Null Is Evil. What’s the Best Alternative? Null. 

• مطالب مرتبط با Defensive Programming 
  
• نکات کار با استثناءها در دات نت
  

متدی تحت عنوان ValidateEmail را تصور کنید. این متد از حیث بازگشت نتیجه به عنوان خروجی می‌تواند به اشکال مختلفی پیاده سازی شود که در ادامه مشاهده می‌کنیم:

متد ValidateEmail با خروجی Boolean

        public bool ValidateEmail(string email)
        {
            var valid = true;
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email))
            {
                valid = false;
            }

            var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
            if (!isValidFormat)
            {
                valid = false;
            }

            var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
            if (!isRealDoamin)
            {
                valid = false;
            }

            return valid;
        }

همانطور که در تکه کد زیر مشخص می‌باشد، استفاده کننده از متد بالا، امکان بررسی خروجی آن را در قالب یک شرط خواهد داشت و علاوه بر اینکه پیاده سازی آن ساده می‌باشد، خوانایی کد را نیز بالا می‌برد؛ ولی با این حال نمی‌توان متوجه شد مشکل اصلی آدرس ایمیل ارسالی به عنوان آرگومان، دقیقا چیست.

var email = "email@example.com";
var isValid = ValidateEmail(email);
if(isValid)
{
    //do something
}

متد ValidateEmail با صدور استثناء

        public void ValidateEmail(string email)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email)) throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(email));

            var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
            if (!isValidFormat) throw new ArgumentException("email is not in a correct format");

            var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
            if (!isRealDoamin) throw new ArgumentException("email does not include a valid domain.")
        }

روش بالا هم جواب می‌دهد ولی بهتر است کلاس Exception سفارشی به عنوان مثال ValidationException برای این قضیه در نظر گرفته شود تا بتوان وهله‌های صادر شده از این نوع را در لایه‌های بالاتر مدیریت کرد.

متد ValidateEmail با چندین خروجی

برای این منظور چندین راه حل پیش رو داریم.

با استفاده از پارامتر out:

        public bool ValidateEmail(string email, out string message)
        {
            var valid = true;
            message = string.Empty;

            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email))
            {
                valid = false;
                message = "email is null.";
            }

            if (valid)
            {
                var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
                if (!isValidFormat)
                {
                    valid = false;
                    message = "email is not in a correct format";
                }
            }

            if (valid)
            {
                var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
                if (!isRealDoamin)
                {
                    valid = false;
                    message = "email does not include a valid domain.";
                }
            }

            return valid;
        }

var email = "email@example.com";
var isValid = ValidateEmail(email, out string message);
if (isValid)
{
    //do something
}

Tuple<bool, List<string>> result = Tuple.Create<bool, List<string>>(true, new List<string>());

        public class OperationResult
        {
            public bool Success { get; set; }
            public IList<string> Messages { get; } = new List<string>();

            public void AddMessage(string message)
            {
                Messages.Add(message);
            }
        }

        public OperationResult ValidateEmail(string email)
        {
            var result = new OperationResult();

            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(email))
            {
                result.Success = false;
                result.AddMessage("email is null.");
            }

            if (result.Success)
            {
                var isValidFormat = true;//todo: using RegularExpression
                if (!isValidFormat)
                {
                    result.Success = false;
                    result.AddMessage("email is not in a correct format");
                }
            }

            if (result.Success)
            {
                var isRealDoamin = true;//todo: Code here that confirms whether domain exists.
                if (!isRealDoamin)
                {
                    result.Success = false;
                    result.AddMessage("email does not include a valid domain.");
                }
            }

            return result;
        }

استفاده از Exception برای نمایش پیغام برای کاربر نهایی

با صدور یک استثناء و مدیریت سراسری آن در بالاترین (خارجی ترین) لایه و نمایش پیغام مرتبط با آن به کاربر نهایی، می‌توان از آن به عنوان ابزاری برای ارسال هر نوع پیغامی به کاربر نهایی استفاده کرد. اگر قوانین تجاری با موفقیت برآورده نشده‌اند یا لازم است به هر دلیلی یک پیغام مرتبط با یک اعتبارسنجی تجاری را برای کاربر نمایش دهید، این روش بسیار کارساز می‌باشد و با یکبار وقت گذاشتن برای توسعه زیرساخت برای این موضوع به عنوان یک Cross Cutting Concern تحت عنوان Exception Management آزادی عمل زیادی در ادامه توسعه سیستم خود خواهید داشت.

به عنوان مثال داشتن یک کلاس Exception سفارشی تحت عنوان UserFriendlyException در این راستا یک الزام می‌باشد.

   [Serializable]
   public class UserFriendlyException : Exception
   {
       public string Details { get; private set; }
       public int Code { get; set; }

       public UserFriendlyException()
       {
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(SerializationInfo serializationInfo, StreamingContext context)
           : base(serializationInfo, context)
       {

       }

       public UserFriendlyException(string message)
           : base(message)
       {
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(int code, string message)
           : this(message)
       {
           Code = code;
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(string message, string details)
           : this(message)
       {
           Details = details;
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(int code, string message, string details)
           : this(message, details)
       {
           Code = code;
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(string message, Exception innerException)
           : base(message, innerException)
       {
       }

       public UserFriendlyException(string message, string details, Exception innerException)
           : this(message, innerException)
       {
           Details = details;
       }
   }

و همچنین لازم است در بالاترین لایه سیستم خود به عنوان مثال برای یک پروژه ASP.NET MVC یا ASP.NET Core MVC می‌توان یک ExceptionFilter سفارشی نیز تهیه کرد که هم به صورت سراسری استثنا‌ءهای سفارشی شما را مدیریت کند و همچنین خروجی مناسب Json برای استفاده در سمت کلاینت را نیز مهیا کند. به عنوان مثال برای درخواست‌های Ajax ای لازم است در سمت کلاینت نیز پاسخ‌های رسیده از سمت سرور به صورت سراسری مدیریت شوند و برای سایر درخواست‌ها همان نمایش صفحات خطای پیغام مرتبط با استثناء رخ داده شده کفایت می‌کند.

یک مدل پیشنهادی برای تهیه خروجی مناسب برای ارسال جزئیات استثنا رخ داده در درخواست‌های Ajax ای

    [Serializable]
    public class MvcAjaxResponse : MvcAjaxResponse<object>
    {
        public MvcAjaxResponse()
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(bool success)
            : base(success)
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(object result)
            : base(result)
        {
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(ErrorInfo error, bool unAuthorizedRequest = false)
            : base(error, unAuthorizedRequest)
        {
        }
    }
   

    [Serializable]
    public class MvcAjaxResponse<TResult> : MvcAjaxResponseBase
    {
        public MvcAjaxResponse(TResult result)
        {
            Result = result;
            Success = true;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse()
        {
            Success = true;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(bool success)
        {
            Success = success;
        }

        public MvcAjaxResponse(ErrorInfo error, bool unAuthorizedRequest = false)
        {
            Error = error;
            UnAuthorizedRequest = unAuthorizedRequest;
            Success = false;
        }

        /// <summary>
        ///     The actual result object of AJAX request.
        ///     It is set if <see cref="MvcAjaxResponseBase.Success" /> is true.
        /// </summary>
        public TResult Result { get; set; }
    }

    public class MvcAjaxResponseBase
    {
        public string TargetUrl { get; set; }

        public bool Success { get; set; }

        public ErrorInfo Error { get; set; }

        public bool UnAuthorizedRequest { get; set; }

        public bool __mvc { get; } = true;
    }

    [Serializable]
    public class ErrorInfo
    {
        public int Code { get; set; }
        public string Message { get; set; }
        public string Detail { get; set; }
        public Dictionary<string, string> ValidationErrors { get; set; }

        public ErrorInfo()
        {
        }
        public ErrorInfo(string message)
        {
            Message = message;
        }
        public ErrorInfo(int code)
        {
            Code = code;
        }

        public ErrorInfo(int code, string message)
            : this(message)
        {
            Code = code;
        }

        public ErrorInfo(string message, string details)
            : this(message)
        {
            Detail = details;
        }

        public ErrorInfo(int code, string message, string details)
            : this(message, details)
        {
            Code = code;
        }
    }

        public async Task CheckIsDeactiveAsync(long id)
        {
            if (await _organizationalUnits.AnyAsync(a => a.Id == id && !a.IsActive).ConfigureAwait(false))
                throw new UserFriendlyException("واحد سازمانی جاری غیرفعال می‌باشد.");
        }

روش نام گذاری متدهایی که امکان بازگشت خروجی Null را دارند

public User GetById(long id);

Relational Databases Explained
How Relational Databases Work. This post talks about how indexes and transactions work on the inside of relational databases. 

A Re-Introduction to C# References 

var numbers1_CS11 = new[] { 1, 2, 3 };

var numbers1_CS_11 = new int[] { 1, 2, 3 };

int[] numbers1_CS12 = [ 1, 2, 3 ];

error CS9176: There is no target type for the collection expression.

Span<string> span1_CS11 = new string[] { "AC", "AL" };

Span<string> span1_CS12 = [ "AC", "AL" ];

ReadOnlySpan<string> readOnlySpan_CS12 = [ "Africa",  "Asia", "Europa"];

int[][] array2D_CS11 =
  {
    new int[] { 2002, 2006, 2010},
    new int[] { 2014, 2018},
    new int[] { 2022, 2026, 2030}
  };

int[][] array2D_CS12 =
  [
     [2002, 2006, 2010],
     [2014, 2018],
     [2022, 2026, 2030]
  ];

List<string> list_CS11 = new List<string> { "Item 1", "Item 2" };

List<string> list_CS12 = [ "Item 1", "Item 2" ];

// Before C#12
List<User> users = new List<User>();
// or
var users = new List<User>();
// or
List<User> user = new();

// C#12
List<User> users = [];

int[] numbers1_CS12 = [ 1, 2, 3 ];
int[] numbers2_CS12 = [ 4, 5, 6 ];

int[] allItems = [ ..numbers1_CS12, ..numbers2_CS12 ];

int[] allItems_CS11 = numbers1_CS12.Concat(numbers2_CS12).ToArray();

int[] join = [..a, ..b, ..c, 6, 5];

int[] a =[1, 2, 3];
Span<int> b = [2, 4, 5, 4, 4];
List<int> c = [4, 6, 6, 5];

List<int> join = [..a, ..b, ..c, 6, 5];

List<(string, int)> otherScores = [("Dave", 90), ("Bob", 80)];

(string name, int score)[] scores = [("Alice", 90), ..otherScores, ("Charlie", 70)];

1.  URI-based versioning 
   
2.  Header-based versioning 
   
3.  Media type-based versioning 
   

 public class ItemsController : ApiController   
 {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemViewModel))]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemViewModel { Id = id, Name = "PS4", Country = "Japan" };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }
 public class ItemsV2Controller : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemV2ViewModel))]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemV2ViewModel { Id = id, Name = "Xbox One", Country = "USA", Price = 529.99 };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }

config.Routes.MapHttpRoute("ItemsV2", "api/v2/items/{id}", new
{
    controller = "ItemsV2",
    id = RouteParameter.Optional
});
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute("Items", "api/items/{id}", new
{
    controller = "Items",
    id = RouteParameter.Optional
});
config.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
    name: "DefaultApi",
    routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
    defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
);

public class VersionFinder
    {
        private static bool NeedsUriVersioning(HttpRequestMessage request, out string version)
        {
            var routeData = request.GetRouteData();
            if (routeData != null)
            {
                object versionFromRoute;
                if (routeData.Values.TryGetValue(nameof(version), out versionFromRoute))
                {
                    version = versionFromRoute as string;
                    if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(version))
                    {
                        return true;
                    }
                }
            }
            version = null;
            return false;
        }
        private static int VersionToInt(string versionString)
        {
            int version;
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(versionString) || !int.TryParse(versionString, out version))
                return 0;
            return version;
        }
        public static int GetVersionFromRequest(HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            string version;

            return NeedsUriVersioning(request, out version) ? VersionToInt(version) : 0;
        }
    }

 public class VersionAwareControllerSelector : DefaultHttpControllerSelector
    {
        public VersionAwareControllerSelector(HttpConfiguration configuration) : base(configuration) { }
        public override string GetControllerName(HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            var controllerName = base.GetControllerName(request);
            var version = VersionFinder.GetVersionFromRequest(request);
                
        return version > 0 ? GetVersionedControllerName(request, controllerName, version) : controllerName;
        }
        private string GetVersionedControllerName(HttpRequestMessage request, string baseControllerName,
        int version)
        {
            var versionControllerName = $"{baseControllerName}v{version}";
            HttpControllerDescriptor descriptor;
            if (GetControllerMapping().TryGetValue(versionControllerName, out descriptor))
            {
                return versionControllerName;
            }

            throw new HttpResponseException(request.CreateErrorResponse(
            HttpStatusCode.NotFound,
                $"No HTTP resource was found that matches the URI {request.RequestUri} and version number {version}"));
        }
    }

config.Services.Replace(typeof(IHttpControllerSelector), new VersionAwareControllerSelector(config));

[RoutePrefix("api/v1/Items")]
    public class ItemsController : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemViewModel))]
        [Route("{id:int}")]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemViewModel { Id = id, Name = "PS4", Country =        "Japan" };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }


 [RoutePrefix("api/V2/Items")]
    public class ItemsV2Controller : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemV2ViewModel))]
        [Route("{id:int}")]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemV2ViewModel { Id = id, Name = "Xbox One", Country = "USA", Price = 529.99 };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }

var constraintsResolver = new DefaultInlineConstraintResolver();
            constraintsResolver.ConstraintMap.Add(nameof(VersionConstraint), typeof
            (VersionConstraint));
config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes(constraintsResolver);

  public class NamespaceControllerSelector : IHttpControllerSelector
    {
        private readonly HttpConfiguration _configuration;
        private readonly Lazy<Dictionary<string, HttpControllerDescriptor>> _controllers;
        public NamespaceControllerSelector(HttpConfiguration config)
        {
            _configuration = config;
            _controllers = new Lazy<Dictionary<string,
                HttpControllerDescriptor>>(InitializeControllerDictionary);
        }
        public HttpControllerDescriptor SelectController(HttpRequestMessage request)
        {
            var routeData = request.GetRouteData();
            if (routeData == null)
            {
                throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
            }

            var controllerName = GetControllerName(routeData);
            if (controllerName == null)
            {
                throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
            }
            var version = GetVersion(routeData);
            if (version == null)
            {
                throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
            }
            var controllerKey = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0}.{1}",
                version, controllerName);
            HttpControllerDescriptor controllerDescriptor;
            if (_controllers.Value.TryGetValue(controllerKey, out controllerDescriptor))
            {
                return controllerDescriptor;
            }
            throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
        }
        public IDictionary<string, HttpControllerDescriptor> GetControllerMapping()
        {
            return _controllers.Value;
        }
        private Dictionary<string, HttpControllerDescriptor> InitializeControllerDictionary()
        {
            var dictionary = new Dictionary<string,
                HttpControllerDescriptor>(StringComparer.OrdinalIgnoreCase);
            var assembliesResolver = _configuration.Services.GetAssembliesResolver();
            var controllersResolver = _configuration.Services.GetHttpControllerTypeResolver();
            var controllerTypes = controllersResolver.GetControllerTypes(assembliesResolver);
            foreach (var controllerType in controllerTypes)
            {
                var segments = controllerType.Namespace.Split(Type.Delimiter);
                var controllerName =
                    controllerType.Name.Remove(controllerType.Name.Length -
                                               DefaultHttpControllerSelector.ControllerSuffix.Length);
                var controllerKey = string.Format(CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0}.{1}",
                    segments[segments.Length - 1], controllerName);

                if (!dictionary.Keys.Contains(controllerKey))
                {
                    dictionary[controllerKey] = new HttpControllerDescriptor(_configuration,
                        controllerType.Name,
                        controllerType);
                }
            }
            return dictionary;
        }
        private static T GetRouteVariable<T>(IHttpRouteData routeData, string name)
        {
            object result;
            if (routeData.Values.TryGetValue(name, out result))
            {
                return (T)result;
            }
            return default(T);
        }
        private static string GetControllerName(IHttpRouteData routeData)
        {
            var subroute = routeData.GetSubRoutes().FirstOrDefault();
            var dataTokenValue = subroute?.Route.DataTokens.First().Value;
            var controllerName =
                ((HttpActionDescriptor[])dataTokenValue)?.First().ControllerDescriptor.ControllerName.Replace("Controller", string.Empty);
            return controllerName;
        }
        private static string GetVersion(IHttpRouteData routeData)
        {
            var subRouteData = routeData.GetSubRoutes().FirstOrDefault();
            return subRouteData == null ? null : GetRouteVariable<string>(subRouteData, "version");
        }
    }

public IDictionary<string, HttpControllerDescriptor> GetControllerMapping()

 public static class WebApiConfig
    {
        public static void Register(HttpConfiguration config)
        {
            var constraintsResolver = new DefaultInlineConstraintResolver();
            constraintsResolver.ConstraintMap.Add(nameof(VersionConstraint), typeof
            (VersionConstraint));

            config.MapHttpAttributeRoutes(constraintsResolver);

            config.Services.Replace(typeof(IHttpControllerSelector), new NamespaceControllerSelector(config));

        }
    }

public class HeaderVersionConstraint : IHttpRouteConstraint
    {
        private const string VersionHeaderName = "api-version";

        public HeaderVersionConstraint(int allowedVersion)
        {
            AllowedVersion = allowedVersion;
        }

        public int AllowedVersion { get; }

        public bool Match(HttpRequestMessage request, IHttpRoute route, string parameterName,
            IDictionary<string, object> values,
            HttpRouteDirection routeDirection)
        {
            if (!request.Headers.Contains(VersionHeaderName)) return false;

            var version = request.Headers.GetValues(VersionHeaderName).FirstOrDefault();

            return VersionToInt(version) == AllowedVersion;
        }
        private static int VersionToInt(string versionString)
        {
            int version;
            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(versionString) || !int.TryParse(versionString, out version))
                return 0;
            return version;
        }
    }

public sealed class HeaderVersionedRouteAttribute : RouteFactoryAttribute
    {
        public HeaderVersionedRouteAttribute(string template) : base(template)
        {
            Order = -1;
        }

        public int Version { get; set; }

        public override IDictionary<string, object> Constraints => new HttpRouteValueDictionary
        {
            {"", new HeaderVersionConstraint(Version)}
        };
    }

    [RoutePrefix("api/items")]
    public class ItemsController : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemViewModel))]
        [HeaderVersionedRoute("{id}", Version = 1)]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemViewModel { Id = id, Name = "PS4", Country = "Japan" };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }
  [RoutePrefix("api/items")]
    public class ItemsV2Controller : ApiController
    {
        [ResponseType(typeof(ItemV2ViewModel))]
        [HeaderVersionedRoute("{id}", Version = 2)]
        public IHttpActionResult Get(int id)
        {
            var viewModel = new ItemV2ViewModel { Id = id, Name = "Xbox One", Country = "USA", Price = 529.99 };
            return Ok(viewModel);
        }
    }

private decimal CalculatePercentOfGoalSteps (string goalSteps, string actualSteps)
{
            return (Convert.ToDecimal(actualSteps) / Convert.ToDecimal(goalSteps)) * 100;
}

private void Calculate_Click(object sender, EventArgs e)
{
  var result =CalculatePercentOfGoalSteps (stepGoalForTodayTxt.Text, numberOfStepsForToday.Text);
            lblResult.Text = "شما به" + result + "% از هدف تان رسیده اید";
}

private decimal CalculatePercentOfGoalSteps(string goalSteps, string actualSteps)
{
            decimal result =0;
            var goalStepsCount = Convert.ToDecimal(goalSteps);
            if (goalStepsCount>0)
            {
                result = (Convert.ToDecimal(actualSteps) / goalStepsCount) * 100;
            }
            return result;
}

private decimal CalculatePercentOfGoalSteps(string goalSteps, string actualSteps)
        {
            decimal result = 0;
            decimal goalStepsCount = 0;
            decimal.TryParse(goalSteps, out goalStepsCount);
            decimal actualStepsCount = 0;
            decimal.TryParse(actualSteps, out actualStepsCount);
            if (goalStepsCount>0)
            {
                result = (actualStepsCount / goalStepsCount) * 100;
            }
            return result;
        }

private decimal CalculatePercentOfGoalSteps(string goalSteps, string actualSteps)
        {
            decimal goalStepsCount = 0;
            decimal actualStepsCount = 0;
            /// اطمینان حاصل می‌کنند که پارامتر‌های ورودی دارای مقدار هستند 
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(goalSteps)) throw new ArgumentException("مقدار هدف باید وارد شود", "goalSteps");
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(actualSteps)) throw new ArgumentException("مقدار واقعی باید وارد شود", "goalSteps");

            ///اطمینان حاصل می‌کنند که مقادیر وارد شده حتما عددی هستند
            if (!decimal.TryParse(goalSteps, out goalStepsCount)) throw new ArgumentException("مقدار هدف باید عددی باشد", goalSteps);
            if(!decimal.TryParse(actualSteps, out actualStepsCount)) throw new ArgumentException("مقدار واقعی باید عددی باشد", actualSteps);

            ///اطمینان حاصل می‌کند که مقدار متغیر نباید صفر باشد
            if (goalStepsCount <= 0) throw new ArgumentException("مقدار هدف نباید صفر و یا کمتر از صفر باشد", "goalStepsCount");
            return (actualStepsCount / goalStepsCount) * 100;
        }

public class IdentityRevalidatingAuthenticationStateProvider : RevalidatingServerAuthenticationStateProvider
{

    protected override TimeSpan RevalidationInterval => TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30);

    protected override async Task<bool> ValidateAuthenticationStateAsync(
        AuthenticationState authenticationState, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
     // ...
    }
}

public class PersistingRevalidatingAuthenticationStateProvider : RevalidatingServerAuthenticationStateProvider
{
    public PersistingRevalidatingAuthenticationStateProvider(
        ILoggerFactory loggerFactory,
        IServiceScopeFactory scopeFactory,
        PersistentComponentState state,
        IOptions<IdentityOptions> options)
        : base(loggerFactory)
    {
     // ...
    }

    protected override TimeSpan RevalidationInterval => TimeSpan.FromMinutes(30);

    protected override async Task<bool> ValidateAuthenticationStateAsync(
        AuthenticationState authenticationState, CancellationToken cancellationToken)
    {
     // ...
    }

    private async Task OnPersistingAsync()
    {
     // ...
                _state.PersistAsJson(nameof(UserInfo), new UserInfo
                {
                    UserId = userId,
                    Email = email,
                });
     // ...
    }
}

public class PersistentAuthenticationStateProvider(PersistentComponentState persistentState) : AuthenticationStateProvider
{
    private static readonly Task<AuthenticationState> _unauthenticatedTask =
        Task.FromResult(new AuthenticationState(new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity())));

    public override Task<AuthenticationState> GetAuthenticationStateAsync()
    {
        if (!persistentState.TryTakeFromJson<UserInfo>(nameof(UserInfo), out var userInfo) || userInfo is null)
        {
            return _unauthenticatedTask;
        }

        Claim[] claims = [
            new Claim(ClaimTypes.NameIdentifier, userInfo.UserId),
            new Claim(ClaimTypes.Name, userInfo.Email),
            new Claim(ClaimTypes.Email, userInfo.Email) ];

        return Task.FromResult(
            new AuthenticationState(new ClaimsPrincipal(new ClaimsIdentity(claims,
                authenticationType: nameof(PersistentAuthenticationStateProvider)))));
    }
}

 let dialogRef = dialog.open(UserProfileComponent,  { height: '400px’,  width: '600px’  });

dialogRef.afterClosed().subscribe(result => {
   console.log(`Dialog result: ${result}`);
});
dialogRef.close('value');

@Component({/* ... */})
export class YourDialog {

   constructor(public dialogRef: MatDialogRef<YourDialog>) { }

   closeDialog() {
      this.dialogRef.close('Value….!’);
   }
}

<h2 mat-dialog-title>Delete all</h2>
<mat-dialog-content>Are you sure?</mat-dialog-content>
<mat-dialog-actions>
    <button mat-button mat-dialog-close>No</button>
    <!-- Can optionally provide a result for the closing dialog. -->
    <button mat-button [mat-dialog-close]="true">Yes</button>
</mat-dialog-actions>

<mat-toolbar color="primary">
  <button mat-button fxHide fxHide.xs="false" (click)="toggleSidenav.emit()">
    <mat-icon>menu</mat-icon>
  </button>

  <span>Contact Manager</span>

  <span fxFlex="1 1 auto"></span>
  <button mat-button [matMenuTriggerFor]="menu">
    <mat-icon>more_vert</mat-icon>
  </button>
  <mat-menu #menu="matMenu">
    <button mat-menu-item>New Contact</button>
  </mat-menu>
</mat-toolbar>

 <button mat-menu-item (click)="openAddContactDialog()">New Contact</button>

 ng g c contact-manager/components/new-contact-dialog --no-spec

import { NewContactDialogComponent } from "./components/new-contact-dialog/new-contact-dialog.component";

@NgModule({
  declarations: [
    NewContactDialogComponent],
  entryComponents: [
    NewContactDialogComponent
  ]
})
export class ContactManagerModule { }

import { Component, EventEmitter, OnInit, Output } from "@angular/core";
import { MatDialog } from "@angular/material";

import { NewContactDialogComponent } from "../new-contact-dialog/new-contact-dialog.component";

@Component({
  selector: "app-toolbar",
  templateUrl: "./toolbar.component.html",
  styleUrls: ["./toolbar.component.css"]
})
export class ToolbarComponent implements OnInit {

  @Output() toggleSidenav = new EventEmitter<void>();

  constructor(private dialog: MatDialog) { }

  ngOnInit() { }

  openAddContactDialog(): void {
    const dialogRef = this.dialog.open(NewContactDialogComponent, { width: "450px" });
    dialogRef.afterClosed().subscribe(result => {
      console.log("The dialog was closed", result);
    });
  }
}

<h2 mat-dialog-title>Add new contact</h2>
<mat-dialog-content>
  <div fxLayout="column">

  </div>
</mat-dialog-content>
<mat-dialog-actions>
  <button mat-button color="primary" (click)="save()">
    <mat-icon>save</mat-icon> Save
  </button>
  <button mat-button color="primary" (click)="dismiss()">
    <mat-icon>cancel</mat-icon> Cancel
  </button>
</mat-dialog-actions>

import { Component, OnInit } from "@angular/core";
import { MatDialogRef } from "@angular/material";

@Component()
export class NewContactDialogComponent implements OnInit {

  constructor(
    private dialogRef: MatDialogRef<NewContactDialogComponent>
  ) { }

  ngOnInit() {
  }

  save() {
  }

  dismiss() {
    this.dialogRef.close(null);
  }
}

import { User } from "../../models/user";

@Component()
export class NewContactDialogComponent implements OnInit {

  avatars = ["user1", "user2", "user3", "user4", "user5", "user6", "user7", "user8"];
  user: User = { id: 0, birthDate: new Date(), name: "", avatar: "", bio: "", userNotes: null };

    <mat-form-field>
      <mat-select placeholder="Avatar" [(ngModel)]="user.avatar">
        <mat-select-trigger>
          <mat-icon svgIcon="{{user.avatar}}"></mat-icon> {{ user.avatar }}
        </mat-select-trigger>
        <mat-option *ngFor="let avatar of avatars" [value]="avatar">
          <mat-icon svgIcon="{{avatar}}"></mat-icon> {{ avatar }}
        </mat-option>
      </mat-select>
    </mat-form-field>

    <mat-form-field>
      <input matInput placeholder="Name" #name="ngModel" [(ngModel)]="user.name" required>
      <mat-error *ngIf="name.invalid && name.touched">You must enter a name</mat-error>
    </mat-form-field>

    <mat-form-field>
      <input matInput [matDatepicker]="picker" placeholder="Born" [(ngModel)]="user.birthDate">
      <mat-datepicker-toggle matSuffix [for]="picker"></mat-datepicker-toggle>
      <mat-datepicker #picker></mat-datepicker>
    </mat-form-field>

    <mat-form-field>
      <textarea matInput placeholder="Bio" [(ngModel)]="user.bio"></textarea>
    </mat-form-field>

<mat-dialog-content>
  <div fxLayout="column">

  </div>
</mat-dialog-content>

namespace MaterialAspNetCoreBackend.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Route("api/[controller]")]
    public class UsersController : Controller
    {
        private readonly IUsersService _usersService;

        public UsersController(IUsersService usersService)
        {
            _usersService = usersService ?? throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(usersService));
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public async Task<IActionResult> Post([FromBody] User user)
        {
            if (!ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                return BadRequest(ModelState);
            }
            await _usersService.AddUserAsync(user);
            return Created("", user);
        }
    }
}

@Injectable({
  providedIn: "root"
})
export class UserService {

  private usersSource = new BehaviorSubject<User>(null);
  usersSourceChanges$ = this.usersSource.asObservable();

  constructor(private http: HttpClient) { }

  addUser(user: User): Observable<User> {
    const headers = new HttpHeaders({ "Content-Type": "application/json" });
    return this.http
      .post<User>("/api/users", user, { headers: headers }).pipe(
        map(response => {
          const addedUser = response || {} as User;
          this.notifyUsersSourceHasChanged(addedUser);
          return addedUser;
        }),
        catchError((error: HttpErrorResponse) => throwError(error))
      );
  }

  notifyUsersSourceHasChanged(user: User) {
    this.usersSource.next(user);
  }
}

 return Created("", user);

import { UserService } from "../../services/user.service";

@Component()
export class NewContactDialogComponent {

  user: User = { id: 0, birthDate: new Date(), name: "", avatar: "", bio: "", userNotes: null };

  constructor(
    private dialogRef: MatDialogRef<NewContactDialogComponent>,
    private userService: UserService
  ) { }

  save() {
    this.userService.addUser(this.user).subscribe(data => {
      console.log("Saved user", data);
      this.dialogRef.close(data);
    });
  }
}

import { UserService } from "../../services/user.service";

@Component()
export class SidenavComponent implements OnInit, OnDestroy {

  users: User[] = [];
  subscription: Subscription | null = null;

  constructor(
    private userService: UserService) { }

  ngOnInit() {
    this.subscription = this.userService.usersSourceChanges$.subscribe(user => {
      if (user) {
        this.users.push(user);
      }
    });
  }

  ngOnDestroy() {
    if (this.subscription) {
      this.subscription.unsubscribe();
    }
  }
}

  save() {
    this.userService.addUser(this.user).subscribe(data => {
      console.log("Saved user", data);
      this.dialogRef.close(data);
    });

  openAddContactDialog(): void {
    const dialogRef = this.dialog.open(NewContactDialogComponent, { width: "450px" });
    dialogRef.afterClosed().subscribe(result => {
      console.log("The dialog was closed", result);
    });
  }

@Component()
export class ToolbarComponent {

  @Output() toggleSidenav = new EventEmitter<void>();

  constructor(private dialog: MatDialog, private snackBar: MatSnackBar,  private router: Router) { }

  openAddContactDialog(): void {
    const dialogRef = this.dialog.open(NewContactDialogComponent, { width: "450px" });
    dialogRef.afterClosed().subscribe((result: User) => {
      console.log("The dialog was closed", result);
      if (result) {
        this.openSnackBar(`${result.name} contact has been added.`, "Navigate").onAction().subscribe(() => {
          this.router.navigate(["/contactmanager", result.id]);
        });
      }
    });
  }

  openSnackBar(message: string, action: string): MatSnackBarRef<SimpleSnackBar> {
    return this.snackBar.open(message, action, {
      duration: 5000,
    });
  }
}