public enum Rainbow
    {
        Red,
        Orange,
        Yellow,
        Green,
        Blue,
        Indigo,
        Violet
    }

    class RGBColor
    {
        internal byte Red { get; }
        internal byte Green { get; }
        internal byte Blue { get; }

        internal RGBColor(byte red, byte green, byte blue)
        {
            Red = red;
            Green = green;
            Blue = blue;
        }

        public override string ToString() => $"rgb({Red}, {Green}, {Blue})";
    }

        internal static RGBColor FromRainbow(Rainbow rainbowBolor)
        {
            switch (rainbowBolor)
            {
                case Rainbow.Red:
                    return new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x00, 0x00);
                case Rainbow.Orange:
                    return new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x7F, 0x00);
                case Rainbow.Yellow:
                    return new RGBColor(0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00);
                case Rainbow.Green:
                    return new RGBColor(0x00, 0xFF, 0x00);
                case Rainbow.Blue:
                    return new RGBColor(0x00, 0x00, 0xFF);
                case Rainbow.Indigo:
                    return new RGBColor(0x4B, 0x00, 0x82);
                case Rainbow.Violet:
                    return new RGBColor(0x94, 0x00, 0xD3);
                default:
                    throw new ArgumentException(message: "invalid enum value", paramName: nameof(rainbowBolor));
            };
        }

        internal static RGBColor TasteTheRainbow(Rainbow rainbowColor) =>
            rainbowColor switch
        {
            Rainbow.Red => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x00, 0x00),
            Rainbow.Orange => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0x7F, 0x00),
            Rainbow.Yellow => new RGBColor(0xFF, 0xFF, 0x00),
            Rainbow.Green => new RGBColor(0x00, 0xFF, 0x00),
            Rainbow.Blue => new RGBColor(0x00, 0x00, 0xFF),
            Rainbow.Indigo => new RGBColor(0x4B, 0x00, 0x82),
            Rainbow.Violet => new RGBColor(0x94, 0x00, 0xD3),
            _ => throw new ArgumentException(message: "invalid enum value", paramName: nameof(rainbowColor)),
        };

var operation = "+";
int a = 1, b = 2;
var result = operation switch
{
   "+" => a + b,
   "-" => a - b,
   "/" => a / b,
     _ => throw new NotSupportedException()
};

    class Address
    {
        public string AddressLine1 { get; set; }
        public string AddressLine2 { get; set; }
        public string City { get; set; }
        public string State { get; set; }
        public string PostalCode { get; set; }
        public string CountryRegion { get; set; }
    }

    static class PropertyPatterns
    {
        internal static decimal ComputeSalesTax(
            Address location,
            decimal salePrice) =>
            location switch
        {
            { State: "Fars" } => salePrice * 0.06m,
            { State: "Tehran", City: "Tehran" } => salePrice * 0.056m,

            // Other cases removed for brevity...
            _ => 0M
        };
    }

    static class TuplePatterns
    {
        internal static string RockPaperScissors(
            string first,
            string second)
            => (first, second) switch
        {
            ("rock", "paper") => "Rock is covered by Paper. Paper wins!",
            ("rock", "scissors") => "Rock breaks Scissors. Rock wins!",
            ("paper", "rock") => "Paper covers Rock. Paper wins!",
            ("paper", "scissors") => "Paper is cut by Scissors. Scissors wins!",
            ("scissors", "rock") => "Scissors is broken by Rock. Rock wins!",
            ("scissors", "paper") => "Scissors cuts Paper. Scissors wins!",
            (_, _) => "tie"
        };
    }

    class Shape
    {
        protected internal double Height { get; }
        protected internal double Length { get; }

        protected Shape(double height = 0, double length = 0)
        {
            Height = height;
            Length = length;
        }
    }

    class Circle : Shape
    {
        internal double Radius => Height / 2;
        internal double Diameter => Radius * 2;
        internal double Circumference => 2 * Math.PI * Radius;

        internal Circle(double height = 10, double length = 10)
            : base(height, length) { }
    }

    class Rectangle : Shape
    {
        internal bool IsSquare => Height == Length;

        internal Rectangle(double height = 10, double length = 10)
            : base(height, length) { }
    }

    static class ObjectPatterns
    {
        internal static string ShapeDetails(this Shape shape)
            => shape switch
        {
            Circle c => $"circle with (C): {c.Circumference}",
            Rectangle s when s.IsSquare => $"L:{s.Length} H:{s.Height}, square",
            Rectangle r => $"L:{r.Length} H:{r.Height}, rectangle",
            _ => "Unknown shape!" // Discard
        };
    }

    class Point
    {
        public int X { get; }

        public int Y { get; }

        public Point(int x, int y) => (X, Y) = (x, y);

        public void Deconstruct(out int x, out int y) => (x, y) = (X, Y);
    }

    enum Quadrant
    {
        Unknown,
        Origin,
        One,
        Two,
        Three,
        Four,
        OnBorder
    }

    static class PositionalPatterns
    {
        internal static Quadrant AsQuadrant(Point point) => point switch
        {
            (0, 0) => Quadrant.Origin,
            var (x, y) when x > 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.One,
            var (x, y) when x < 0 && y > 0 => Quadrant.Two,
            var (x, y) when x < 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Three,
            var (x, y) when x > 0 && y < 0 => Quadrant.Four,
            (_, _) => Quadrant.OnBorder, // Either are 0, but not both
            _ => Quadrant.Unknown
        };
    }

public class Comment
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string CommentText { get; set; }
    public string User { get; set; }
    
    public virtual ICollection<ArticleComment> ArticleComments { get; set; }
    public virtual ICollection<VideoComment> VideoComments { get; set; }
    public virtual ICollection<EventComment> EventComments { get; set; }
}

public class Article
{
    public Article()
    {
        ArticleComments = new HashSet<ArticleComment>();
    }
    
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Title { get; set; }
    public string Slug { get; set; }
    public string Description { get; set; }
    
    public virtual ICollection<ArticleComment> ArticleComments { get; set; }

}

public class Video
{
    public Video()
    {
        VideoComments = new HashSet<VideoComment>();
    }
    
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Url { get; set; }
    public string Description { get; set; }
    
    public virtual ICollection<VideoComment> VideoComments { get; set; }
}

public class Event
{
    public Event()
    {
        EventComments = new HashSet<EventComment>();
    }
    
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public DateTimeOffset? Start { get; set; }
    public DateTimeOffset? End { get; set; }
    
    public virtual ICollection<EventComment> EventComments { get; set; }
}

public class MyDbContext : DbContext
{
    public DbSet<Article> Articles { get; set; }
    public DbSet<ArticleComment> ArticleComments { get; set; }
    public DbSet<Video> Videos { get; set; }
    public DbSet<VideoComment> VideoComments { get; set; }
    public DbSet<Event> Events { get; set; }
    public DbSet<EventComment> EventComments { get; set; }
    public DbSet<Comment> Comments { get; set; }

    protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder options)
        => options.UseSqlite("Data Source=polymorphic.db");

    protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    {
        modelBuilder.Entity<ArticleComment>(entity =>
        {
            entity.HasKey(e => new { e.CommentId, e.ArticleId })
                .HasName("PK_dbo.ArticleComments");

            entity.HasIndex(e => e.ArticleId)
                .HasName("IX_ArticleId");

            entity.HasIndex(e => e.CommentId)
                .HasName("IX_ArticleCommentId");

            entity.HasOne(d => d.Article)
                .WithMany(p => p.ArticleComments)
                .HasForeignKey(d => d.ArticleId)
                .HasConstraintName("FK_dbo.ArticleComments_dbo.Articles_ArticleId");

            entity.HasOne(d => d.Comment)
                .WithMany(p => p.ArticleComments)
                .HasForeignKey(d => d.CommentId)
                .HasConstraintName("FK_dbo.ArticleComments_dbo.Comments_CommentId");
        });
        
        modelBuilder.Entity<VideoComment>(entity =>
        {
            entity.HasKey(e => new { e.CommentId, e.VideoId })
                .HasName("PK_dbo.VideoComments");

            entity.HasIndex(e => e.VideoId)
                .HasName("IX_VideoId");

            entity.HasIndex(e => e.CommentId)
                .HasName("IX_VideoCommentId");

            entity.HasOne(d => d.Video)
                .WithMany(p => p.VideoComments)
                .HasForeignKey(d => d.VideoId)
                .HasConstraintName("FK_dbo.VideoComments_dbo.Videos_VideoId");

            entity.HasOne(d => d.Comment)
                .WithMany(p => p.VideoComments)
                .HasForeignKey(d => d.CommentId)
                .HasConstraintName("FK_dbo.VideoComments_dbo.Comments_CommentId");
        });
        
        modelBuilder.Entity<EventComment>(entity =>
        {
            entity.HasKey(e => new { e.CommentId, e.EventId })
                .HasName("PK_dbo.EventComments");

            entity.HasIndex(e => e.EventId)
                .HasName("IX_EventId");

            entity.HasIndex(e => e.CommentId)
                .HasName("IX_EventCommentId");

            entity.HasOne(d => d.Event)
                .WithMany(p => p.EventComments)
                .HasForeignKey(d => d.EventId)
                .HasConstraintName("FK_dbo.EventComments_dbo.Events_EventId");

            entity.HasOne(d => d.Comment)
                .WithMany(p => p.EventComments)
                .HasForeignKey(d => d.CommentId)
                .HasConstraintName("FK_dbo.EventComments_dbo.Comments_CommentId");
        });
    }
}

namespace EFCorePgExercises.Entities
{
    public class Member
    {
       // ...

        public virtual ICollection<Member> Children { get; set; }
        public virtual Member Recommender { set; get; }
        public int? RecommendedBy { set; get; }

       // ...
    }
}

var id = 27;
var entity27WithAllOfItsParents =
                        context.Members
                            .Where(member => member.MemId == id
                                            || member.Children.Any(m => member.MemId == m.RecommendedBy))
                            .ToList() //It's a MUST - get all children from the database
                            .FirstOrDefault(x => x.MemId == id);// then get the root of the tree

namespace EFCorePgExercises.Exercises.RecursiveQueries
{
    public static class RecursiveUtils
    {
        public static void FindParents(Member member, List<dynamic> actualResult)
        {
            if (member == null || member.Recommender == null)
            {
                return;
            }

            var item = member.Recommender;
            actualResult.Add(new { Recommender = item.MemId, item.FirstName, item.Surname });

            if (item.Recommender != null)
            {
                FindParents(item, actualResult);
            }
        }
    }
}

var actualResult = new List<dynamic>();
RecursiveUtils.FindParents(entity27WithAllOfItsParents, actualResult);

var id = 1;
var entity1WithAllOfItsDescendants =
                        context.Members
                            .Include(member => member.Children)
                            .Where(member => member.MemId == id
                                            || member.Children.Any(m => member.MemId == m.RecommendedBy))
                            .ToList() //It's a MUST - get all children from the database
                            .FirstOrDefault(x => x.MemId == id);// then get the root of the tree

SELECT   [m].[MemId],
         [m].[Address],
         [m].[FirstName],
         [m].[JoinDate],
         [m].[RecommendedBy],
         [m].[Surname],
         [m].[Telephone],
         [m].[ZipCode],
         [m0].[MemId],
         [m0].[Address],
         [m0].[FirstName],
         [m0].[JoinDate],
         [m0].[RecommendedBy],
         [m0].[Surname],
         [m0].[Telephone],
         [m0].[ZipCode]
FROM     [Members] AS [m]
         LEFT OUTER JOIN
         [Members] AS [m0]
         ON [m].[MemId] = [m0].[RecommendedBy]
WHERE    ([m].[MemId] = 1)
         OR EXISTS (SELECT 1
                    FROM   [Members] AS [m1]
                    WHERE  ([m].[MemId] = [m1].[RecommendedBy])
                           AND ([m].[MemId] = [m1].[RecommendedBy]))
ORDER BY [m].[MemId], [m0].[MemId];

namespace EFCorePgExercises.Exercises.RecursiveQueries
{
    public static class RecursiveUtils
    {
        public static void FindChildren(Member member, List<dynamic> actualResult)
        {
            if (member == null)
            {
                return;
            }

            foreach (var item in member.Children)
            {
                actualResult.Add(new { item.MemId, item.FirstName, item.Surname });
                if (item.Children != null)
                {
                    FindChildren(item, actualResult);
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

var actualResult = new List<dynamic>();
RecursiveUtils.FindChildren(entity1WithAllOfItsDescendants, actualResult);

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
namespace ChapterOneProject
{
public class Patient
    {
        public Patient()
        {
            Visits = new List<Visit>();
        }

        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public DateTime BirthDate { get; set; }
        //[ForeignKey("AnimalTypeId")]
        
        public AnimalType AnimalType { get; set; }
        //public int AnimalTypeId { get; set; }

        public DateTime FirstVisit { get; set; }
        public List<Visit> Visits { get; set; }
    }

public class Visit
    {
        [Key]
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public DateTime Date { get; set; }
        public String ReasonForVisit { get; set; }
        public String Outcome { get; set; }
        public Decimal Weight { get; set; }

        //[ForeignKey("PatientId")]
        //public virtual Patient Patient { get; set; }
        public int PatientId { get; set; }
    }

public class AnimalType
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string TypeName { get; set; }
    }
}

public class VetContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Patient> Patients { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Visit> Visits { get; set; }
        //public DbSet<AnimalType> AnimalTypes { get; set; }
    }

var dog = new AnimalType { TypeName = "Dog" };
            var visit = new List<Visit>
                            {
                                new Visit
                                    {
                                        Date = new DateTime(2011, 9, 1),
                                        Outcome = "Test",
                                        ReasonForVisit = "Test",
                                        Weight = 32,
                                    }
                            };
            var patient = new Patient
                              {
                                  Name = "Sampson",
                                  BirthDate = new DateTime(2008, 1, 28),
                                  AnimalType = dog,
                                  Visits = visit,
                              };
            using (var context = new VetContext())
            {
                context.Patients.Add(patient);
                context.SaveChanges();
            }

using System.Linq;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Async07
{
    public class EggBoiler
    {
        private const int BoilingTimeMs = 200;

        private static Task boilEgg()
        {
            var bolingTask = Task.Run(() =>
            {
                Task.Delay(BoilingTimeMs);
            });
            return bolingTask;
        }

        public async Task BoilEggsSequentialAsync(int count)
        {
            for (var i = 0; i < count; i++)
            {
                await boilEgg();
            }
        }

        public async Task BoilEggsSimultaneousAsync(int count)
        {
            var tasksList = from egg in new[] { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 }
                            select boilEgg();
            await Task.WhenAll(tasksList);
            // ...
        }
    }
}

    public class Downloader
    {
        private Task<string> downloadTask(string url)
        {
            return new WebClient().DownloadStringTaskAsync(url);
        }

        public async Task<int> GetTemperature()
        {
            var sites = new[]
            {
                "http://www.site1.com/svc",
                "http://www.site2.com/svc",
                "http://www.site3.com/svc",
            };
            var tasksList = from site in sites
                            select downloadTask(site);
            try
            {
                var finishedTask = await Task.WhenAny(tasksList);
                var result = await finishedTask;

            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {

            }

            // todo: process result, get temperature
            return 10; // for example.
        }
    }

            foreach (var task in tasksList)
            {
                var ignored = task.ContinueWith(
                    t => Console.WriteLine(t.Exception), TaskContinuationOptions.OnlyOnFaulted);
            }

            // or
            foreach (var task in tasksList)
            {
                var ignored = task.ContinueWith(
                    t =>
                    {
                        if (t.IsFaulted)
                            Console.WriteLine(t.Exception);
                    });
            }

        public async Task ShowTemperatures()
        {
            var sites = new[]
            {
                "http://www.site1.com/svc",
                "http://www.site2.com/svc",
                "http://www.site3.com/svc",
            };
            var tasksList = sites.Select(site => downloadTask(site)).ToList();

            while (tasksList.Any())
            {
                try
                {
                    var tempTask = await Task.WhenAny(tasksList);
                    tasksList.Remove(tempTask);

                    var result = await tempTask;
                    //todo: show result
                }
                catch(Exception ex) { }
            }
        }

 byte [] buffer = new byte[0x1000];
int numRead;
while((numRead = await source.ReadAsync(buffer, 0, buffer.Length).ConfigureAwait(false)) > 0)
{
  await source.WriteAsync(buffer, 0, numRead).ConfigureAwait(false);
}