private async Task<string> RenewTokens()
        {
            
            // get the current HttpContext to access the tokens
            var currentContext = _httpContextAccessor.HttpContext;

             var disco = await _httpClient.GetDiscoveryDocumentAsync(new DiscoveryDocumentRequest
            {
                Address = _configuration["IdentityServer:IDPBaseAddress"]
             });

            if (disco.IsError) throw new Exception(disco.Error);

            // get the saved refresh token
            var currentRefreshToken = await currentContext.GetTokenAsync(OpenIdConnectParameterNames.RefreshToken);

            // refresh the tokens
            var response = await _httpClient.RequestRefreshTokenAsync(new RefreshTokenRequest
            {
                Address = disco.TokenEndpoint,

                ClientId = _configuration["IdentityServer:ClientId"],
                ClientSecret = _configuration["IdentityServer:ClientSecret"],

                RefreshToken = currentRefreshToken
            });


            if (response.IsError)
            {
                throw new Exception("Problem encountered while refreshing tokens.", response.Exception);
            }

            // update the tokens & expiration value
            var updatedTokens = new List<AuthenticationToken>();
            updatedTokens.Add(new AuthenticationToken
            {
                Name = OpenIdConnectParameterNames.IdToken,
                Value = response.IdentityToken
            });
            updatedTokens.Add(new AuthenticationToken
            {
                Name = OpenIdConnectParameterNames.AccessToken,
                Value = response.AccessToken
            });
            updatedTokens.Add(new AuthenticationToken
            {
                Name = OpenIdConnectParameterNames.RefreshToken,
                Value = response.RefreshToken
            });

            var expiresAt = DateTime.UtcNow + TimeSpan.FromSeconds(response.ExpiresIn);
            updatedTokens.Add(new AuthenticationToken
            {
                Name = "expires_at",
                Value = expiresAt.ToString("o", CultureInfo.InvariantCulture)
            });

            // get authenticate result, containing the current principal & properties
            var currentAuthenticateResult = await currentContext.AuthenticateAsync("Cookies");

            // store the updated tokens
            currentAuthenticateResult.Properties.StoreTokens(updatedTokens);

            // sign in
            await currentContext.SignInAsync("Cookies",
                currentAuthenticateResult.Principal, currentAuthenticateResult.Properties);

            // return the new access token
            return response.AccessToken;
        }  

var email = "email@example.com";
var isValid = ValidateEmail(email, out string message);
if (isValid)
{
    //do something
}

        public OperationResult ValidateEmail(string email)
        {
            var result = new OperationResult();

            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email))
            {
                result.Success = false;
                result.AddMessage("email is null.");
            }

            if (result.Success)
            {
                var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
                if (!isValidFormat)
                {
                    result.Success = false;
                    result.AddMessage("email is not in a correct format");
                }
            }

            if (result.Success)
            {
                var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
                if (!isRealDoamin)
                {
                    result.Success = false;
                    result.AddMessage("email does not include a valid domain.");
                }
            }

            return result;
        }

این بار خروجی متد مذکور از نوع OperationResult ای می‌باشد که هم موفقیت آمیز بودن یا عدم آن را مشخص می‌کند و همچنین امکان دسترسی به لیست پیغام‌های مرتبط با اعتبارسنجی‌های انجام شده، وجود دارد.

    [Serializable]
    public class MvcAjaxResponse : MvcAjaxResponse<object>
    {
        public MvcAjaxResponse()
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(bool success)
            : base(success)
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(object result)
            : base(result)
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(ErrorInfo error, bool unAuthorizedRequest = false)
            : base(error, unAuthorizedRequest)
        {
        }
    }
   

    [Serializable]
    public class MvcAjaxResponse<TResult> : MvcAjaxResponseBase
    {
        public MvcAjaxResponse(TResult result)
        {
            Result = result;
            Success = true;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse()
        {
            Success = true;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(bool success)
        {
            Success = success;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(ErrorInfo error, bool unAuthorizedRequest = false)
        {
            Error = error;
            UnAuthorizedRequest = unAuthorizedRequest;
            Success = false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     The actual result object of AJAX request.
        ///     It is set if <see cref="MvcAjaxResponseBase.Success" /> is true.
        /// </summary>
        public TResult Result { get; set; }
    }

    public class MvcAjaxResponseBase
    {
        public string TargetUrl { get; set; }

        public bool Success { get; set; }

        public ErrorInfo Error { get; set; }

        public bool UnAuthorizedRequest { get; set; }

        public bool __mvc { get; } = true;
    }

    [Serializable]
    public class EntityNotFoundException : Exception
    {
        public Type EntityType { get; set; }
        public object Id { get; set; }
        public EntityNotFoundException()
        {
        }

        public EntityNotFoundException(string message)
            : base(message)
        {

        }

        public EntityNotFoundException(string message, Exception innerException)
            : base(message, innerException)
        {
        }

        public EntityNotFoundException(SerializationInfo serializationInfo, StreamingContext context)
            : base(serializationInfo, context)
        {

        }
        public EntityNotFoundException(Type entityType, object id)
            : this(entityType, id, null)
        {

        }
        public EntityNotFoundException(Type entityType, object id, Exception innerException)
            : base($"There is no such an entity. Entity type: {entityType.FullName}, id: {id}", innerException)
        {
            EntityType = entityType;
            Id = id;
        }

    }

        public async Task<UserOrganizationalUnitInfo> GetCurrentOrganizationalUnitInfoOrNullAsync(long userId)
        {
            return (await _setting.GetSettingValueForUserAsync(
                    UserSettingNames.CurrentOrganizationalUnitInfo, userId).ConfigureAwait(false))
                .FromJsonString<UserOrganizationalUnitInfo>();
        }

IEnumerable input = new object[] { "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()};
IEnumerable<string> query = input.OfType<string>();
foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

 class Ingredient
  {
     public string Name { get; set; }
  }
  class DryIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Grams { get; set; }
  }

  class WetIngredient : Ingredient
  {
     public int Millilitres { get; set; }
  }

IEnumerable<Ingredient> input = new Ingredient[]
{
   new DryIngredient { Name = "Flour" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Milk" },
   new WetIngredient { Name = "Water" }
};

IEnumerable<WetIngredient> query = input.OfType<WetIngredient>();
foreach (WetIngredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]
{
   "Apple", 33, "Sugar", 44, 'a', new DateTime()
};

IEnumerable<string> query = input.Cast<string>();
foreach (string item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

IEnumerable input = new object[]{ "Apple", "Sugar", "Flour" };
IEnumerable<string> query =
from string i in input
select i;

foreach (var item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item);
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public int Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

Dictionary<int, Recipe> dict = recipes.ToDictionary(x => x.Id);
foreach (KeyValuePair<int, Recipe> item in dict)
{
   Console.WriteLine($"Key={item.Key}, Recipe={item.Value}");
}

class Recipe
{
   public int Id { get; set; }
   public string Name { get; set; }
   public byte Rating { get; set; }
}

IEnumerable<Recipe> recipes = new[]
{
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Apple Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 1, Name = "Banana Pie", Rating = 5 },
   new Recipe { Id = 2, Name = "Cherry Pie", Rating = 2 },
   new Recipe { Id = 3, Name = "Beef Pie", Rating = 3 }
};

ILookup<byte, Recipe> look = recipes.ToLookup(x => x.Rating);
foreach (IGrouping<byte, Recipe> ratingGroup in look)
{
   byte rating = ratingGroup.Key;
   Console.WriteLine($"Rating {rating}");
   foreach (var recipe in ratingGroup)
   {
      Console.WriteLine($" - {recipe.Name}");
   }
}

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.First(x=>x.Calories==1500);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.FirstOrDefault(x=>x.Calories==1500);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient {Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Flour", Calories = 50},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Last(x=>x.Calories==500);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 }
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.Single();
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Butter", Calories = 150},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 500}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.Single(x => x.Calories == 150);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.SingleOrDefault(x => x.Calories == 9999);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

 Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAt(2);
Console.WriteLine(element.Name);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};
Ingredient element = ingredients.ElementAtOrDefault(5);
Console.WriteLine(element==null);

Ingredient[] ingredients =
{
   new Ingredient { Name = "Sugar", Calories = 500 },
   new Ingredient {Name = "Egg", Calories = 100},
   new Ingredient {Name = "Milk", Calories = 50}
};

IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
  Console.WriteLine(item.Name);
}

Ingredient[] ingredients = { };
IEnumerable<Ingredient> query = ingredients.DefaultIfEmpty();
foreach (Ingredient item in query)
{
   Console.WriteLine(item == null);
}

/// <summary>
/// صفحه بندی کوئری
/// </summary>
/// <param name="query">کوئری مورد نظر شما</param>
/// <param name="pageNum">شماره صفحه</param>
/// <param name="pageSize">سایز صفحه</param>
/// <param name="orderByProperty">ترتیب خواص</param>
/// <param name="isAscendingOrder">اگر برابر با <c>true</c> باشد صعودی است</param>
/// <param name="rowsCount">تعداد کل ردیف ها</param>
/// <returns></returns>
private static IQueryable<T> PagedResult<T, TResult>(IQueryable<T> query, int pageNum, int pageSize,
                Expression<Func<T, TResult>> orderByProperty, bool isAscendingOrder, out int rowsCount)
{
    if (pageSize <= 0) pageSize = 20;
    
    //مجموع ردیف‌های به دست آمده
    rowsCount = query.Count();

// اگر شماره صفحه کوچکتر از 0 بود صفحه اول نشان داده شود
    if (rowsCount <= pageSize || pageNum <= 0) pageNum = 1;
    
// محاسبه ردیف هایی که نسبت به سایز صفحه باید از آنها گذشت
    int excludedRows = (pageNum - 1) * pageSize;

    query = isAscendingOrder ? query.OrderBy(orderByProperty) : query.OrderByDescending(orderByProperty);
    
// ردشدن از ردیف‌های اضافی و  دریافت ردیف‌های مورد نظر برای صفحه مربوطه
    return query.Skip(excludedRows).Take(pageSize);
}

var articles = (from article in Articles
                where article.Author == "Abc"
                select article);

int totalArticles;    

var firstPageData =  PagedResult(articles, 1, 20, article => article.PublishedDate, false, out totalArticles);

var context = new AtricleEntityModel(); 
var query = context.ArticlesPagedResult(articles, <pageNumber>, 20, article => article.PublishedDate, false, out totalArticles);