Work effectively without null references 

 PM> Install-Package PostSharp

using System;

namespace AOP03
{
    public class MyType
    {
        public void DoSomething(string data, int i)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("DoSomething({0}, {1});", data, i);
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            new MyType().DoSomething("Test", 1);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using PostSharp.Aspects;

namespace AOP03
{
    [Serializable]
    public class LoggingAspect : OnMethodBoundaryAspect
    {
        public override void OnEntry(MethodExecutionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("On Entry");
        }

        public override void OnExit(MethodExecutionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("On Exit");
        }

        public override void OnSuccess(MethodExecutionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("On Success");
        }

        public override void OnException(MethodExecutionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("On Exception");
        }
    }
}

    public class MyType
    {
        [LoggingAspect]
        public void DoSomething(string data, int i)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("DoSomething({0}, {1});", data, i);
        }
    }

 On Entry
DoSomething(Test, 1);
On Success
On Exit

public void DoSomething(string data, int i)
{
    <>z__Aspects.a0.OnEntry(null);
    try
    {
        Console.WriteLine("DoSomething({0}, {1});", data, i);
        <>z__Aspects.a0.OnSuccess(null);
    }
    catch (Exception)
    {
        <>z__Aspects.a0.OnException(null);
        throw;
    }
    finally
    {
        <>z__Aspects.a0.OnExit(null);
    }
}

 [Serializable]
[MulticastAttributeUsage(MulticastTargets.Method, TargetMemberAttributes = MulticastAttributes.Instance)]
public class LoggingAspect : OnMethodBoundaryAspect

 [assembly: LoggingAspect(AttributeTargetTypes = "AOP03.*")]

using System;
using System.Reflection;
using PostSharp.Aspects;

namespace AOP03
{
    public class ApplicationExceptionHandlerAspect : OnExceptionAspect
    {
        public override void OnException(MethodExecutionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Exception Type: {0}, StackTrace: {1}",
                               args.Exception.GetType().Name,
                               args.Exception.StackTrace);
        }

        public override Type GetExceptionType(MethodBase targetMethod)
        {
            return typeof(ApplicationException);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using PostSharp.Aspects;

namespace AOP03
{
    public class ObjectInitializationAspect : LocationInterceptionAspect
    {
        public override void OnGetValue(LocationInterceptionArgs args)
        {
            if (args.GetCurrentValue() == null)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Property {0} is null.", args.LocationFullName);
            }
        }
    }
}

using PostSharp.Aspects;
using System;

namespace AOP03
{
    public class LogEventAspect : EventInterceptionAspect
    {
        public override void OnAddHandler(EventInterceptionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Event {0} added", args.Event.Name);
            args.ProceedAddHandler();
        }

        public override void OnRemoveHandler(EventInterceptionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Event {0} removed", args.Event.Name);
            args.ProceedRemoveHandler();
        }

        public override void OnInvokeHandler(EventInterceptionArgs args)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("Event {0} invoked", args.Event.Name);
            args.ProceedInvokeHandler();
        }
    }
}

    public class LoggingAspect : OnMethodBoundaryAspect
    {
        public override bool CompileTimeValidate(System.Reflection.MethodBase method)
        {
            return !method.IsStatic;
        }

 PM> Install-Package structuremap
PM> Install-Package Castle.Core

using System;

namespace AOP02.Core
{
    [AttributeUsage(AttributeTargets.Method)]
    public class CacheMethodAttribute : Attribute
    {
        public CacheMethodAttribute()
        {
            // مقدار پیش فرض
            SecondsToCache = 10;
        }

        public double SecondsToCache { get; set; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Threading;
using AOP02.Core;

namespace AOP02.Services
{
    public interface IMyService
    {
        string GetLongRunningResult(string input);
    }

    public class MyService : IMyService
    {
        [CacheMethod(SecondsToCache = 60)]
        public string GetLongRunningResult(string input)
        {
            Thread.Sleep(5000); // simulate a long running process
            return string.Format("Result of '{0}' returned at {1}", input, DateTime.Now);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Web;
using Castle.DynamicProxy;

namespace AOP02.Core
{
    public class CacheInterceptor : IInterceptor
    {
        private static object lockObject = new object();

        public void Intercept(IInvocation invocation)
        {
            cacheMethod(invocation);
        }

        private static void cacheMethod(IInvocation invocation)
        {
            var cacheMethodAttribute = getCacheMethodAttribute(invocation);
            if (cacheMethodAttribute == null)
            {
                // متد جاری توسط ویژگی کش شدن مزین نشده است
                // بنابراین آن‌را اجرا کرده و کار را خاتمه می‌دهیم
                invocation.Proceed();
                return;
            }

            // دراینجا مدت زمان کش شدن متد از ویژگی کش دریافت می‌شود
            var cacheDuration = ((CacheMethodAttribute)cacheMethodAttribute).SecondsToCache;

            // برای ذخیره سازی اطلاعات در کش نیاز است یک کلید منحصربفرد را
            //  بر اساس نام متد و پارامترهای ارسالی به آن تهیه کنیم
            var cacheKey = getCacheKey(invocation);

            var cache = HttpRuntime.Cache;
            var cachedResult = cache.Get(cacheKey);


            if (cachedResult != null)
            {
                // اگر نتیجه بر اساس کلید تشکیل شده در کش موجود بود
                // همان را بازگشت می‌دهیم
                invocation.ReturnValue = cachedResult;
            }
            else
            {
                lock (lockObject)
                {
                    // در غیر اینصورت ابتدا متد را اجرا کرده
                    invocation.Proceed();
                    if (invocation.ReturnValue == null)
                        return;

                    // سپس نتیجه آن‌را کش می‌کنیم
                    cache.Insert(key: cacheKey,
                                 value: invocation.ReturnValue,
                                 dependencies: null,
                                 absoluteExpiration: DateTime.Now.AddSeconds(cacheDuration),
                                 slidingExpiration: TimeSpan.Zero);
                }
            }
        }

        private static Attribute getCacheMethodAttribute(IInvocation invocation)
        {
            var methodInfo = invocation.MethodInvocationTarget;
            if (methodInfo == null)
            {
                methodInfo = invocation.Method;
            }
            return Attribute.GetCustomAttribute(methodInfo, typeof(CacheMethodAttribute), true);
        }

        private static string getCacheKey(IInvocation invocation)
        {
            var cacheKey = invocation.Method.Name;

            foreach (var argument in invocation.Arguments)
            {
                cacheKey += ":" + argument;
            }

            // todo: بهتر است هش این کلید طولانی بازگشت داده شود
            // کار کردن با هش سریعتر خواهد بود
            return cacheKey;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using AOP02.Core;
using AOP02.Services;
using Castle.DynamicProxy;
using StructureMap;

namespace AOP02
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
            {
                var dynamicProxy = new ProxyGenerator();
                x.For<IMyService>()
                 .EnrichAllWith(myTypeInterface =>
                        dynamicProxy.CreateInterfaceProxyWithTarget(myTypeInterface, new CacheInterceptor()))
                 .Use<MyService>();
            });

            var myService = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IMyService>();
            Console.WriteLine(myService.GetLongRunningResult("Test"));
            Console.WriteLine(myService.GetLongRunningResult("Test"));
        }
    }
}

 Result of 'Test' returned at 2013/04/09 07:19:43
Result of 'Test' returned at 2013/04/09 07:19:43

public class MyClass : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    private string _myValue;
    public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
    public string MyValue
    {
        get
        {
            return _myValue;
        }
        set
        {
            _myValue = value;
            RaisePropertyChanged("MyValue");
        }
    }
    protected void RaisePropertyChanged(string propertyName)
    {
        if (PropertyChanged != null)
            PropertyChanged(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
    }
}

public class MyDreamClass : INotifyPropertyChanged
{
    public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;
    public string MyValue { get; set; }
}

 PM> Install-Package structuremap
PM> Install-Package Castle.Core

namespace AOP01.Services
{
    public interface ITestService
    {
        int GetCount();
    }
}

namespace AOP01.Services
{
    public class TestService: ITestService
    {     
        public int GetCount()
        {
            return 10; //این فقط یک مثال است برای بررسی تزریق وابستگی‌ها
        }
    }
}

using AOP01.Services;
using AOP01.Core;

namespace AOP01.ViewModels
{
    public class TestViewModel  : BaseViewModel
    {
        private readonly ITestService _testService;
        //تزریق وابستگی‌ها در سازنده کلاس
        public TestViewModel(ITestService testService)
        {
            _testService = testService;
        }

        // Note: it's a virtual property.
        public virtual string Text { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.ComponentModel;

namespace AOP01.Core
{
    public abstract class BaseViewModel : INotifyPropertyChanged
    {
        public event PropertyChangedEventHandler PropertyChanged;

        public void RaisePropertyChanged(string propertyName)
        {
            var handler = PropertyChanged;

            if (handler != null)
                handler(this, new PropertyChangedEventArgs(propertyName));
        }
    }
}

using System;
using Castle.DynamicProxy;

namespace AOP01.Core
{
    public class NotifyPropertyInterceptor : IInterceptor
    {
        public void Intercept(IInvocation invocation)
        {
            // متد ست، ابتدا فراخوانی می‌شود و سپس کار اطلاع رسانی را انجام خواهیم داد
            invocation.Proceed();

            if (invocation.Method.Name.StartsWith("set_"))
            {
                var propertyName = invocation.Method.Name.Substring(4);
                raisePropertyChangedEvent(invocation, propertyName, invocation.TargetType);
            }
        }

        void raisePropertyChangedEvent(IInvocation invocation, string propertyName, Type type)
        {
            var methodInfo = type.GetMethod("RaisePropertyChanged");
            if (methodInfo == null)
            {
                if (type.BaseType != null)
                    raisePropertyChangedEvent(invocation, propertyName, type.BaseType);
            }
            else
            {
                methodInfo.Invoke(invocation.InvocationTarget, new object[] { propertyName });
            }
        }
    }
}

using System.Linq;
using System.Windows;
using AOP01.Core;
using AOP01.Services;
using Castle.DynamicProxy;
using StructureMap;

namespace AOP01
{
    public partial class App
    {
        protected override void OnStartup(StartupEventArgs e)
        {
            base.OnStartup(e);

            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
            {
                x.For<ITestService>().Use<TestService>();

                var dynamicProxy = new ProxyGenerator();
                x.For<BaseViewModel>().EnrichAllWith(vm =>
                {
                    var constructorArgs = vm.GetType()
                            .GetConstructors()
                            .FirstOrDefault()
                            .GetParameters()
                            .Select(p => ObjectFactory.GetInstance(p.ParameterType))
                            .ToArray();

                    return dynamicProxy.CreateClassProxy(
                                classToProxy: vm.GetType(),
                                constructorArguments: constructorArgs,
                                interceptors: new[] { new NotifyPropertyInterceptor() });
                });
            });
        }
    }
}

<Window x:Class="AOP01.MainWindow"
        xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
        xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
        Title="MainWindow" Height="350" Width="525">
    <Grid>
        <TextBox Text="{Binding Text, Mode=TwoWay, UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" />
    </Grid>
</Window>

using AOP01.ViewModels;
using StructureMap;

namespace AOP01
{
    public partial class MainWindow
    {
        public MainWindow()
        {
            InitializeComponent();

            //علاوه بر تشکیل پروکسی
            //کار وهله سازی و تزریق وابستگی‌ها در سازنده را هم به صورت خودکار انجام می‌دهد
            var vm = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<TestViewModel>(); 
            this.DataContext = vm;
        }
    }
}

 PM> Install-Package PropertyChanged.Fody

using PropertyChanged;

namespace AOP02
{
    [ImplementPropertyChanged]
    public class Person
    {
        public string Id { set; get; }
        public string Name { set; get; }
    }
}

------ Build started: Project: AOP02, Configuration: Debug x86 ------
  Fody (version 1.13.6.1) Executing
  Finished Fody 287ms.
  AOP02 -> D:\Prog\AOP02\bin\Debug\AOP02.exe
========== Build: 1 succeeded or up-to-date, 0 failed, 0 skipped ==========

using System;

namespace AOP00
{
    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            Log.Debug("Program has started.");
            //.....
            try
            {

            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Log.Error(ex);
                throw;
            }
            finally
            {
                //.....
                Log.Debug("Program has ended.");
            }
        }
    }
}

        public User GetUserById(int id)
        {
            if (Cache.ExistsFor(id))
            {
                return Cache[id];
            }
            else
            {
                var user = LoadFromDb(id);
                Cache.AddFor("User", id, user);
                return user;
            }
        }

 PM> Install-Package structuremap

using System;
using StructureMap;

namespace AOP00
{
    public interface IMyType
    {
        void DoSomething(string data, int i);
    }

    public class MyType : IMyType
    {
        public void DoSomething(string data, int i)
        {
            Console.WriteLine("DoSomething({0}, {1});", data, i);
        }
    }

    class Program
    {
        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
            {
                x.For<IMyType>().Use<MyType>();
            });

            var myType = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IMyType>();
            myType.DoSomething("Test", 1);
        }
    }
}

 PM> Install-Package Castle.Core

using System;
using Castle.DynamicProxy;

namespace AOP00
{
    public class LoggingInterceptor : IInterceptor
    {
        public void Intercept(IInvocation invocation)
        {
            try
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Logging On Start.");

                invocation.Proceed(); //فراخوانی متد اصلی در اینجا صورت می‌گیرد

                Console.WriteLine("Logging On Success.");
            }
            catch (Exception ex)
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Logging On Error.");
                throw;
            }
            finally
            {
                Console.WriteLine("Logging On Exit.");
            }
        }
    }
}

        static void Main(string[] args)
        {
            ObjectFactory.Initialize(x =>
            {
                var dynamicProxy = new ProxyGenerator();
                x.For<IMyType>().Use<MyType>();
                x.For<IMyType>().EnrichAllWith(myTypeInterface => dynamicProxy.CreateInterfaceProxyWithTarget(myTypeInterface, new LoggingInterceptor()));
            });

            var myType = ObjectFactory.GetInstance<IMyType>();
            myType.DoSomething("Test", 1);
        }

 Logging On Start.
DoSomething(Test, 1);
Logging On Success.
Logging On Exit.

Here are some of the reasons why nullable reference types are less than ideal:

• Invoking a member on a null value will issue a System.NullReferenceException exception, and every invocation that results in a System.NullReferenceException in production code is a bug. Unfortunately, however, with nullable reference types we “fall in” to doing the wrong thing rather than the right thing. The “fall in” action is to invoke a reference type without checking for null.
• There’s an inconsistency between reference types and value types (following the introduction of Nullable<T>) in that value types are nullable when decorated with  “?” (for example, int? number); otherwise, they default to non-nullable. In contrast, reference types are nullable by default. This is “normal” to those of us who have been programming in C# for a long time, but if we could do it all over, we’d want the default for reference types to be non-nullable and the addition of a “?” to be an explicit way to allow nulls.
• It’s not possible to run static flow analysis to check all paths regarding whether a value will be null before dereferencing it, or not. Consider, for example, if there were unmanaged code invocations, multi-threading, or null assignment/­replacement based on runtime conditions. (Not to mention whether analysis would include checking of all library APIs that are invoked.)
• There’s no reasonable syntax to indicate that a reference type value of null is invalid for a particular declaration.
• There’s no way to decorate parameters to not allow null.