//Console.WriteLine("====Parent====");
//Parent parent = new Parent();
//parent.Print();

//Console.WriteLine("====Child====");
//Child child = new Child();
//child.Print();

Console.WriteLine("====Parent Via Child====");
Parent pc = new Child();
pc.Print();

@NgModule({
  imports: [
    CommonModule,
    InjectionBeyondClassesRoutingModule
  ],
  declarations: [TestProvidersComponent],
  providers: [
    { provide: "API_BASE_HREF", useValue: "http://localhost:5000" },
    { provide: "APP_BASE_HREF", useValue: document.location.pathname },
    { provide: "IS_PROD", useValue: true },
    { provide: "APIKey", useValue: "XYZ1234ABC" },
    { provide: "Random", useValue: Math.random() },
    {
      provide: "emailApiConfig", useValue: Object.freeze({
        apiKey: "email-key",
        context: "registration"
      })
    },
    { provide: "languages", useValue: "en", multi: true },
    { provide: "languages", useValue: "fa", multi: true }
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

import { Component, OnInit, Inject } from "@angular/core";
import { inject } from "@angular/core/testing";

@Component({
  selector: "app-test-providers",
  templateUrl: "./test-providers.component.html",
  styleUrls: ["./test-providers.component.css"]
})
export class TestProvidersComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor(
    @Inject("API_BASE_HREF") public apiBaseHref: string,
    @Inject("APP_BASE_HREF") public appBaseHref: string,
    @Inject("IS_PROD") public isProd: boolean,
    @Inject("APIKey") public apiKey: string,
    @Inject("Random") public random: string,
    @Inject("emailApiConfig") public emailApiConfig: any,
    @Inject("languages") public languages: string[]
  ) { }

  ngOnInit() {
  }
}

<h1>
  Injection Beyond Classes
</h1>
<div class="alert alert-info">
  <ul>
    <li>API_BASE_HREF: {{apiBaseHref}}</li>
    <li>APP_BASE_HREF: {{appBaseHref}}</li>
    <li>IS_PROD: {{isProd}}</li>
    <li>APIKey: {{apiKey}}</li>
    <li>Random-1: {{random}}</li>
    <li>Random-2: {{random}}</li>
    <li>emailApiConfig {{emailApiConfig | json}}</li>
    <li>languages: {{languages | json}}</li>
  </ul>
</div>

import { InjectionToken } from "@angular/core";

export let APP_CONFIG = new InjectionToken<string>("this.module.config");

export interface IThisModuleConfig {
  apiEndpoint: string;
}

export const ThisModuleConfig: IThisModuleConfig = {
  apiEndpoint: "http://localhost:45043/api/"
};

import { InjectionToken } from '@angular/core';
export const EmailService1 = new InjectionToken<string>("EmailService");
export const EmailService2 = new InjectionToken<string>("EmailService");
console.log(EmailService1 === EmailService2); // false

import { ThisModuleConfig, APP_CONFIG } from "./thismodule.config";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    { provide: APP_CONFIG, useValue: ThisModuleConfig }
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

import { IThisModuleConfig, APP_CONFIG } from "./../thismodule.config";
@Component()
export class TestProvidersComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor(
    @Inject(APP_CONFIG) public config: IThisModuleConfig
  ) { }

  ngOnInit() {
  }

}

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    // ------ useFactory
    { provide: "BASE_URL", useFactory: getBaseUrl },
    { provide: "RandomFactory", useFactory: randomFactory }
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

export function getBaseUrl() {
  return document.getElementsByTagName("base")[0].href;
}

export function randomFactory() {
  return Math.random();
}

export class TestProvidersComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor(
    @Inject("BASE_URL") public baseUrl: string,
    @Inject("RandomFactory") public randomFactory: string
  ) { }

import { HttpClient } from "@angular/common/http";
import { Injectable } from "@angular/core";

@Injectable()
export class CarService {

  constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

}

import { CarService } from "./car.service";
import { HttpClient } from "@angular/common/http";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    // ------ useFactory
    { provide: "Car_Service", useFactory: carServiceFactory, deps: [HttpClient] }
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

export function carServiceFactory(http: HttpClient) {
  return new CarService(http);
}

import { CarService } from "./car.service";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    // ------ useClass
    { provide: "Car_Service_Name1", useClass: CarService },
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

import { CarService } from "./car.service";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
        CarService
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

import { CarService } from "./car.service";

@NgModule({
  providers: [
    // ------ useClass
    { provide: "Car_Service_Name1", useClass: CarService },
    // ------ useExisting
    { provide: "Car_Service_Token2", useExisting: "Car_Service_Name1" },
  ]
})
export class InjectionBeyondClassesModule { }

var container = new Container(x =>
            {
                x.Scan(scanner =>
                {
                    scanner.AssemblyContainingType<IOrderHandler>();
                    // connects `IAccounting` to `Accounting` and `ISales` to `Sales` automatically.
                    scanner.WithDefaultConventions();
                });
            });

builder.RegisterAssemblyTypes(myAssembly)
    .Where(t => t.IsAssignableTo<IMyInterface>())
    .AsImplementedInterfaces();

> Install-Package Scrutor
> dotnet add package Scrutor

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Scrutor" Version="3.0.2" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

namespace CoreIocServices
{
    public interface IFoo
    {
        void Run();
    }

    public class Foo : IFoo
    {
        public void Run()
        {
            throw new System.NotImplementedException();
        }
    }

    public interface IBar
    {
        void Add();
    }

    public class Bar : IBar
    {
        public void Add()
        {
            throw new System.NotImplementedException();
        }
    }


    public interface IBaz
    {
        void Stop();
    }

    public class Baz : IBaz
    {
        public void Stop()
        {
            throw new System.NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}

services.AddScoped<IFoo, Foo>();
services.AddScoped<IBar, Bar>();
services.AddScoped<IBaz, Baz>();

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.Scan(scan =>
                //scan.FromCallingAssembly()
                scan.FromAssemblyOf<IFoo>()
                    .AddClasses()
                    .AsMatchingInterface()
                    .WithScopedLifetime());

services.AddScoped<ITestService, TestService>();
services.AddScoped<IService, TestService>();

namespace CoreIocServices
{
    public interface IService { }
    public class Service1 : IService { }
    public class Service2 : IService { }
    public class Service : IService { }
}

services.AddTransient<Service1>();
services.AddTransient<Service2>();
services.AddTransient<Service>();

namespace CoreIocSample02
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.Scan(scan =>
              //scan.FromCallingAssembly()
              scan.FromAssemblyOf<IService>()
                  .AddClasses()
                  .AsSelf()
                  .WithTransientLifetime());

services.Scan(scan =>
               scan.AddTypes(new[] { typeof(Service1), typeof(Service2) })
                   .AsSelf()
                   .WithTransientLifetime());

services.AddSingleton<TestService>();
services.AddSingleton<ITestService>(x => x.GetRequiredService<TestService>());
services.AddSingleton<IService>(x => x.GetRequiredService<TestService>());

services.Scan(scan =>
              //scan.FromCallingAssembly()
              scan.FromAssemblyOf<IService>()

    public interface IImplementationTypeSelector : IAssemblySelector, IFluentInterface
    {
        IServiceTypeSelector AddClasses();
        IServiceTypeSelector AddClasses(bool publicOnly);
        IServiceTypeSelector AddClasses(Action<IImplementationTypeFilter> action);
        IServiceTypeSelector AddClasses(Action<IImplementationTypeFilter> action, bool publicOnly);
    }

services.Scan(scan => scan
              .FromAssemblyOf<IService>()
                .AddClasses(classes => classes.AssignableTo<IService>())
// .AddClasses(classes => classes.InNamespaces("MyApp")) 
// .AddClasses(classes => classes.Where(type => type.Name.EndsWith("Repository")) 
                    .AsImplementedInterfaces()
                    .WithTransientLifetime());

services.AddTransient<ITransientService, TransientService>();
services.AddScoped<IScopedService, ScopedService>();

public class TransientService : IFooService {}
public class AnotherService : IScopedService {}

services.Scan(scan =>
                scan.FromAssemblyOf<IFoo>()
                    .AddClasses()
                    .UsingRegistrationStrategy(RegistrationStrategy.Skip)
                    .AsMatchingInterface()
                    .WithScopedLifetime());

namespace Scrutor
{
    public abstract class RegistrationStrategy
    {
        public static readonly RegistrationStrategy Skip;
        public static readonly RegistrationStrategy Append;
        protected RegistrationStrategy();
        public static RegistrationStrategy Replace();
        public static RegistrationStrategy Replace(ReplacementBehavior behavior);
        public abstract void Apply(IServiceCollection services, ServiceDescriptor descriptor);
    }
}

namespace Scrutor
{
    [Flags]
    public enum ReplacementBehavior
    {
        Default = 0,
        ServiceType = 1,
        ImplementationType = 2,
        All = 3
    }
}

services.Scan(scan => scan 
  .FromAssemblyOf<CombinedService>() 
    .AddClasses(classes => classes.AssignableTo<ICombinedService>()) // Filter classes 
      .AsSelfWithInterfaces() 
      .WithSingletonLifetime() 
 
    .AddClasses(x=> x.AssignableTo(typeof(IOpenGeneric<>))) // Can close generic types 
      .AsMatchingInterface() 
 
    .AddClasses(x=> x.InNamespaceOf<MyClass>()) 
      .UsingRegistrationStrategy(RegistrationStrategy.Replace()) // Defaults to ReplacementBehavior.ServiceType 
      .AsMatchingInterface() 
      .WithScopedLifetime() 
 
  .FromAssemblyOf<DatabaseContext>()   // Can load from multiple assemblies within one Scan() 
    .AddClasses()  
      .AsImplementedInterfaces() 
);

 public class Category
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }

        public string Title { get; set; }
    }

 public class CategoryMap : EntityTypeConfiguration<Entity.Category>
    {
        public CategoryMap()
        {
            ToTable( "Category" );

            HasKey( _field => _field.Id );

            Property( _field => _field.Title )
            .IsRequired();            
        }
    }

using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Infrastructure;

namespace DataAccess
{
    public interface IUnitOfWork
    {
        DbSet<TEntity> Set<TEntity>() where TEntity : class;
        DbEntityEntry<TEntity> Entry<TEntity>() where TEntity : class;
        void SaveChanges();     
        void Dispose();
    }
}

[InheritedExport( typeof( IUnitOfWork ) )]
    public class DatabaseContext : DbContext, IUnitOfWork
    {
        private DbTransaction transaction = null;

        public DatabaseContext()           
        {
            this.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;
            this.Configuration.LazyLoadingEnabled = true;
        }

        protected override void OnModelCreating( DbModelBuilder modelBuilder )
        {
            modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove<PluralizingTableNameConvention>();

            modelBuilder.AddFormAssembly( Assembly.GetAssembly( typeof( Entity.Map.CategoryMap ) ) );
        }

        public DbEntityEntry<TEntity> Entry<TEntity>() where TEntity : class
        {
            return this.Entry<TEntity>();
        }      
    }

 public static class ModelBuilderExtension
    {
        public static void AddFormAssembly( this DbModelBuilder modelBuilder, Assembly assembly )
        {
            Array.ForEach<Type>( assembly.GetTypes().Where( type => type.BaseType != null && type.BaseType.IsGenericType && type.BaseType.GetGenericTypeDefinition() == typeof( EntityTypeConfiguration<> ) ).ToArray(), delegate( Type type )
            {
                dynamic instance = Activator.CreateInstance( type );
                modelBuilder.Configurations.Add( instance );
            } );
        }
    }

public class BusinessBase<TEntity> where TEntity : class
    {        
        public BusinessBase( IUnitOfWork unitOfWork )
        {
            this.UnitOfWork = unitOfWork;
        }

        [Import]
        public IUnitOfWork UnitOfWork
        {
            get;
            private set;
        }

        public virtual IEnumerable<TEntity> GetAll()
        {
            return UnitOfWork.Set<TEntity>().AsNoTracking();
        }

        public virtual void Add( TEntity entity )
        {
            try
            {             
                UnitOfWork.Set<TEntity>().Add( entity );
                UnitOfWork.SaveChanges();
            }
            catch
            {              
                throw;
            }
            finally
            {
                UnitOfWork.Dispose();
            }
        }
    }

 public class Category : BusinessBase<Entity.Category>
    {      
        [ImportingConstructor]
        public Category( [Import( typeof( IUnitOfWork ) )] IUnitOfWork unitOfWork )
            : base( unitOfWork )
        {
        }
    }

public class Plugin
    {        
        public void Run()
        {
            AggregateCatalog catalog = new AggregateCatalog();

            Container = new CompositionContainer( catalog );

            CompositionBatch batch = new CompositionBatch();

            catalog.Catalogs.Add( new AssemblyCatalog( Assembly.GetExecutingAssembly() ) );

            batch.AddPart( this );

            Container.Compose( batch );
        }

        public CompositionContainer Container 
        {
            get; 
            private set;
        }
    }

  class Program
    {
        static void Main( string[] args )
        {
            Plugin plugin = new Plugin();
            plugin.Run();

            Category category = new Category(plugin.Container.GetExportedValue<IUnitOfWork>());
            category.GetAll().ToList().ForEach( _record => Console.Write( _record.Title ) );
        }
    }

ShimDataAccessLayer را که مشاهده می‌کنید یک متد SaveCartItem دارد که به دیتابیس متصل شده و آیتم‌های کارت را ذخیره می‌کند.

حالا می‌توانیم تست خود را بنویسیم. در زیر یک نمونه از تست را مشاهده می‌کنید:

[TestMethod]
        public void AddCartItem_GivenCartAndProduct_ThenProductShouldBeAddedToCart()
        {
            //Create a context to scope and cleanup shims
            using (ShimsContext.Create())
            {
                int cartItemId = 42, cartId = 1, userId = 33, productId = 777;
 
                //Shim SaveCartItem rerouting it to a delegate which 
                //always returns cartItemId
                Fakes.ShimDataAccessLayer.SaveCartItemInt32Int32 = (c, p) => cartItemId;
 
                var cart = new CartToShim(cartId, userId);
                cart.AddCartItem(productId);
 
                Assert.AreEqual(cartId, cart.CartItems.Count);
                var cartItem = cart.CartItems[0];
                Assert.AreEqual(cartItemId, cartItem.CartItemId);
                Assert.AreEqual(productId, cartItem.ProductId);
            }
        }

به این نکته توجه داشته باشید که حتما برای assert کردن باید assert‌ها را در داخل اسکوپ ShimsContext قرار گرفته باشد در غیر این صورت assert شما درست کار نمی‌کند.

این یک مثال از shim بود؛ حالا می‌خواهم مثالی از یک stub را برای شما بزنم. یک اینترفیس با نام ICartSaver به صورت زیر ایجاد کنید:

public interface ICartSaver
    {
        int SaveCartItem(int cartId, int productId);
    }

public class CartSaver : ICartSaver
    {
        public int SaveCartItem(int cartId, int productId)
        {
            using (var conn = new SqlConnection("RandomSqlConnectionString"))
            {
                var cmd = new SqlCommand("InsCartItem", conn);
                cmd.CommandType = CommandType.StoredProcedure;
                cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@CartId", cartId);
                cmd.Parameters.AddWithValue("@ProductId", productId);
 
                conn.Open();
                return (int)cmd.ExecuteScalar();
            }
        }
    }

[TestMethod]
        public void AddCartItem_GivenCartAndProduct_ThenProductShouldBeAddedToCart()
        {
            int cartItemId = 42, cartId = 1, userId = 33, productId = 777;
 
            //Stub ICartSaver and customize the behavior via a 
            //delegate, ro return cartItemId
            var cartSaver = new Fakes.StubICartSaver();
            cartSaver.SaveCartItemInt32Int32 = (c, p) => cartItemId;
 
            var cart = new CartToStub(cartId, userId, cartSaver);
            cart.AddCartItem(productId);
 
            Assert.AreEqual(cartId, cart.CartItems.Count);
            var cartItem = cart.CartItems[0];
            Assert.AreEqual(cartItemId, cartItem.CartItemId);
            Assert.AreEqual(productId, cartItem.ProductId);
        }

public class Book
    {
        public string Title { get; set; }

        public string ISBN { get; set; }
    }

 public interface IBookRepository
    {
        List<Book> GetBooks();
    }

public class BookRepository : IBookRepository
    {
        public List<Book> GetBooks()
        {
            List<Book> listOfBooks = new List<Book>();

            listOfBooks.AddRange( new Book[] 
            {
                new Book(){Title="Book1" , ISBN="123"},
                new Book(){Title="Book2" , ISBN="456"},
                new Book(){Title="Book3" , ISBN="789"},
                new Book(){Title="Book4" , ISBN="321"},
                new Book(){Title="Book5" , ISBN="654"},
            } );

            return listOfBooks;
        }
    }

public class BookService
    {
        public BookService()
            : this( ServiceLocator.Current.GetInstance<IBookRepository>() )
        {
        }

        public BookService( IBookRepository bookRepository )
        {
            this.BookRepository = bookRepository;
        }

        public IBookRepository BookRepository
        {
            get;
            private set;
        }

        public void PrintAllBooks()
        {
            Console.WriteLine( "List Of All Books" );

            BookRepository.GetBooks().ForEach( ( Book item ) =>
            {
                Console.WriteLine( item.Title );
            } );
        }
    }

 class Program
    {
        static void Main( string[] args )
        {
            IUnityContainer unityContainer = new UnityContainer();

            unityContainer.RegisterType<IBookRepository, BookRepository>();

            ServiceLocator.SetLocatorProvider( () => new UnityServiceLocator( unityContainer ) );

            BookService service = new BookService();

            service.PrintAllBooks();

            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

dotnet add package MongoDB.Driver

public class BaseModel
{
    public BaseModel()
    {
        CreationDate=DateTime.Now;
    }
    public string Id { get; set; }
    public DateTime CreationDate { get; set; }
    public bool IsRemoved { get; set; }
    public DateTime? ModificationDate { get; set; }

}

public class BaseModel
    {
        [BsonId]
        [BsonRepresentation((BsonType.ObjectId))]
        public string Id { get; set; }
    }

BsonClassMap.RegisterClassMap<BaseModel>(map =>
{
    map.SetIdMember(map.GetMemberMap(x=>x.Id));
    map.GetMemberMap(x => x.Id)
        .SetSerializer(new StringSerializer(BsonType.ObjectId));
});

public class Employee : BaseModel
{
    public string FirstName { get; set; }
    public string LastName { get; set; }
}
//=================
BsonClassMap.RegisterClassMap<Employee >(map =>
{
    map.SetIdMember(map.GetMemberMap(x=>x.Id));
    map.GetMemberMap(x => x.Id)
        .SetSerializer(new StringSerializer(BsonType.ObjectId));
});

  public interface IMongoDbContext
    {
        IMongoCollection<TEntity> GetCollection<TEntity>();
    }

  public class MongoDbContext : IMongoDbContext
    {

        private readonly IMongoClient _client;
        private readonly IMongoDatabase _database;

        public MongoDbContext(string databaseName,string connectionString)
        {
            var settings = MongoClientSettings.FromUrl(new MongoUrl(connectionString));
            _client = new MongoClient(settings);
            _database = _client.GetDatabase(databaseName);
        }

        public IMongoCollection<TEntity> GetCollection<TEntity>()
        {
            return _database.GetCollection<TEntity>(typeof(TEntity).Name.ToLower() + "s");
        }
    }

public static class MongoDbContextService
{
    public static void AddMongoDbContext(this IServiceCollection services,string databaseName,string connectionString)
    {
        services.AddSingleton<IMongoDbContext>(serviceProvider => new MongoDbContext(databaseName, connectionString));
    }
}

//===============
Program.cs

builder.Services.AddMongoDbContext("bookstore", "mongodb://localhost:27017");

public interface IRepository<T> where T : BaseModel
{

    IMongoCollection<T> GetCollection();
    IMongoQueryable<T> GetFilteredCollection();
}

public class Repository<T> : IRepository<T> where T:BaseModel
{
    private IMongoDbContext _mongoDbContext;

    public Repository(IMongoDbContext mongoDbContext)
    {
        _mongoDbContext = mongoDbContext;
    }

    public IMongoCollection<T> GetCollection()
    {
        return _mongoDbContext.GetCollection<T>();
    }
    
    public IMongoQueryable<T> GetFilteredCollection()
    {
        var query= _mongoDbContext.GetCollection<T>().AsQueryable();
        
        //================= Global Query Filters ====================
        
        //Filter 1
        query=query.Where(x => x.RemovedAt.HasValue == false);
        
        //==============================================================
        
        return query;
    }
}

public interface IRepository<T> where T : BaseModel
{

    IMongoCollection<T> GetCollection();
    IMongoQueryable<T> GetFilteredCollection();
}

public class Repository<T> : IRepository<T> where T:BaseModel
{
    private IMongoDbContext _mongoDbContext;

    public Repository(IMongoDbContext mongoDbContext)
    {
        _mongoDbContext = mongoDbContext;
    }

    public IMongoCollection<T> GetCollection()
    {
        return _mongoDbContext.GetCollection<T>();
    }
    
    public IMongoQueryable<T> GetFilteredCollection()
    {
        var query= _mongoDbContext.GetCollection<T>().AsQueryable();
        
        //================= Global Query Filters ====================
        
        //Filter 1
        query=query.Where(x => x.RemovedAt.HasValue == false);
        
        //==============================================================
        
        return query;
    }
}

ReactDOM.render(<Counter />, document.getElementById("root"));

import Counters from "./components/counters";

ReactDOM.render(<Counters />, document.getElementById("root"));

import React, { Component } from "react";

import Counter from "./counter";

class Counters extends Component {
  state = {};

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        <Counter />
        <Counter />
        <Counter />
        <Counter />
      </div>
    );
  }
}

export default Counters;

import React, { Component } from "react";
import Counter from "./counter";

class Counters extends Component {
  state = {
    counters: [
      { id: 1, value: 0 },
      { id: 2, value: 0 },
      { id: 3, value: 0 },
      { id: 4, value: 0 }
    ]
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        {this.state.counters.map(counter => (
          <Counter key={counter.id} />
        ))}
      </div>
    );
  }
}

export default Counters;

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        {this.state.counters.map(counter => (
          <Counter key={counter.id} value={counter.value} selected={true} />
        ))}
      </div>
    );

class Counter extends Component {
  state = {
    count: 0
  };

  render() {
    console.log("props", this.props);
    //...

class Counter extends Component {
  state = {
    count: this.props.value
  };

  render() {
    return (
      <div>
        {this.state.counters.map(counter => (
          <Counter key={counter.id} value={counter.value} selected={true}>
            <h4>‍Counter #{counter.id}</h4>
          </Counter>
        ))}
      </div>
    );
  }

class Counter extends Component {
  state = {
    count: this.props.value
  };

  handleDelete = () => {
    console.log("handleDelete called.");
  };

<Counter
     key={counter.id}
     value={counter.value}
     selected={true}
     onDelete={this.handleDelete}
/>

<button
  onClick={this.props.onDelete}
  className="btn btn-danger btn-sm m-2"
>
  Delete
</button>

onClick={() => this.props.onDelete(this.props.id)}

<Counter
  key={counter.id}
  value={counter.value}
  selected={true}
  onDelete={this.handleDelete}
  id={counter.id}
/>

  handleDelete = counterId => {
    console.log("handleDelete called.", counterId);
    const counters = this.state.counters.filter(
      counter => counter.id !== counterId
    );
    this.setState({ counters }); // = this.setState({ counters: counters });
  };

<Counter
  key={counter.id}
  counter={counter}
  onDelete={this.handleDelete}
/>

where T:clas
where T:struc
...

public  class MyCollection<T>
        {
            private List<T> collections = new List<T>();
            public void Add(T value)
            {
                collections.Add(value);
            }
        }

MyCollection<int> myintObj = new MyCollection<int>();
            myintObj.Add(12);
            myintObj.Add(33);
             myintObj.Add(33.3);// ERROR z 
 

public  class MyCollection<T> where T:class
        {
            private List<T> collections = new List<T>();
            public void Add(T value)
            {
                collections.Add(value);
            }
        }

 MyCollection<int> myintObj = new MyCollection<int>(); // ERROR , int is value type

 public  class MyCollection<T> where T:class,IDisposable,new()
        {
   //content
}

public void Swap<T>(ref T val1,ref T val2) where T:struct
            {
//content
            }

 public  class MyCollection<T,K> where T:class where K:IDisposable,new()
        {
//content
}