به این صورت مدل‌های خود را تعریف کرده و طبق مقاله‌ی قبلی، Controller‌های هر یک را پیاده سازی نمایید:

public class Supplier
{
    [Key]
    public string Key {get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
}
public class Category
{
    public int ID { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public virtual ICollection<Product> Products { get; set; }
}

public class Product
{
    public int ID { get; set; }
    public string Name { get; set; }
    public decimal Price { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("Category")]
    public int CategoryId { get; set; }
    public Category Category { get; set; }

    [ForeignKey("Supplier")]
    public string SupplierId { get; set; }
    public virtual Supplier Supplier { get; set; }
}

پکیج Microsoft.AspNet.OData به تازگی ورژن 6 آن به صورت رسمی منتشر شده و شامل تغییراتی نسبت به نسخه‌ی قبلی آن است. اولین نکته‌ی حائز اهمیت، Config آن است که به صورت زیر تغییر کرده و باید Option‌های مورد نیاز، کانفیگ شوند. در این نسخه DI نیز به Odata اضافه شده است:

public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
        {
            ODataModelBuilder odataModelBuilder = new ODataConventionModelBuilder();

            var product = odataModelBuilder.EntitySet<Product>("Products");
            var category = odataModelBuilder.EntitySet<Category>("Categories");
            var supplier = odataModelBuilder.EntitySet<Supplier>("Suppliers");

            var edmModel = odataModelBuilder.GetEdmModel();

            supplier.EntityType.Ignore(c => c.Name);

            config.Select(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.MaxTop(25);
            config.OrderBy(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.Count(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.Expand(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.Filter(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);
            config.Count(System.Web.OData.Query.QueryOptionSetting.Allowed);

            //config.MapODataServiceRoute("ODataRoute", "odata", edmModel); // کانفیگ به صورت معمولی
           config.MapODataServiceRoute("ODataRoute", "odata",
                builder =>
                {
                    builder.AddService(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => edmModel);
                    builder.AddService<IEnumerable<IODataRoutingConvention>>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => ODataRoutingConventions.CreateDefault());
                });
}

[EnableQuery]
        public IQueryable<Product> Get()
        {
            return new List<Product>
            {
                new Product { Id = 1, Name = "name 1", Price = 11, Category = new Category {Id =1, Name = "Cat1" } },
                new Product { Id = 2, Name = "name 2", Price = 12, Category = new Category {Id =2, Name = "Cat2" } },
                new Product { Id = 3, Name = "name 3", Price = 13, Category = new Category {Id =3, Name = "Cat3" } },
                new Product { Id = 4, Name = "name 4", Price = 14, Category = new Category {Id =4, Name = "Cat4" } },
            }.AsQueryable(); ;
        }

[EnableQuery (AllowedQueryOptions= AllowedQueryOptions.Skip | AllowedQueryOptions.Top)]

و همچنین [AutoExpand] به صورت اتوماتیک آن موجودیت مورد نظر را بسط میدهد.

بطور مثال کد‌های زیر را در مدل خود میتوانید مشاهده نمائید:

public class Product
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }

        [NotFilterable, NotSortable]
        public decimal Price { get; set; }

        [ForeignKey(nameof(SupplierId))]
        [NotNavigable]
        public virtual Supplier Supplier { get; set; }
        public int SupplierId { get; set; }


        [ForeignKey(nameof(CategoryId))]
        public virtual Category Category { get; set; }
        public int CategoryId { get; set; }

        [NotExpandable]
        public virtual ICollection<TestEntity> TestEnities { get; set; }
    }

فرض کنید پراپرتی زیر را به مدل خود اضافه کرده اید

public DateTimeOffset CreatedOn { get; set; }

حال کوئری زیر را برای فیلتر زدن، بر روی آن در اختیار داریم:

/odata/Products?$filter=year(CreatedOn) eq 2016

در اینجا فقط Product هایی بازگردانده میشوند که در سال 2016 ثبت شده‌اند:

/odata/Products?$filter=CreatedOn lt cast(2017-04-01T04:11:31%2B08:00,Edm.DateTimeOffset)

کوئری فوق تاریخ مورد نظر را Cast کرده و همه‌ی Product هایی را که قبل از این تاریخ ثبت شده‌اند، باز می‌گرداند.

Nested Filter In Expand

/odata/Categories?$expand=Products($filter=Id gt 1 and Id lt 5)

همه‌ی Category‌ها به علاوه بسط دادن Product هایشان، در صورتیکه Id آنها بیشتر از 1 باشد

و یا حتی بر روی موجودیت بسط داده شده، select زده شود:

/odata/Categories?$expand=Products($select=Id,Name)

Custom Attribute

ضمنا به سادگی میتوان اتریبیوت سفارشی نوشت:

public class MyEnableQueryAttribute : EnableQueryAttribute
{
    public override IQueryable ApplyQuery(IQueryable queryable, ODataQueryOptions queryOptions)
    {
       // Don't apply Skip and Top.
       var ignoreQueryOptions = AllowedQueryOptions.Skip | AllowedQueryOptions.Top;
       return queryOptions.ApplyTo(queryable, ignoreQueryOptions);
    }
}

روی هر متدی از کنترلر خود که اتریبیوت [MyEnableQuery] را قرار دهید، دیگر قابلیت Skip, Top را نخواهد داشت.

Dependency Injection در آخرین نسخه‌ی OData اضافه شده است. بطور پیشفرض OData بصورت case-sensitive رفتار میکند. برای تغییر دادن آن در نسخه‌های قدیمی، Extension Methodی به نام EnableCaseSensitive وجود داشت. اما در نسخه‌ی جدید شما میتوانید پیاده سازی خاص خود را از هر کدام از بخش‌های OData داشته باشید و با استفاده از تزریق وابستگی، آن را به config برنامه‌ی خود اضافه کنید؛ برای مثال:

 public class CaseInsensitiveResolver : ODataUriResolver
    {
        private bool _enableCaseInsensitive;

        public override bool EnableCaseInsensitive
        {
            get { return true; }
            set { _enableCaseInsensitive = value; }
        }
    }

اینجا پیاده سازی از ODataUriResolver انجام شده و متد EnableCaseInsensitive به صورت جدیدی override و در حالت default مقدار true را برمیگرداند.

حال به صورت زیر آن را می‌توان به وابستگی‌های config برنامه، اضافه نمود:

config.MapODataServiceRoute("ODataRoute", "odata",
                builder =>
                {
                    builder.AddService(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => edmModel);
                    builder.AddService<IEnumerable<IODataRoutingConvention>>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => ODataRoutingConventions.CreateDefault());
                    builder.AddService<ODataUriResolver>(ServiceLifetime.Singleton, sp => new CaseInsensitiveResolver()); // how enable case sensitive
                });

در قسمت بعدی به Action‌ها و Function‌ها در OData میپردازیم.

using System.Collections;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using StructureMap;

namespace DI05.Core
{
    /// <summary>
    /// تسهیل در کار تزریق خودکار وابستگی‌ها در سطح فرم‌ها و یوزرکنترل‌ها
    /// </summary>
    public class StructureMapModule : IHttpModule
    {
        public void Dispose()
        { }

        public void Init(HttpApplication app)
        {
            app.PreRequestHandlerExecute += (sender, e) =>
            {
                var page = HttpContext.Current.Handler as Page; // The Page handler
                if (page == null)
                    return;

                WireUpThePage(page);
                WireUpAllUserControls(page);
            };
        }

        private static void WireUpAllUserControls(Page page)
        {
            // در اینجا هم کار سیم کشی یوزر کنترل‌ها انجام می‌شود
            page.InitComplete += (initSender, evt) =>
            {
                var thisPage = (Page)initSender;
                foreach (Control ctrl in getControlTree(thisPage))
                {
                    // فقط یوزر کنترل‌ها بررسی شدند
                    // اگر نیاز است سایر کنترل‌های قرار گرفته روی فرم هم بررسی شوند شرط را حذف کنید
                    if (ctrl is UserControl)
                    {
                        ObjectFactory.BuildUp(ctrl);
                    }
                }
            };
        }

        private static void WireUpThePage(Page page)
        {
            ObjectFactory.BuildUp(page); // برقراری خودکار سیم کشی‌ها در سطح صفحات
        }

        private static IEnumerable getControlTree(Control root)
        {
            foreach (Control child in root.Controls)
            {
                yield return child;
                foreach (Control ctrl in getControlTree(child))
                {
                    yield return ctrl;
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<configuration>
  <system.web>
    <compilation debug="true" targetFramework="4.0" />

    <httpModules>
      <add name="StructureMapModule" type="DI05.Core.StructureMapModule"/>
    </httpModules>
  </system.web>

  <system.webServer>    
    <modules runAllManagedModulesForAllRequests="true">
      <add name="StructureMapModule" type="DI05.Core.StructureMapModule"/>
    </modules>
    <validation validateIntegratedModeConfiguration="false" />
  </system.webServer>
</configuration>

namespace DI05.Services
{
    public interface IUsersService
    {
        string GetUserEmail(int id);
    }
}


namespace DI05.Services
{
    public class UsersService: IUsersService
    {
        public string GetUserEmail(int id)
        {
            //فقط جهت بررسی تزریق وابستگی‌ها
            return "test@test.com";
        }
    }
}

using System;
using StructureMap;
using DI05.Services;

namespace DI05
{
    public class Global : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
        private static void initStructureMap()
        {
            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
            {
                x.For<IUsersService>().Use<UsersService>();

                x.SetAllProperties(y =>
                {
                    y.OfType<IUsersService>();
                });
            });
        }

        protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            initStructureMap();
        }

        void Application_EndRequest(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            ObjectFactory.ReleaseAndDisposeAllHttpScopedObjects();
        }
    }
}

using System;
using DI05.Services;

namespace DI05
{
    public partial class Default : System.Web.UI.Page
    {
        public IUsersService UsersService { set; get; }

        protected void Page_Load(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            lblEmail1.Text = string.Format("From Default Page: {0}", UsersService.GetUserEmail(1));
        }
    }
}

PM> Install-Package structuremap.web

 public static Font GetTahoma()
    {
        var fontName = "Tahoma";
        if (!FontFactory.IsRegistered(fontName))
        {
            var fontPath = Environment.GetEnvironmentVariable("SystemRoot") + "\\fonts\\tahoma.ttf";
            FontFactory.Register(fontPath);
        }
        return FontFactory.GetFont(fontName, BaseFont.IDENTITY_H, BaseFont.EMBEDDED);
    }
 

 string fileNameExisting = @"Test.pdf";
        string fileNameNew = @"newform.pdf";
         using (var existingFileStream = new FileStream(fileNameExisting, FileMode.Open))
            using (var newFileStream = new FileStream(fileNameNew, FileMode.Create))
            {
                var pdfReader = new PdfReader(existingFileStream);
                using (var stamper = new PdfStamper(pdfReader, newFileStream))
                {
                    //نکته مهم جهت کار با اطلاعات فارسی
                    //در غیراینصورت شاهد ثبت اطلاعات نخواهید بود
                    stamper.AcroFields.AddSubstitutionFont(GetTahoma().BaseFont);
 
                    //form.Fields.Keys = تمام فیلدهای موجود در فرم
                    var form = stamper.AcroFields;                  
 
                    //مقدار دهی فیلدهای فرم
                    form.SetField("Text1", "مقدار1");
                     form.SetField("Text2", "مقدار2");
                     form.SetField("Text3", "مقدار3");
                     form.SetField("Text4", "مقدار4");
                     form.SetField("Text5", "مقدار5");
                     form.SetField("Text6", "مقدار6");
                   
 
                   
                    // به این ترتیب فرم دیگر توسط کاربر قابل ویرایش نخواهد بود
                    //stamper.PartialFormFlattening --> جهت غیرقابل ویرایش نمودن فیلدی مشخص
                    stamper.FormFlattening = true;
 
                    stamper.Close();
                    pdfReader.Close();
                }
            }
 
            Process.Start("newform.pdf");

https://idpHostAddress/connect/authorize? 
client_id=imagegalleryclient 
&redirect_uri=https://clientapphostaddress/signin-oidcoidc 
&scope=openid profile 
&response_type=code id_token 
&response_mode=form_post
&nonce=63626...n2eNMxA0

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients()
        {
            return new List<Client>
            {
                new Client
                {
                    ClientName = "Image Gallery",
                    ClientId = "imagegalleryclient",
                    AllowedGrantTypes = GrantTypes.Hybrid,
                    RedirectUris = new List<string>
                    {
                        "https://localhost:5001/signin-oidc"
                    },
                    PostLogoutRedirectUris = new List<string>
                    {
                        "https://localhost:5001/signout-callback-oidc"
                    },
                    AllowedScopes =
                    {
                        IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.OpenId,
                        IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.Profile
                    },
                    ClientSecrets =
                    {
                        new Secret("secret".Sha256())
                    }
                }
             };
        }
    }
}

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddAuthentication(options =>
            {
                options.DefaultScheme = "Cookies";
                options.DefaultChallengeScheme = "oidc";
            }).AddCookie("Cookies")
              .AddOpenIdConnect("oidc", options =>
              {
                  options.SignInScheme = "Cookies";
                  options.Authority = "https://localhost:6001";
                  options.ClientId = "imagegalleryclient";
                  options.ResponseType = "code id_token";
                  //options.CallbackPath = new PathString("...")
                  //options.SignedOutCallbackPath = new PathString("...")
                  options.Scope.Add("openid");
                  options.Scope.Add("profile");
                  options.SaveTokens = true;
                  options.ClientSecret = "secret";
                  options.GetClaimsFromUserInfoEndpoint = true;
              });

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            app.UseAuthentication();

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Authorize]
    public class GalleryController : Controller
    {
    // .... 
   
        public async Task WriteOutIdentityInformation()
        {
            var identityToken = await HttpContext.GetTokenAsync(OpenIdConnectParameterNames.IdToken);
            Debug.WriteLine($"Identity token: {identityToken}");

            foreach (var claim in User.Claims)
            {
                Debug.WriteLine($"Claim type: {claim.Type} - Claim value: {claim.Value}");
            }
        }

        public async Task<IActionResult> Index()
        {
            await WriteOutIdentityInformation();
            // ....

<div class="navbar-collapse collapse">
    <ul class="nav navbar-nav">
        <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="Index">Home</a></li>
        <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="AddImage">Add an image</a></li>
        @if (User.Identity.IsAuthenticated)
        {
            <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="Logout">Logout</a></li>
        }
    </ul>
</div>

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Authorize]
    public class GalleryController : Controller
    {
        public async Task Logout()
        {
            // Clears the  local cookie ("Cookies" must match the name of the scheme)
            await HttpContext.SignOutAsync("Cookies");
            await HttpContext.SignOutAsync("oidc");
        }

PostLogoutRedirectUris = new List<string>
{
     "https://localhost:5001/signout-callback-oidc"
},

options.Scope.Add("openid");
options.Scope.Add("profile");

options.GetClaimsFromUserInfoEndpoint = true;

NetEscapades.AspNetCore.SecurityHeaders 

A small package to allow adding security headers to ASP.NET Core websites. example :   

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app)
{
    var policyCollection = new HeaderPolicyCollection()
        .AddFrameOptionsDeny()
        .AddXssProtectionBlock()
        .AddContentTypeOptionsNoSniff()
        .AddStrictTransportSecurityMaxAgeIncludeSubDomains(maxAgeInSeconds: 60 * 60 * 24 * 365) // maxage = one year in seconds
        .AddReferrerPolicyStrictOriginWhenCrossOrigin()
        .RemoveServerHeader()
        .AddContentSecurityPolicy(builder =>
        {
            builder.AddObjectSrc().None();
            builder.AddFormAction().Self();
            builder.AddFrameAncestors().None();
        })
        .AddCustomHeader("X-My-Test-Header", "Header value");
    
    app.UseSecurityHeaders(policyCollection);
    
    // other middleware e.g. static files, MVC etc  
}

using System;
using System.Data.Entity;
using System.Data.Entity.Migrations;

namespace TestKeys
{
    public class Bill
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public decimal Amount { set; get; }
        public virtual Account Account { get; set; }
    }

    public class Account
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }

    public class MyContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Bill> Bills { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Account> Accounts { get; set; }
    }

    public class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<MyContext>
    {
        public Configuration()
        {
            AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = true;
            AutomaticMigrationDataLossAllowed = true;
        }

        protected override void Seed(MyContext context)
        {
            var a1 = new Account { Name = "a1" };
            var a2 = new Account { Name = "a2" };

            var bill1 = new Bill { Amount = 100, Account = a1 };
            var bill2 = new Bill { Amount = 200, Account = a2 };

            context.Bills.Add(bill1);
            context.Bills.Add(bill2);
            base.Seed(context);
        }
    }

    public static class Test
    {
        public static void Start()
        {
            Database.SetInitializer(new MigrateDatabaseToLatestVersion<MyContext, Configuration>());
            using (var ctx = new MyContext())
            {
                var bill1 = ctx.Bills.Find(1);
                Console.WriteLine(bill1.Amount);
            }
        }
    }
}

using (var ctx = new MyContext())
{
     var bill1 = ctx.Bills.Find(1);
     var a2 = new Account { Id = 2, Name = "a2" };
     bill1.Account = a2;
     ctx.SaveChanges();
}

using (var ctx = new MyContext())
{
    var bill1 = ctx.Bills.Find(1);
    var a2 = ctx.Accounts.Find(2);
    bill1.Account = a2;
    ctx.SaveChanges();
}

public class Bill
{
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public decimal Amount { set; get; }

        [ForeignKey("AccountId")]
        public virtual Account Account { get; set; }
        public int AccountId { set; get; }
}

using (var ctx = new MyContext())
{
    var bill1 = ctx.Bills.Find(1);
    bill1.AccountId = 2;
    ctx.SaveChanges();
}

using (var ctx = new MyContext())
{
     var a2 = new Account { Id = 2, Name = "a2_a2" };
     ctx.Entry(a2).State = System.Data.EntityState.Modified;
     ctx.SaveChanges();
}

            // Get Customer Type from Customer click on Print Button
            int customerType = 0;

            // Create Object without instantiation
            object obj;


            //Instantiate obj according to customer Type
            if (customerType == 1)
            {
                obj = new Customer1();
            }
            else if (customerType == 2)
            {
                obj = new Customer2();
            }
            // Problem:
            //          1: Scattered New Keywords
            //          2: Client side is aware of Customer Type

namespace Interface
{
    public interface ICustomer
    {
        void Report();
    }
}

// Customer1
using System;
using Interface;

namespace MainClass
{
    public class Customer1 : ICustomer
    {
        public void Report()
        {           
            Console.WriteLine("این گزارش مخصوص مشتری نوع اول است");           
        }
    }
}

//Customer2
using System;
using Interface;

namespace MainClass
{
   public class Customer2 : ICustomer
    {
        public void Report()
        {           
            Console.WriteLine("این گزارش مخصوص مشتری نوع دوم است");           
        }
    }
}

//Factory
using System;
using Interface;
using MainClass;

namespace FactoryClass
{
    public class clsFactory
    {
        static public ICustomer getCustomerType(int intCustomerType)
        {
            ICustomer objCust;
            if (intCustomerType == 1)
            {
                objCust = new Customer1();
            }
            else if (intCustomerType == 2)
            {
                objCust = new Customer2();
            }
            else
            {
                return null;
            }
            return objCust;
        }
    }
}

//UI (Client)
using System;
using FactoryClass;
using Interface;

namespace DesignPattern
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            int intCustomerType = 0;
            ICustomer objCust;
            Console.WriteLine("نوع مشتری را وارد نمایید");           
            intCustomerType = Convert.ToInt16(Console.ReadLine());
            objCust = clsFactory.getCustomerType(intCustomerType);
            objCust.Report();
            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class Applicant
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string Name { set; get; }

        public int Age { set; get; }

        public string Address { set; get; }

        public decimal Salary { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class LoanProduct
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public string ProductName { set; get; }

        public decimal InterestRate { set; get; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Entities
{
    public class LoanApplication
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }

        public LoanProduct Product { set; get; }

        public LoanAmount Amount { set; get; }

        public Applicant Applicant { set; get; }

        public bool IsAccepted { set; get; }
    }

    public class LoanAmount
    {
        public string CurrencyCode { get; set; }

        public decimal Principal { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace Loans.Models
{
    public class IdentityVerificationStatus
    {
        public bool Passed { get; set; }
    }
}

using Loans.Models;

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface IIdentityVerifier
    {
        void Initialize();

        bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress);

        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid);

        void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
            ref IdentityVerificationStatus status);
    }
}

namespace Loans.Services.Contracts
{
    public interface ICreditScorer
    {
        int Score { get; }

        void CalculateScore(string applicantName, string applicantAddress);
    }
}

using System;
using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;

namespace Loans.Services
{
    public class LoanApplicationProcessor
    {
        private const decimal MinimumSalary = 1_500_000_0;
        private const int MinimumAge = 18;
        private const int MinimumCreditScore = 100_000;

        private readonly IIdentityVerifier _identityVerifier;
        private readonly ICreditScorer _creditScorer;

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

        public bool Process(LoanApplication application)
        {
            application.IsAccepted = false;

            if (application.Applicant.Salary < MinimumSalary)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            if (application.Applicant.Age < MinimumAge)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            _identityVerifier.Initialize();

            var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
                application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

            if (!isValidIdentity)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            _creditScorer.CalculateScore(application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Address);
            if (_creditScorer.Score < MinimumCreditScore)
            {
                return application.IsAccepted;
            }

            application.IsAccepted = true;
            return application.IsAccepted;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Loans.Models;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;

namespace Loans.Services
{
    public class IdentityVerifierServiceGateway : IIdentityVerifier
    {
        public DateTime LastCheckTime { get; private set; }

        public void Initialize()
        {
            // Initialize connection to external service
        }

        public bool Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            Connect();
            var isValidIdentity = CallService(applicantName, applicantAge, applicantAddress);
            LastCheckTime = DateTime.Now;
            Disconnect();

            return isValidIdentity;
        }

        private void Connect()
        {
            // Open connection to external service
        }

        private bool CallService(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress)
        {
            // Make call to external service, interpret the response, and return result

            return false; // Simulate result for demo purposes
        }

        private void Disconnect()
        {
            // Close connection to external service
        }

        public void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress, out bool isValid)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }

        public void Validate(string applicantName, int applicantAge, string applicantAddress,
            ref IdentityVerificationStatus status)
        {
            throw new NotImplementedException();
        }
    }
}

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk">
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>netcoreapp2.2</TargetFramework>
  </PropertyGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\Loans\Loans.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
  <ItemGroup>
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.NET.Test.Sdk" Version="16.3.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="MSTest.TestAdapter" Version="2.0.0" />
    <PackageReference Include="MSTest.TestFramework" Version="2.0.0" />    
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void DeclineLowSalary()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_100_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};
            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(null, null);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

public class LoanApplicationProcessor
{
    private const decimal MinimumSalary = 1_500_000_0;

Test method Loans.Tests.LoanApplicationProcessorShould.DeclineLowSalary threw exception:
System.ArgumentNullException: Value cannot be null.
Parameter name: identityVerifier

        public LoanApplicationProcessor(
            IIdentityVerifier identityVerifier,
            ICreditScorer creditScorer)
        {
            _identityVerifier = identityVerifier ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(identityVerifier));
            _creditScorer = creditScorer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(creditScorer));
        }

> dotnet add package Moq
> Install-Package Moq

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {
        [TestMethod]
        public void DeclineLowSalary()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_100_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsFalse(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

using Loans.Entities;
using Loans.Services;
using Loans.Services.Contracts;
using Microsoft.VisualStudio.TestTools.UnitTesting;
using Moq;

namespace Loans.Tests
{
    [TestClass]
    public class LoanApplicationProcessorShould
    {        
        [TestMethod]
        public void Accept()
        {
            var product = new LoanProduct {Id = 99, ProductName = "Loan", InterestRate = 5.25m};
            var amount = new LoanAmount {CurrencyCode = "Rial", Principal = 2_000_000_0};
            var applicant =
                new Applicant {Id = 1, Name = "User 1", Age = 25, Address = "This place", Salary = 1_500_000_0};
            var application = new LoanApplication {Id = 42, Product = product, Amount = amount, Applicant = applicant};

            var mockIdentityVerifier = new Mock<IIdentityVerifier>();
            var mockCreditScorer = new Mock<ICreditScorer>();

            var processor = new LoanApplicationProcessor(mockIdentityVerifier.Object, mockCreditScorer.Object);
            processor.Process(application);

            Assert.IsTrue(application.IsAccepted);
        }
    }
}

_identityVerifier.Initialize();
var isValidIdentity = _identityVerifier.Validate(
    application.Applicant.Name, application.Applicant.Age, application.Applicant.Address);

public class GitHubClient
{
    public IReadOnlyCollection<GitHubRepositoryDto> GetRepositories()
    {
        using (var httpClient = new HttpClient{BaseAddress = new Uri(GitHubConstants.ApiBaseUrl)})
        {
            var result = httpClient.GetStringAsync(GitHubConstants.RepositoriesPath).Result;
            return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<GitHubRepositoryDto>>(result);
        }
    }
}

public class GitHubClient : IGitHubClient
{
    public async Task<IReadOnlyCollection<GitHubRepositoryDto>> GetRepositories()
    {
        using (var httpClient = new HttpClient { BaseAddress = new Uri(GitHubConstants.ApiBaseUrl) })
        {
            var result = await httpClient.GetStringAsync(GitHubConstants.RepositoriesPath);
            return JsonConvert.DeserializeObject<List<GitHubRepositoryDto>>(result);
        }
    }
}

services.AddSingleton<GitHubClient>();

services.AddHttpClient("GitHub", x => { x.BaseAddress = new Uri(GitHubConstants.ApiBaseUrl); });
services.AddSingleton<GitHubClient>();

services.AddHttpClient<GitHubClient>(x => { x.BaseAddress = new Uri(GitHubConstants.ApiBaseUrl); });

public class GitHubClientFactory
{
    private readonly IServiceProvider _serviceProvider;
    public GitHubClientFactory(IServiceProvider serviceProvider)
    {
        _serviceProvider = serviceProvider;
    }

    public GitHubClient Create()
    {
        return _serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<GitHubClient>();
    }
}

services.AddHttpClient<GitHubClient>(x => { x.BaseAddress = new Uri(GitHubConstants.ApiBaseUrl); });
services.AddSingleton<GitHubClientFactory>();

public class GitHubClient : IGitHubClient
{
    private readonly HttpClient _httpClient;
    private readonly JsonSerializer _jsonSerializer;
    public GitHubClient(HttpClient httpClient, JsonSerializer jsonSerializer)
    {
        _httpClient = httpClient ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(httpClient));
        _jsonSerializer = jsonSerializer ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(jsonSerializer));
    }

    public async Task<IReadOnlyCollection<GitHubRepositoryDto>> GetRepositories()
    {
        var request = CreateRequest();
        var result = await _httpClient.SendAsync(request, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseContentRead);
        using (var responseStream = await result.Content.ReadAsStreamAsync())
        {
            using (var streamReader = new StreamReader(responseStream))
            using (var jsonTextReader = new JsonTextReader(streamReader))
            {
                return _jsonSerializer.Deserialize<List<GitHubRepositoryDto>>(jsonTextReader);
            }
        }
    }

    private static HttpRequestMessage CreateRequest()
    {
        return new HttpRequestMessage(HttpMethod.Get, GitHubConstants.RepositoriesPath);
    }
}

services.AddHttpClient<GitHubClient>(x => { x.BaseAddress = new Uri(GitHubConstants.ApiBaseUrl); });
services.AddSingleton<GitHubClientFactory>();
services.AddSingleton<JsonSerializer>();

var result = await _httpClient.SendAsync(request, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseContentRead);

var result = await _httpClient.SendAsync(request, HttpCompletionOption.ResponseHeadersRead);