// The getDate() function returns a nested function which refers the 'date' variable defined
// by outer function getDate()
function getDate() {
   var date = new Date();    // This variable stays around even after function returns

   // nested function
   return function () {
      return date.getMilliseconds();
   }
}

// Once getDate() is executed the variable date should be out of scope and it is, but since
// the inner function
// referenes date, this value is available to the inner function.
var dt = getDate();

alert(dt());
alert(dt());

        function myNonClosure() {
            var date = new Date();
            return date.getMilliseconds();
        }

var MyDate = function () {
    var date = new Date();
    var getMilliSeconds = function () {
        return date.getMilliseconds();
    }
}

var dt = new MyDate();

alert(dt.getMilliSeconds());  // This will throw error as getMilliSeconds is not accessible.

// This is closure 
var MyDate = function () {
    var date = new Date();   // variable stays around even after function returns
    var getMilliSeconds = function () {
        return date.getMilliseconds();
    };
    return {
        getMs : getMilliSeconds
    }
}

using System;

namespace FluentInt
{
 public class FluentApiTest
 { 
   private int _val;

   public FluentApiTest Number(int val)
   {
       _val = val;
       return this;
   }

   public FluentApiTest Abs()
   {
       _val = Math.Abs(_val);
       return this;
   }

   public bool IsEqualTo(int val)
   {
       return val == _val;
   }
 }
}

if (new FluentApiTest().Number(-10).Abs().IsEqualTo(10))
{
 Console.WriteLine("Abs(-10)==10");
}

if(new FluentApiTest().Abs().Number(-10).IsEqualTo(10)) ...
if (new FluentApiTest().Abs().IsEqualTo(10)) ...

using System;

namespace FluentInt
{
 public class FluentApiTest
 {
   public MathMethods<FluentApiTest> Number(int val)
   {
       return new MathMethods<FluentApiTest>(this, val);
   }
 }

 public class MathMethods<TParent>
 {
   private int _val;
   private readonly TParent _parent;

   public MathMethods(TParent parent, int val)
   {
       _val = val;
       _parent = parent;
   }

   public Restrictions<MathMethods<TParent>> Abs()
   {
       _val = Math.Abs(_val);
       return new Restrictions<MathMethods<TParent>>(this, _val);
   }
 }

 public class Restrictions<TParent>
 {
   private readonly int _val;
   private readonly TParent _parent;

   public Restrictions(TParent parent, int val)
   {
       _val = val;
       _parent = parent;
   }

   public bool IsEqualTo(int val)
   {
       return _val == val;
   }
 }
}

if (new FluentApiTest().Number(-10).Abs().IsEqualTo(10))
{
 Console.WriteLine("Abs(-10)==10");
}

Int temp;
Int a=1;
temp=a;
a=2;
.
.
a=temp;

int main()
{
  MyClass One = new MyClass();
  MyClass Temp = new MyClass();
  // Set an initial value.
  One.Value = 10;
  One.Name = "Ten";
  // Save the state of the value.
  Temp.Value = One.Value;
  Temp.Name = One.Name;
  // Change the value.
  One.Value = 99;
  One.Name = "Ninety Nine";
  // Undo and restore the state.
  One.Value = Temp.Value;
  One.Name = Temp.Name;
}

dotnet new console

abstract class MementoBase
{
  protected Guid mementoKey = Guid.NewGuid();
  abstract public void SaveMemento(Memento memento);
  abstract public void RestoreMemento(Memento memento);
}

class Memento
{
    private Dictionary<Guid, object> stateList = new Dictionary<Guid, object>();
    public object GetState(Guid key)
    {
        return stateList[key];
    }
    public void SetState(Guid key, object newState)
    {
        stateList[key] = newState;
    }
    public Memento()
    {
    }
}

class ConcreteOriginator : MementoBase
{
  private int value = 0;
  public ConcreteOriginator(int newValue)
  {
    SetData(newValue);
  }
  public void SetData(int newValue)
  {
    value = newValue;
  }
  public void Speak()
  {
    Console.WriteLine("My value is " + value.ToString());
  }
  public override void SaveMemento(Memento memento)
  {
    memento.SetState(mementoKey, value);
  }
  public override void RestoreMemento(Memento memento)
  {
    int restoredValue = (int)memento.GetState(mementoKey);
    SetData(restoredValue);
  }
}

static void Main(string[] args)
{
  Memento memento = new Memento();
  // Create an originator, which will hold our state data.
  ConcreteOriginator myOriginator = new ConcreteOriginator("Hello World!", StateType.ONE);
  ConcreteOriginator anotherOriginator = new ConcreteOriginator("Hola!", StateType.ONE);
  ConcreteOriginator2 thirdOriginator = new ConcreteOriginator2(7);
  // Set some state data.
  myOriginator.Speak();
  anotherOriginator.Speak();
  thirdOriginator.Speak();
  // Save the states into our memento.
  myOriginator.SaveMemento(memento);
  anotherOriginator.SaveMemento(memento);
  thirdOriginator.SaveMemento(memento);
  // Now change our originators' states.
  myOriginator.SetData("Goodbye!", StateType.TWO);
  anotherOriginator.SetData("Adios!", StateType.TWO);
  thirdOriginator.SetData(99);
  myOriginator.Speak();
  anotherOriginator.Speak();
  thirdOriginator.Speak();
  // Restore our originator's state.
  myOriginator.RestoreMemento(memento);
  anotherOriginator.RestoreMemento(memento);
  thirdOriginator.RestoreMemento(memento);
  myOriginator.Speak();
  anotherOriginator.Speak();
  thirdOriginator.Speak();
  Console.ReadKey();
}

Hello World! I'm in state ONE
Hola! I'm in state ONE
My value is 7
Goodbye! I'm in state TWO
Adios! I'm in state TWO
My value is 99
Hello World! I'm in state ONE
Hola! I'm in state ONE
My value is 7