install angular2-permission --save

import { Ng2Permission } from 'angular2-permission';
@NgModule({
  imports: [
    Ng2Permission
  ]
})

import { PermissionService } from 'angular2-permission';
@Component({
    […]
})
export class LoginComponent implements OnInit {
    constructor(private _permissionService: PermissionService) { 
        this._permissionService.define(['ViewUsers', 'CreateUser', 'EditUser', 'DeleteUser']);
    }
}

import { PermissionGuard, IPermissionGuardModel } from 'angular2-permission';
[…]
const routes: Routes = [
    {
        path: 'login',
        component: LoginComponent,
        children: []
    },
    {
        path: 'users',
        component: UserListComponent,
        canActivate: [PermissionGuard],
        data: {
            Permission: {
                Only: ['ViewUsers'],
                RedirectTo: '403'
            } as IPermissionGuardModel
        },
        children: []
    },
    {
        path: 'users/create',
        component: UserCreateComponent,
        canActivate: [PermissionGuard],
        data: {
            Permission: {
                Only: ['CreateUser'],
                RedirectTo: '403'
            } as IPermissionGuardModel
        },
        children: []
    },
    {
        path: '403',
        component: AccessDeniedComponent,
        children: []
    }
];

@NgModule({
    imports: [RouterModule.forRoot(routes)],
    exports: [RouterModule]
})
export class AppRoutingModule { }

{
    path: 'users/create',
    component: UserCreateComponent,
    canActivate: [PermissionGuard],
    data: {
        Permission: {
            Only: ['Admin', 'CreateUser'],
            RedirectTo: '403'
        } as IPermissionGuardModel
    },
    children: []
}

<button type="button" [hasPermission]="['DeleteUser']">
  <span aria-hidden="true"></span>
  Delete
</button>

<button type="button" [hasPermission]="[ 'Admin', 'DeleteUser']">
  <span aria-hidden="true"></span>
  Delete
</button>

<button type="button" [exceptPermission]="['GeustUser']">
  <span aria-hidden="true"></span>
  Delete
</button>

<button type="button" 
  [hasPermission]="['GeustUser']"
  onAuthorizedPermission="enable"
  onUnauthorizedPermission="disable">
  <span aria-hidden="true"></span>
  Delete
</button>

@Component({
    selector: 'app-user-list',
    templateUrl: './user-list.component.html',
    styleUrls: ['./user-list.component.css']
})
export class UserListComponent {

  constructor() { }

  OnAuthorizedPermission(element: ElementRef) {
    element.nativeElement.style.visibility ="inherit";
  }

  OnUnauthorizedPermission(element: ElementRef) {
    element.nativeElement.style.visibility = "hidden";    
  }
}

<button 
  [hasPermission]="['CreateUser']"
  [onAuthorizedPermission]="OnAuthorizedPermission"
  [onUnauthorizedPermission]="OnUnauthorizedPermission">
  <span aria-hidden="true"></span>
  Add New User
</button>

let name: string;
name = "Vahid"; // OK
name = null; // OK
name = undefined;  // OK

let age: number;
age = 24; // OK
age = null; // OK
age = undefined;  // OK

{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "strictNullChecks": true
    }
}

 let foo: string = null; // Error! Type 'null' is not assignable to type 'string'.

Uncaught ReferenceError: foo is not defined
Uncaught TypeError: window.foo is not a function

// With strictNullChecks set to false
let d: Array<number> = [null, undefined, 10, 15]; //OK
let e: Array<string> = ["pie", null, ""];  //OK
 
 
// With strictNullChecks set to true
let d: Array<number> = [null, undefined, 10, 15]; // Error
let e: Array<string> = ["pie", null, ""]; // Error

{ 
    "compilerOptions": { 
        "strict": true  /* Enable all strict type-checking options. */ 
    } 
}

{ 
    "compilerOptions": { 
        "strict": true, 
        "noImplicitThis": false 
    } 
}

 let foo: string | null = null; // Okay!

let name: string | null;
name = "Vahid"; // OK
name = null; // OK
name = undefined;  // Error

let z = null;

testAssignedBeforeUseChecking() {
    let x: number;
    console.log(x);
}

 [ts] Variable 'x' is used before being assigned.

let z: number | undefined;
console.log(z);

method1(x?: number) {
}

method1(x?: number | undefined) {
}

  f(x: number): string {
    return x.toString();
  }

  testTypeGuards() {
    let x: number | null | undefined;
    if (x) {
      this.f(x);  // Ok, type of x is number here
    } else {
      this.f(x);  // Error, type of x is number? here
    }
  }

 Argument of type 'number | null | undefined' is not assignable to parameter of type 'number'.
Type 'undefined' is not assignable to type 'number'.

getLength(s: string | null) {
   return s ? s.length : 0;
}

isNumber(n: any): n is number { // type guard
   return typeof n === "number";
}

  usedMb(usedBytes?: number): number | undefined {
    return this.isNumber(usedBytes) ? (usedBytes / (1024 * 1024)) : undefined;
  }

  usedMb2(usedBytes?: number): number | undefined {
    return usedBytes ? (usedBytes / (1024 * 1024)) : undefined;
  }

  formatUsedMb(): string {
    //ERROR: TS2531: Object is possibly undefined
    return this.usedMb(123).toFixed(0).toString();
  }

  formatUsed(): string {
    const usedMb = this.usedMb(123);
    return usedMb ? usedMb.toFixed(0).toString() : "";
  }

export interface User {
  name: string;
  age?: number;
}

  printUserInfo(user: User) {
    if (user.age != null) {
      console.log(`${user.name}, ${user.age.toString()}`);
    }
  }

  printUserInfo(user: User) {
    console.log(`${user.name}, ${user.age.toString()}`);
  }

  printUserInfo(user: User) {
    console.log(`${user.name}, ${user.age!.toString()}`);
  }

 [tslint] Forbidden non null assertion (no-non-null-assertion)

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using Lucene.Net.Analysis.Standard;
using Lucene.Net.Documents;
using Lucene.Net.Index;
using Lucene.Net.Store;
using LuceneSearch.Core.Model;
using LuceneSearch.Core.Utils;

namespace LuceneSearch.Core
{
    public static class CreateIndex
    {
        static readonly Lucene.Net.Util.Version _version = Lucene.Net.Util.Version.LUCENE_30;

        public static Document MapPostToDocument(Post post)
        {
            var postDocument = new Document();
            postDocument.Add(new Field("Id", post.Id.ToString(), Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.NOT_ANALYZED));
            var titleField = new Field("Title", post.Title, Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.ANALYZED, Field.TermVector.WITH_POSITIONS_OFFSETS);
            titleField.Boost = 3;
            postDocument.Add(titleField);
            postDocument.Add(new Field("Body", post.Body.RemoveHtmlTags(), Field.Store.YES, Field.Index.ANALYZED, Field.TermVector.WITH_POSITIONS_OFFSETS));
            return postDocument;
        }

        public static void CreateFullTextIndex(IEnumerable<Post> dataList, string path)
        {
            var directory = FSDirectory.Open(new DirectoryInfo(path));
            var analyzer = new StandardAnalyzer(_version);
            using (var writer = new IndexWriter(directory, analyzer, create: true, mfl: IndexWriter.MaxFieldLength.UNLIMITED))
            {
                foreach (var post in dataList)
                {
                    writer.AddDocument(MapPostToDocument(post));
                }

                writer.Optimize();
                writer.Commit();
                writer.Close();
                directory.Close();
            }
        }
    }
}

namespace LuceneSearch.Core.Model
{
    public class SearchResult
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string Title { set; get; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using Lucene.Net.Index;
using Lucene.Net.Search;
using Lucene.Net.Store;
using LuceneSearch.Core.Model;
using LuceneSearch.Core.Utils;

namespace LuceneSearch.Core
{
    public static class AutoComplete
    {
        private static IndexSearcher _searcher;

        /// <summary>
        /// Get terms starting with the given prefix
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="prefix"></param>
        /// <param name="maxItems"></param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static IList<SearchResult> GetTermsScored(string indexPath, string prefix, int maxItems = 10)
        {
            if (_searcher == null)
                _searcher = new IndexSearcher(FSDirectory.Open(new DirectoryInfo(indexPath)), true);

            var resultsList = new List<SearchResult>();
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(prefix))
                return resultsList;

            prefix = prefix.ApplyCorrectYeKe();

            var results = _searcher.Search(new PrefixQuery(new Term("Title", prefix)), null, maxItems);
            if (results.TotalHits == 0)
            {
                results = _searcher.Search(new PrefixQuery(new Term("Body", prefix)), null, maxItems);
            }

            foreach (var doc in results.ScoreDocs)
            {
                resultsList.Add(new SearchResult
                {
                    Title = _searcher.Doc(doc.Doc).Get("Title"),
                    Id = int.Parse(_searcher.Doc(doc.Doc).Get("Id"))
                });
            }

            return resultsList;
        }
    }
}

using System.Text;
using System.Web.Mvc;
using LuceneSearch.Core;
using System.Web;

namespace LuceneSearch.Controllers
{
    public class HomeController : Controller
    {
        static string _indexPath = HttpRuntime.AppDomainAppPath + @"App_Data\idx";

        public ActionResult Index(int? id)
        {
            if (id.HasValue)
            {
                //todo: do something
            }
            return View(); //Show the page
        }

        public virtual ActionResult ScoredTerms(string q)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(q))
                return Content(string.Empty);

            var result = new StringBuilder();
            var items = AutoComplete.GetTermsScored(_indexPath, q);
            foreach (var item in items)
            {
                var postUrl = this.Url.Action(actionName: "Index", controllerName: "Home", routeValues: new { id = item.Id }, protocol: "http");
                result.AppendLine(item.Title + "|" + postUrl);
            }

            return Content(result.ToString());
        }
    }
}

@{
    ViewBag.Title = "جستجو";
    var scoredTermsUrl = Url.Action(actionName: "ScoredTerms", controllerName: "Home");
    var bulletImage = Url.Content("~/Content/Images/bullet_shape.png");
}
<h2>
    جستجو</h2>

<div align="center">
    @Html.TextBox("term", "", htmlAttributes: new { dir = "ltr" })
    <br />
    جهت آزمایش lu را وارد نمائید
</div>

@section scripts
{
    <script type="text/javascript">
        EnableSearchAutocomplete('@scoredTermsUrl', '@bulletImage');
    </script>
}

function EnableSearchAutocomplete(url, img) {
    var formatItem = function (row) {
        if (!row) return "";
        return "<img src='" + img + "' /> " + row[0];
    }

    $(document).ready(function () {
        $("#term").autocomplete(url, {
            dir: 'rtl', minChars: 2, delay: 5,
            mustMatch: false, max: 20, autoFill: false,
            matchContains: false, scroll: false, width: 300,
            formatItem: formatItem
        }).result(function (evt, row, formatted) {
            if (!row) return;
            window.location = row[1];
        });
    });
}

result.AppendLine(item.Title + "|" + postUrl);
return Content(result.ToString());

<%@ Page Language="C#" AutoEventWireup="true" CodeBehind="Default.aspx.cs" Inherits="LuceneSearch.WebForms.Default" %>

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head runat="server">
    <meta charset="utf-8" />
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
    <title>جستجو</title>
    <link href="Content/Site.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />
    <script src="Scripts/jquery-1.7.1.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="Scripts/jquery.autocomplete.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
    <script src="Scripts/custom.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body dir="rtl">
    <h2>
        جستجو</h2>
    <form id="form1" runat="server">
    <div align="center">
        <asp:TextBox runat="server" dir="ltr" ID="term"></asp:TextBox>
        <br />
        جهت آزمایش lu را وارد نمائید
    </div>
    </form>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        EnableSearchAutocomplete('Search.ashx', 'Content/Images/bullet_shape.png');
    </script>
</body>
</html>

using System.Text;
using System.Web;
using LuceneSearch.Core;

namespace LuceneSearch.WebForms
{
    public class Search : IHttpHandler
    {
        static string _indexPath = HttpRuntime.AppDomainAppPath + @"App_Data\idx";

        public void ProcessRequest(HttpContext context)
        {
            string q = context.Request.QueryString["q"];
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(q))
            {
                context.Response.Write(string.Empty);
                context.Response.End();
            }

            var result = new StringBuilder();
            var items = AutoComplete.GetTermsScored(_indexPath, q);
            foreach (var item in items)
            {
                var postUrl = "Default.aspx?id=" + item.Id;
                result.AppendLine(item.Title + "|" + postUrl);
            }

            context.Response.ContentType = "text/plain";
            context.Response.Write(result.ToString());
            context.Response.End();
        }

        public bool IsReusable
        { get { return false; } }
    }
}

result.AppendLine(item.Title + "|" + postUrl);
context.Response.Write(result.ToString());

#1 let mutable phrase = "Can it change? "

#2 printfn "%s" phrase

#3 phrase <- "yes, it can."

#4 printfn "%s" phrase

Can it change?  
yes, it can.

#1 let mutable phrase = "Can it change?  "

#3 phrase <- 1

Prog.fs(9,10): error: FS0001: This expression has type
int
but is here used with type
string

let redefineX() =
let x = "One"
printfn "Redefining:\r\nx = %s" x
if true then
   let x = "Two"
printfn "x = %s" x
printfn "x = %s" x

Redefining:
x = One
x = Two
x = One

let mutableX() =
let mutable x = "One"
printfn "Mutating:\r\nx = %s" x
if true then
   x <- "Two"
printfn "x = %s" x
printfn "x = %s" x

Mutating:
x = One
x = Two
x = Two

let refVar = ref 6

refVar := 50



printfn "%d" !refVar

let xRef : int ref = ref 10

printfn "%d" (xRef.Value)
printfn "%d" (xRef.contents)

xRef.Value <- 11
printfn "%d" (xRef.Value)
xRef.contents <- 12
printfn "%d" (xRef.contents)

10
10
11
12 

let keepIfPositive (a : int) = if a > 0 then Some(a) else None

let exists (x : int option) = 
    match x with
    | Some(x) -> true
    | None -> false

let rec tryFindMatch pred list =
    match list with
    | head :: tail -> if pred(head)
                        then Some(head)
                        else tryFindMatch pred tail
    | [] -> None

let result1 = tryFindMatch (fun elem -> elem = 100) [ 200; 100; 50; 25 ] //برابر با 100 است

let result2 = tryFindMatch (fun elem -> elem = 26) [ 200; 100; 50; 25 ]// برابر با None است

open System.IO
let openFile filename =
    try 
        let file = File.Open (filename, FileMode.Create)
        Some(file)
    with
        | ex -> eprintf "An exception occurred with message %s" ex.Message
                None

type enum-name =
   | value1 = integer-literal1
   | value2 = integer-literal2
   ...

type Color =
   | Red = 0
   | Green = 1
   | Blue = 2

let col1 : Color = Color.Red

type uColor =
   | Red = 0u
   | Green = 1u
   | Blue = 2u
let col3 = Microsoft.FSharp.Core.LanguagePrimitives.EnumOfValue<uint32, uColor>(2u)

using(var writer = new StreamWriter(filePath))
{
   
}

let writeToFile fileName =
    use sw = new System.IO.StreamWriter(fileName : string)
    sw.Write("Hello ")

[<Measure>] type unit-name [ = measure ]

[<Measure>] type cm

[<Measure>] type ml = cm^3

let value = 1.0<cm>

[<Measure>] type g                 تعریف واحد گرم
[<Measure>] type kg               تعریف واحد کیلوگرم
let gramsPerKilogram : float<g kg^-1> = 1000.0<g/kg>    تعریف تابع تبدیل

[<Measure>] type degC // دما بر حسب سلسیوس
[<Measure>] type degF // دما بر حسب فارنهایت

let convertCtoF ( temp : float<degC> ) = 9.0<degF> / 5.0<degC> * temp + 32.0<degF> // تابع تبدیل سلسیوس به فارنهایت
let convertFtoC ( temp: float<degF> ) = 5.0<degC> / 9.0<degF> * ( temp - 32.0<degF>) // تابع تبدیل فارنهایت به سلسیوس

let degreesFahrenheit temp = temp * 1.0<degF> // درجه به فارنهایت
let degreesCelsius temp = temp * 1.0<degC> // درجه به سلسیوس

printfn "Enter a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit." 
let input = System.Console.ReadLine()
let mutable floatValue = 0.
if System.Double.TryParse(input, &floatValue)// اگر ورودی عدد بود
   then 
      printfn "That temperature in Celsius is %8.2f degrees C." ((convertFtoC (degreesFahrenheit floatValue))/(1.0<degC>))
   else
      printfn "Error parsing input."

Enter a temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
90
That temperature in degrees Celsius is    32.22.

SELECT
    [Id], 
    (SELECT top 1  * FROM  [AppUsers] FOR XML auto),
    HASHBYTES ('SHA2_256', (SELECT top 1  * FROM  [AppUsers] FOR XML auto)) AS [hash] -- varbinary(n), since 2012
FROM
    [AppUsers]

using System.Collections.Generic;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public interface IAuditableEntity
    {
        string Hash { set; get; }
    }

    public static class AuditableShadowProperties
    {
        public static readonly string CreatedDateTime = nameof(CreatedDateTime);
        public static readonly string ModifiedDateTime = nameof(ModifiedDateTime);
    }

    public class Blog : IAuditableEntity
    {
        public int BlogId { get; set; }
        public string Url { get; set; }

        public List<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }

    public class Post : IAuditableEntity
    {
        public int PostId { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public string Content { get; set; }

        public int BlogId { get; set; }
        public Blog Blog { get; set; }

        public string Hash { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.Generic;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public class AuditEntry
    {
        public EntityEntry EntityEntry { set; get; }
        public IList<AuditProperty> AuditProperties { set; get; } = new List<AuditProperty>();

        public AuditEntry() { }

        public AuditEntry(EntityEntry entry)
        {
            EntityEntry = entry;
        }
    }

    public class AuditProperty
    {
        public string Name { set; get; }
        public object Value { set; get; }

        public bool IsTemporary { set; get; }
        public PropertyEntry PropertyEntry { set; get; }

        public AuditProperty() { }

        public AuditProperty(string name, object value, bool isTemporary, PropertyEntry property)
        {
            Name = name;
            Value = value;
            IsTemporary = isTemporary;
            PropertyEntry = property;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Security.Cryptography;
using System.Text;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public static class HashingExtensions
    {
        public static string GenerateObjectHash(this object @object)
        {
            if (@object == null)
            {
                return string.Empty;
            }

            var jsonData = JsonConvert.SerializeObject(@object, Formatting.Indented);
            using (var hashAlgorithm = new SHA256CryptoServiceProvider())
            {
                var byteValue = Encoding.UTF8.GetBytes(jsonData);
                var byteHash = hashAlgorithm.ComputeHash(byteValue);
                return Convert.ToBase64String(byteHash);
            }
        }

        public static string GenerateEntityEntryHash(this EntityEntry entry, string propertyToIgnore)
        {
            var auditEntry = new Dictionary<string, object>();
            foreach (var property in entry.Properties)
            {
                var propertyName = property.Metadata.Name;
                if (propertyName == propertyToIgnore)
                {
                    continue;
                }
                auditEntry[propertyName] = property.CurrentValue;
            }
            return auditEntry.GenerateObjectHash();
        }

        public static string GenerateEntityHash<TEntity>(this DbContext context, TEntity entity, string propertyToIgnore)
        {
            return context.Entry(entity).GenerateEntityEntryHash(propertyToIgnore);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Linq;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.ChangeTracking;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

namespace EFCoreRowIntegrity
{
    public class BloggingContext : DbContext
    {
        public BloggingContext()
        { }

        public BloggingContext(DbContextOptions options)
            : base(options)
        { }

        public DbSet<Blog> Blogs { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Post> Posts { get; set; }

        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            if (!optionsBuilder.IsConfigured)
            {
                optionsBuilder.EnableSensitiveDataLogging();
                var path = Path.Combine(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory(), "app_data", "EFCore.RowIntegrity.mdf");
                optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer($"Server=(localdb)\\mssqllocaldb;Database=EFCore.RowIntegrity;AttachDbFilename={path};Trusted_Connection=True;");
                optionsBuilder.UseLoggerFactory(new LoggerFactory().AddConsole((message, logLevel) =>
                logLevel == LogLevel.Debug &&
                           message.StartsWith("Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Database.Command")));
            }
        }

        protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
        {
            base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);

            foreach (var entityType in modelBuilder.Model
                                                   .GetEntityTypes()
                                                   .Where(e => typeof(IAuditableEntity)
                                                   .IsAssignableFrom(e.ClrType)))
            {
                modelBuilder.Entity(entityType.ClrType)
                            .Property<DateTimeOffset?>(AuditableShadowProperties.CreatedDateTime);
                modelBuilder.Entity(entityType.ClrType)
                            .Property<DateTimeOffset?>(AuditableShadowProperties.ModifiedDateTime);
            }
        }

        public override int SaveChanges()
        {
            var auditEntries = OnBeforeSaveChanges();
            var result = base.SaveChanges();
            OnAfterSaveChanges(auditEntries);
            return result;
        }

        private IList<AuditEntry> OnBeforeSaveChanges()
        {
            var auditEntries = new List<AuditEntry>();

            foreach (var entry in ChangeTracker.Entries<IAuditableEntity>())
            {
                if (entry.State == EntityState.Detached || entry.State == EntityState.Unchanged)
                {
                    continue;
                }

                var auditEntry = new AuditEntry(entry);
                auditEntries.Add(auditEntry);

                var now = DateTimeOffset.UtcNow;

                foreach (var property in entry.Properties)
                {
                    var propertyName = property.Metadata.Name;
                    if (propertyName == nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash))
                    {
                        continue;
                    }

                    if (property.IsTemporary)
                    {
                        // It's an auto-generated value and should be retrieved from the DB after calling the base.SaveChanges().
                        auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, null, true, property));
                        continue;
                    }

                    switch (entry.State)
                    {
                        case EntityState.Added:
                            entry.Property(AuditableShadowProperties.CreatedDateTime).CurrentValue = now;
                            auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, property.CurrentValue, false, property));
                            break;
                        case EntityState.Modified:
                            auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, property.CurrentValue, false, property));
                            entry.Property(AuditableShadowProperties.ModifiedDateTime).CurrentValue = now;
                            break;
                    }
                }
            }

            return auditEntries;
        }

        private void OnAfterSaveChanges(IList<AuditEntry> auditEntries)
        {
            foreach (var auditEntry in auditEntries)
            {
                foreach (var auditProperty in auditEntry.AuditProperties.Where(x => x.IsTemporary))
                {
                    // Now we have the auto-generated value from the DB.
                    auditProperty.Value = auditProperty.PropertyEntry.CurrentValue;
                    auditProperty.IsTemporary = false;
                }
                auditEntry.EntityEntry.Property(nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash)).CurrentValue =
                    auditEntry.AuditProperties.ToDictionary(x => x.Name, x => x.Value).GenerateObjectHash();
            }
            base.SaveChanges();
        }
    }
}

public override int SaveChanges()
{
    var auditEntries = OnBeforeSaveChanges();
    var result = base.SaveChanges();
    OnAfterSaveChanges(auditEntries);
    return result;
}

if (property.IsTemporary)
{
   // It's an auto-generated value and should be retrieved from the DB after calling the base.SaveChanges().
   auditEntry.AuditProperties.Add(new AuditProperty(propertyName, null, true, property));
   continue;
}

private static void CheckRow1IsAuthentic()
{
    using (var context = new BloggingContext())
    {
        var blog1 = context.Blogs.Single(x => x.BlogId == 1);
        var entityHash = context.GenerateEntityHash(blog1, propertyToIgnore: nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash));
        var dbRowHash = blog1.Hash;
        Console.WriteLine($"entityHash: {entityHash}\ndbRowHash:  {dbRowHash}");
        if (entityHash == dbRowHash)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This row is authentic!");
        }
        else
        {
            Console.WriteLine("This row is tampered outside of the application!");
        }
    }
}

entityHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
dbRowHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
This row is authentic!

entityHash: tdiZhKMJRnROGLLam1WpldA0fy/CbjJaR2Y2jNU9izk=
dbRowHash: P110cYquWpoaZuTpCWaqBn6HPSGdoQdmaAN05s1zYqo=
This row is tampered outside of the application!

var blogs = (from blog in context.Blogs.ToList() // Note: this `ToList()` is necessary here for having Shadow properties values, otherwise they will considered `null`.
             let computedHash = context.GenerateEntityHash(blog, nameof(IAuditableEntity.Hash))
             select new
             {
               blog.BlogId,
               blog.Url,
               RowHash = blog.Hash,
               ComputedHash = computedHash,
               IsAuthentic = blog.Hash == computedHash
             }).ToList();

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace BlazorWasmShowBinaryFiles.Server.Controllers
{
    [ApiController]
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class ReportsController : ControllerBase
    {
        [HttpGet("[action]")]
        public IActionResult GetPdfReport()
        {
            //TODO: create the `sample.pdf` report file on the server

            return File(virtualPath: "~/app_data/sample.pdf",
                        contentType: "application/pdf",
                        fileDownloadName: "sample.pdf");
        }
    }
}

window.JsBinaryFilesUtils = {
  createBlobUrl: function (byteArray, contentType) {
    // The byte array in .NET is encoded to base64 string when it passes to JavaScript.
    const numArray = atob(byteArray)
      .split("")
      .map((c) => c.charCodeAt(0));
    const uint8Array = new Uint8Array(numArray);
    const blob = new Blob([uint8Array], { type: contentType });
    return URL.createObjectURL(blob);
  },
  downloadFromUrl: function (fileName, url) {
    const anchor = document.createElement("a");
    anchor.style.display = "none";
    anchor.href = url;
    anchor.download = fileName;
    document.body.appendChild(anchor);
    anchor.click();
    document.body.removeChild(anchor);
  },
  downloadBlazorByteArray: function (fileName, byteArray, contentType) {
    const blobUrl = this.createBlobUrl(byteArray, contentType);
    this.downloadFromUrl(fileName, blobUrl);
    URL.revokeObjectURL(blobUrl);
  },
  printFromUrl: function (url) {
    const iframe = document.createElement("iframe");
    iframe.style.display = "none";
    iframe.src = url;
    document.body.appendChild(iframe);
    if (iframe.contentWindow) {
      iframe.contentWindow.print();
    }
  },
  printBlazorByteArray: function (byteArray, contentType) {
    const blobUrl = this.createBlobUrl(byteArray, contentType);
    this.printFromUrl(blobUrl);
    URL.revokeObjectURL(blobUrl);
  },
  showUrlInNewTab: function (url) {
    window.open(url);
  },
  showBlazorByteArrayInNewTab: function (byteArray, contentType) {
    const blobUrl = this.createBlobUrl(byteArray, contentType);
    this.showUrlInNewTab(blobUrl);
    URL.revokeObjectURL(blobUrl);
  },
};

using System.Threading.Tasks;
using Microsoft.JSInterop;

namespace BlazorWasmShowBinaryFiles.Client.Utils
{
    public static class JsBinaryFilesUtils
    {
        public static ValueTask<string> CreateBlobUrlAsync(
            this IJSRuntime JSRuntime,
            byte[] byteArray, string contentType)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeAsync<string>("JsBinaryFilesUtils.createBlobUrl", byteArray, contentType);
        }

        public static ValueTask DownloadFromUrlAsync(this IJSRuntime JSRuntime, string fileName, string url)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("JsBinaryFilesUtils.downloadFromUrl", fileName, url);
        }

        public static ValueTask DownloadBlazorByteArrayAsync(
            this IJSRuntime JSRuntime,
            string fileName, byte[] byteArray, string contentType)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("JsBinaryFilesUtils.downloadBlazorByteArray",
                    fileName, byteArray, contentType);
        }

        public static ValueTask PrintFromUrlAsync(this IJSRuntime JSRuntime, string url)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("JsBinaryFilesUtils.printFromUrl", url);
        }

        public static ValueTask PrintBlazorByteArrayAsync(
            this IJSRuntime JSRuntime,
            byte[] byteArray, string contentType)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("JsBinaryFilesUtils.printBlazorByteArray", byteArray, contentType);
        }

        public static ValueTask ShowUrlInNewTabAsync(this IJSRuntime JSRuntime, string url)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("JsBinaryFilesUtils.showUrlInNewTab", url);
        }

        public static ValueTask ShowBlazorByteArrayInNewTabAsync(
            this IJSRuntime JSRuntime,
            byte[] byteArray, string contentType)
        {
            return JSRuntime.InvokeVoidAsync("JsBinaryFilesUtils.showBlazorByteArrayInNewTab", byteArray, contentType);
        }
    }
}

img-src 'self' data: blob:
default-src 'self' blob:
object-src 'self' blob:

@page "/"

@using BlazorWasmShowBinaryFiles.Client.Utils

@inject IJSRuntime JSRuntime
@inject HttpClient HttpClient

<h1>Display PDF Files</h1>
<button class="btn btn-info" @onclick="handlePrintPdf">Print PDF</button>
<button class="btn btn-primary ml-2" @onclick="handleShowPdf">Show PDF</button>
<button class="btn btn-success ml-2" @onclick="handleDownloadPdf">Download PDF</button>

@if(!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(PdfBlobUrl))
{
    <section class="card mb-5 mt-3">
        <div class="card-header">
            <h4>using iframe</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="card-body">
            <iframe title="PDF Report" width="100%" height="600" src="@PdfBlobUrl" type="@PdfContentType"></iframe>
        </div>
    </section>

    <section class="card mb-5">
        <div class="card-header">
            <h4>using object</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="card-body">
            <object data="@PdfBlobUrl" aria-label="PDF Report" type="@PdfContentType" width="100%" height="100%"></object>
        </div>
    </section>

    <section class="card mb-5">
        <div class="card-header">
            <h4>using embed</h4>
        </div>
        <div class="card-body">
            <embed aria-label="PDF Report" src="@PdfBlobUrl" type="@PdfContentType" width="100%" height="100%">
        </div>
    </section>
}

@code
{
    private const string ReportUrl = "/api/Reports/GetPdfReport";
    private const string PdfContentType = "application/pdf";

    private string PdfBlobUrl;

    private async Task handlePrintPdf()
    {
        // Note: Using the `HttpClient` is useful for accessing the protected API's by JWT's (non cookie-based authorization).
        // Otherwise just use the `PrintFromUrlAsync` method.
        var byteArray = await HttpClient.GetByteArrayAsync(ReportUrl);
        await JSRuntime.PrintBlazorByteArrayAsync(byteArray, PdfContentType);
    }

    private async Task handleDownloadPdf()
    {
        // Note: Using the `HttpClient` is useful for accessing the protected API's by JWT's (non cookie-based authorization).
        // Otherwise just use the `DownloadFromUrlAsync` method.
        var byteArray = await HttpClient.GetByteArrayAsync(ReportUrl);
        await JSRuntime.DownloadBlazorByteArrayAsync("report.pdf", byteArray, PdfContentType);
    }

    private async Task handleShowPdf()
    {
        // Note: Using the `HttpClient` is useful for accessing the protected API's by JWT's (non cookie-based authorization).
        // Otherwise just use the `ReportUrl` as the `src` of the `iframe` directly.
        var byteArray = await HttpClient.GetByteArrayAsync(ReportUrl);
        PdfBlobUrl = await JSRuntime.CreateBlobUrlAsync(byteArray, PdfContentType);
    }

    // Tips:
    // 1- How do I enable/disable the built-in pdf viewer of FireFox
    // https://support.mozilla.org/en-US/kb/disable-built-pdf-viewer-and-use-another-viewer
    // 2- How to configure browsers to use the Adobe PDF plug-in to open PDF files
    // https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/kb/pdf-browser-plugin-configuration.html
    // https://helpx.adobe.com/acrobat/using/display-pdf-in-browser.html
    // 3- Microsoft Edge is gaining new PDF reader features within the Windows 10 Fall Creator’s Update (version 1709).
}