using (FileStream fs = File.Create(@"C:\files\testfile3.txt"))
        {
            // position is 0
            long pos = fs.Position;
            // sets the position to 1
            fs.Position = 1; 
         
            byte[] arrbytes = { 100, 101 };
            //writes the content of arrbytes into current position - which is 1
            fs.Write(arrbytes, 0, arrbytes.Length);
            //position is now 3 as its advanced by write
            pos = fs.Position;
            fs.Position = 0;
            byte[] readdata1 = ReadBytes(fs);
        }

Closing and Flushing 

کلاس پایه System.IO.Stream اینترفیس IDisposable را پیاده سازی کرده است؛ لذا بهتر است برای آزاد سازی منابع از جمله: file handle در FileStream یا socket handle در NetworkStream، بعد از استفاده، متد Dispose آنها را فراخوانی کنید یا با وهله سازی آنها در بدنه using، این فراخوانی به صورت ضمنی انجام شود. 

نکته: باید توجه کنید که با Close (معادل Dispose) شدن decorator streamها ، backing store stream داخلی آنها نیز Close خواهد شد.

با توجه به اینکه I/O عملیات پرهزینه‌ای می‌باشد، برخی از انواع Stream‌ها به منظور بهبود کارآیی از یک مکانیزم بافر داخلی استفاده می‌کنند. به این شکل که عملیات Write، داده را به جای آنکه درون backing store ذخیره سازی کند، درون این بافر ذخیره سازی خواهد کرد. زمانیکه این بافر پر شود یا به صورت صریح متدهای Flush یا Close فراخوانی شده باشند، داده موجود در بافر درون backing store ذخیره خواهد شد. در نتیجه عملیات Read هم می‌تواند به بخشی از داده اصلی که هم اکنون درون بافر می‌باشد، دسترسی سریع‌تری داشته باشد. به عنوان مثال FileStream از این مکانیزم داخلی برخوردار است. سایز پیش فرض این بافر ‏‏4KB (قابل تنظیم است) می‌باشد. برای سایر مواردی که این امکان برایشان وجود ندارد، می‌توان از BufferedStream برای Decorate کردن Stream مورد نظر خود استفاده کرد.

نکته: به صورت پیش فرض، Streamها thread-safe نیستند و امکان خواندن و نوشتن همزمان توسط چند thread برروی یک stream مشترک را نخواهید داشت. برای حل این موضوع، متد استاتیکی در کلاس Stream تحت عنوان Synchronized در نظر گرفته شده است که یک thread-safe wrapper را به برروی stream ورودی در نظر گرفته و آن را به عنوان خروجی برگشت خواهد داد. 

 [HostProtection(SecurityAction.LinkDemand, Synchronization = true)]
    public static Stream Synchronized(Stream stream)
    {
      if (stream == null)
        throw new ArgumentNullException("stream");
      if (stream is Stream.SyncStream)
        return stream;
      return (Stream) new Stream.SyncStream(stream);
    }

using System;
using System.Drawing;
using System.Drawing.Drawing2D;
using System.Drawing.Imaging;
using System.IO;

namespace PWS
{
    public static class Helpers
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// تغییر اندازه تصویر
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="imageFile">آرایه بایتی از تصویر مورد نظر</param>
        /// <param name="targetSize">اندازه تصویر خروجی</param>
        /// <param name="format">فرمت تصویر خروجی</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        public static byte[] ResizeImageFile(this byte[] imageFile, Int32 targetSize, ImageFormat format)
        {
            if (imageFile == null)
                throw new Exception("لطفا تصویر اصلی را مشخص نمایید");
            //باز کردن تصویر اصلی به عنوان یک جریان
            using (var oldImage = Image.FromStream(new MemoryStream(imageFile)))
            {
                //محاسبه اندازه تصویر خروجی با توجه به اندازه داده شده
                var newSize = CalculateDimensions(oldImage.Size, targetSize);
                //ایجاد تصویر جدید
                using (var newImage = new Bitmap(newSize.Width, newSize.Height, PixelFormat.Format24bppRgb))
                {
                    using (var canvas = Graphics.FromImage(newImage))
                    {
                        canvas.SmoothingMode = SmoothingMode.AntiAlias;
                        canvas.InterpolationMode = InterpolationMode.HighQualityBicubic;
                        canvas.PixelOffsetMode = PixelOffsetMode.HighQuality;
                        //تغییر اندازه تصویر اصلی و قرار دادن آن در تصویر جدید
                        canvas.DrawImage(oldImage, new Rectangle(new Point(0, 0), newSize));
                        var m = new MemoryStream();
                        //ذخیره تصویر جدید با فرمت وارد شده
                        newImage.Save(m, format);
                        return m.GetBuffer();
                    }
                }
            }
        }

        /// <summary>
        /// محاسبه ابعاد تصویر خروجی
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="oldSize">اندازه تصویر اصلی</param>
        /// <param name="targetSize">اندازه تصویر خروجی</param>
        /// <returns></returns>
        private static Size CalculateDimensions(Size oldSize, Int32 targetSize)
        {
            var newSize = new Size();
            if (oldSize.Height > oldSize.Width)
            {
                newSize.Width = Convert.ToInt32(oldSize.Width * (targetSize / (float)oldSize.Height));
                newSize.Height = targetSize;
            }
            else
            {
                newSize.Width = targetSize;
                newSize.Height = Convert.ToInt32(oldSize.Height * (targetSize / (float)oldSize.Width));
            }
            return newSize;
        }
    }
}

byte[] oldImage = FileUploadImage.FileBytes;
byte[] target = oldImage.ResizeImageFile(100, ImageFormat.Jpeg);

namespace BlazorWasm.WebApi
{
    public class Startup
    {
        //...

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddAutoMapper(typeof(MappingProfile).Assembly);

            services.AddScoped<IHotelRoomService, HotelRoomService>();
            services.AddScoped<IAmenityService, AmenityService>();
            services.AddScoped<IHotelRoomImageService, HotelRoomImageService>();

            var connectionString = Configuration.GetConnectionString("DefaultConnection");
            services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>(options => options.UseSqlServer(connectionString));

            services.AddIdentity<IdentityUser, IdentityRole>()
                .AddEntityFrameworkStores<ApplicationDbContext>()
                .AddDefaultTokenProviders();

            //...

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>net5.0</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="AutoMapper.Extensions.Microsoft.DependencyInjection" Version="8.1.1" />
    <PackageReference Include="Swashbuckle.AspNetCore" Version="5.6.3" />
  </ItemGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\BlazorServer\BlazorServer.DataAccess\BlazorServer.DataAccess.csproj" />
    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\BlazorServer\BlazorServer.Services\BlazorServer.Services.csproj" />
    <ProjectReference Include="..\..\BlazorServer\BlazorServer.Models.Mappings\BlazorServer.Models.Mappings.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

{
  "ConnectionStrings": {
    "DefaultConnection": "Server=(localdb)\\mssqllocaldb;Database=HotelManagement;Trusted_Connection=True;MultipleActiveResultSets=true"
  }
}

using BlazorServer.Models;
using BlazorServer.Services;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace BlazorWasm.WebApi.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class HotelRoomController : ControllerBase
    {
        private readonly IHotelRoomService _hotelRoomService;

        public HotelRoomController(IHotelRoomService hotelRoomService)
        {
            _hotelRoomService = hotelRoomService;
        }

        [HttpGet]
        public IAsyncEnumerable<HotelRoomDTO> GetHotelRooms()
        {
            return _hotelRoomService.GetAllHotelRoomsAsync();
        }

        [HttpGet("{roomId}")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> GetHotelRoom(int? roomId)
        {
            if (roomId == null)
            {
                return BadRequest(new ErrorModel
                {
                    Title = "",
                    ErrorMessage = "Invalid Room Id",
                    StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status400BadRequest
                });
            }

            var roomDetails = await _hotelRoomService.GetHotelRoomAsync(roomId.Value);
            if (roomDetails == null)
            {
                return BadRequest(new ErrorModel
                {
                    Title = "",
                    ErrorMessage = "Invalid Room Id",
                    StatusCode = StatusCodes.Status404NotFound
                });
            }

            return Ok(roomDetails);
        }
    }
}

namespace BlazorServer.Models
{
    public class ErrorModel
    {
        public string Title { get; set; }

        public int StatusCode { get; set; }

        public string ErrorMessage { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace BlazorWasm.WebApi
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
         // ... 

            services.AddCors(o => o.AddPolicy("HotelManagement", builder =>
            {
                builder.AllowAnyOrigin().AllowAnyMethod().AllowAnyHeader();
            }));

            services.AddControllers()
                    .AddJsonOptions(options =>
                    {
                        options.JsonSerializerOptions.PropertyNamingPolicy = null;
                        // To avoid `JsonSerializationException: Self referencing loop detected error`
                        options.JsonSerializerOptions.ReferenceHandler = ReferenceHandler.Preserve;
                    });
         // ... 
        }

        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IWebHostEnvironment env)
        {
            // ... 

            app.UseCors("HotelManagement");
            app.UseRouting();

            app.UseAuthentication();
            // ...
        }
    }
}

        public string TestNoneAsync()
        {
            var webClient = new WebClient();
            return webClient.DownloadString("http://www.google.com");
        }

        public void TestAsync()
        {
            var webClient = new WebClient();
            webClient.DownloadStringAsync(new Uri("http://www.google.com"));
            webClient.DownloadStringCompleted += webClientDownloadStringCompleted;
        }

        void webClientDownloadStringCompleted(object sender, DownloadStringCompletedEventArgs e)
        {
            // use e.Result
        }

using System;
using System.Linq;
using System.Net;
using System.Windows.Forms;

namespace Async02
{
    public partial class Form1 : Form
    {
        public Form1()
        {
            InitializeComponent();
        }

        private void btnGetInfo_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            var req = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create("http://www.google.com");
            req.Method = "HEAD";
            req.BeginGetResponse(
                asyncResult =>
                {
                    var resp = (HttpWebResponse)req.EndGetResponse(asyncResult);
                    var headersText = formatHeaders(resp.Headers);
                    txtResults.Text = headersText;
                }, null);
        }

        private string formatHeaders(WebHeaderCollection headers)
        {
            var headerString = headers.Keys.Cast<string>()
                                      .Select(header => string.Format("{0}:{1}", header, headers[header]));
            return string.Join(Environment.NewLine, headerString.ToArray());
        }
    }
}

 An exception of type 'System.InvalidOperationException' occurred in System.Windows.Forms.dll but was not handled in user code
Additional information: Cross-thread operation not valid: Control 'txtResults' accessed from a thread other than the thread it was created on.

        private void btnGetInfo_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            var sync = SynchronizationContext.Current;
            var req = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create("http://www.google.com");
            req.Method = "HEAD";
            req.BeginGetResponse(
                asyncResult =>
                {
                    var resp = (HttpWebResponse)req.EndGetResponse(asyncResult);
                    var headersText = formatHeaders(resp.Headers);
                    sync.Post(delegate { txtResults.Text = headersText; }, null);
                }, null);
        }

using System;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace Async01
{
    public class AsyncExample
    {
        public async Task DoWorkAsync(int parameter)
        {
            await Task.Delay(parameter);
            Console.WriteLine(parameter);
        }
    }
}

        public async Task<double> GetNumberAsync()
        {
            var generator = new Random();
            await Task.Delay(generator.Next(1000));

            return generator.NextDouble();
        }

        public async Task<double> GetSumAsync()
        {
            var leftOperand = await GetNumberAsync();
            var rightOperand = await GetNumberAsync();

            return leftOperand + rightOperand;
        }

        public async Task<double> GetProductOfSumAsync()
        {
            var leftOperand = GetSumAsync();
            var rightOperand = GetSumAsync();

            return await leftOperand * await rightOperand;
        }

 Operator '*' cannot be applied to operands of type 'System.Threading.Tasks.Task<double>' and 'System.Threading.Tasks.Task<double>'

        public async Task<string> DownloadAsync()
        {
            var webClient = new WebClient();
            return await webClient.DownloadStringTaskAsync("http://www.google.com");
        }

        public void TestDownloadAsync()
        {
            Debug.WriteLine("Before DownloadAsync");
            DownloadAsync();
            Debug.WriteLine("After DownloadAsync");
        }

 Before DownloadAsync
After DownloadAsync

 PM> Install-Package Microsoft.Bcl.Async

// See https://aka.ms/new-console-template for more information
Console.WriteLine("Hello, World!");

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <OutputType>Exe</OutputType>
    <TargetFramework>net6.0</TargetFramework>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

global using System;

global using static System.Console;

<ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>

// <auto-generated/>
global using global::System;
global using global::System.Collections.Generic;
global using global::System.IO;
global using global::System.Linq;
global using global::System.Net.Http;
global using global::System.Threading;
global using global::System.Threading.Tasks;

// <autogenerated />
global using global::System;
global using global::System.Collections.Generic;
global using global::System.IO;
global using global::System.Linq;
global using global::System.Net.Http;
global using global::System.Threading;
global using global::System.Threading.Tasks;
global using global::System.Net.Http.Json;
global using global::Microsoft.AspNetCore.Builder;
global using global::Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
global using global::Microsoft.AspNetCore.Http;
global using global::Microsoft.AspNetCore.Routing;
global using global::Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;
global using global::Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
global using global::Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting;
global using global::Microsoft.Extensions.Logging;

<ItemGroup>
   <Import Remove="System.Threading" />
   <Import Include="Microsoft.Extensions.Logging" />
</ItemGroup>

<ItemGroup Condition="'$(TargetFramework)' == 'net472'">
</ItemGroup>

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class Applicant
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string Name { set; get; }

        public int Age { set; get; }

        public string Address { set; get; }

        public decimal Salary { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class LoanProduct
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string ProductName { set; get; }

        public decimal InterestRate { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class LoanApplication
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public LoanProduct Product { set; get; }

        public LoanAmount Amount { set; get; }

        public Applicant Applicant { set; get; }

        public bool IsAccepted { set; get; }
    }

    public class LoanAmount
    {
        public string CurrencyCode { get; set; }

        public decimal Principal { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class IdentityVerificationStatus
    {
        public bool Passed { get; set; }
    }
}

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {
        void Initialize();

        bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress);

        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid);

        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
            ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);
    }
}

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface ICreditScorer
    {
        int Score { get; }

        void CalculateScore(string applicantName, string applicantAddress);
    }
}

using System;
using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;

namespace Loans.Services
{
    public class LoanApplicationProcessor
    {
        private const decimal MinimumSalary = 1_500_000_0;
        private const int MinimumAge = 18;
        private const int MinimumCreditScore = 100_000;

        private readonly IIdentityVerifier _identityVerifier;
        private readonly ICreditScorer _creditScorer;

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

        public bool Process(LoanApplication application)
        {
            application.IsAccepted = false;

            if (application.Applicant.Salary < MinimumSalary)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            if (application.Applicant.Age < MinimumAge)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            _identityVerifier.Initialize();

            var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
                application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

            if (!isValidIdentity)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            _creditScorer.CalculateScore(application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Address);
            if (_creditScorer.Score < MinimumCreditScore)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            application.IsAccepted = true;
            return application.IsAccepted;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Loans.Models;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;

namespace Loans.Services
{
    public class IdentityVerifierServiceGateway : IIdentityVerifier
    {
        public DateTime LastCheckTime { get; private set; }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            // Initialize connection to external service
        }

        public bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            Connect();
            var isValidIdentity = CallService(applicantName, applicantAge, applicantAddress);
            LastCheckTime = DateTime.Now;
            Disconnect();

            return isValidIdentity;
        }

        private void Connect()
        {
            // Open connection to external service
        }

        private bool CallService(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            // Make call to external service, interpret the response, and return result

            return false; // Simulate result for demo purposes
        }

        private void Disconnect()
        {
            // Close connection to external service
        }

        public void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
            ref IdentityVerificationStatus status)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.2</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\Loans\Loans.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="16.3.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="MSTest.TestAdapter" Version="2.0.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="MSTest.TestFramework" Version="2.0.0" />    
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void DeclineLowSalary()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_100_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};
            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(null, null);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

public class LoanApplicationProcessor
{
    private const decimal MinimumSalary = 1_500_000_0;

Test method Loans.Tests.LoanApplicationProcessorShould.DeclineLowSalary threw exception:
System.ArgumentNullException: Value cannot be null.
Parameter name: identityVerifier

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

> dotnet add package Moq
> Install-Package Moq

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void DeclineLowSalary()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_100_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {        
        [TestMethod]
        public void Accept()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_500_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsTrue(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

_identityVerifier.Initialize();
var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);