public class ObjectToAssertValidator : PropertiesValidator<ObjectToAssertValidator, ObjectToAssert>
{
    public void Validate(ObjectToAssert expected, ObjectToAssert actual)
    {
        this.Validate(expected, actual, "FirstName");
    }
}

ObjectToAssertValidator.Instance.Validate(expectedObject, actualObject);

namespace EntitySample1.DataLayer
{
    public class PhoneBookDbContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Person> Persons { get; set; }
        public DbSet<PhoneNumber> PhoneNumbers { get; set; }
        public DbSet<Address> Addresses { get; set; }

    }
}

        private static void ManualDetectChanges()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                context.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false; // turn off Auto Detect Changes

                var p1 = context.Persons.Single(p => p.FirstName == "joe");

                p1.LastName = "Brown";

                Console.WriteLine("Before DetectChanges: {0}", context.Entry(p1).State);

                context.ChangeTracker.DetectChanges(); // call detect changes manually

                Console.WriteLine("After DetectChanges: {0}", context.Entry(p1).State);
            }
        }

Before DetectChanges: Unchanged
After DetectChanges: Modified

        private static void AddMultiplePerson()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                context.Configuration.AutoDetectChangesEnabled = false;

                context.Persons.Add(new Person
                    {
                        FirstName = "brad",
                        LastName = "watson",
                        BirthDate = new DateTime(1990, 6, 8)
                    });

                context.Persons.Add(new Person
                {
                    FirstName = "david",
                    LastName = "brown",
                    BirthDate = new DateTime(1990, 6, 8)
                });

                context.Persons.Add(new Person
                {
                    FirstName = "will",
                    LastName = "smith",
                    BirthDate = new DateTime(1990, 6, 8)
                });

                context.SaveChanges();

            }
        }

        private static void DetectRelationshipChanges()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {

                var phone1 = context.PhoneNumbers.Single(x => x.Number == "09351234567");

                var person1 = context.Persons.Single(x => x.FirstName == "will");

                person1.PhoneNumbers.Add(phone1);

                Console.WriteLine("Before DetectChanges: {0}", phone1.Person.FirstName);

                context.ChangeTracker.DetectChanges(); // ralationships fix-up

                Console.WriteLine("After DetectChanges: {0}", phone1.Person.FirstName);
            }
        }

Before DetectChanges: david
After DetectChanges: will

تا قبل از فراخوانی تشخیص تغییرات(DetectChanegs)، هنوز phone1 منتسب به شخص قدیمی(david) بوده، ولی پس از فراخوانی DetectChanges ، اصلاح رابطه رخ داده و همه  چیز با یکدیگر منطبق می‌شوند.

فعال سازی و کار با پروکسی‌های ردیابی تغییر

اگر پروفایلر کارایی شما، فراخوانی‌های بیش از اندازه DetectChnages را به عنوان یک مشکل شناسایی کند، و یا شما ترجیح می‌دهید که اصلاح رابطه به صورت بلادرنگ صورت گیرد ، ردیابی تغییر پروکسی‌های پویا، به عنوان گزینه ای دیگر مطرح می‌شود.فقط با چند تغییر کوچک در کلاس‌های POCO، EF قادر به ساخت پروکسی‌های پویا خواهد بود.پروکسی‌های ردیابی تغییر به EF اجازه ردیابی تغییرات در همان لحظه ای که ما تغییری در اشیای خود می‌دهیم را می‌دهند و همچنین امکان انجام اصلاح رابطه را در هر زمانی که تغییرات روابط را تشخیص دهد، دارد.
برای اینکه پروکسی ردیابی تغییر بتواند ساخته شود، باید قوانین زیر رعایت شود:
 
• کلاس باید public باشد و seald نباشد.
• همه‌ی خواص(properties) باید virtual تعریف شوند.
• همه‌ی خواص باید getter و setter با سطح دسترسی public داشته باشند.
• همه‌ی خواص راهبری مجموعه ای باید نوعشان، از نوع ICollection<T> تعریف شوند.

کلاس Person مثال خود را به گونه ای بازنویسی کرده ایم که تمام قوانین فوق را پیاده سازی کرده باشد.

نکته: توجه داشته باشید که ما دیگر در داخل سازنده کلاس ،کدی نمی‌نویسیم و منطقی  که باعث نمونه سازی اولیه خواص راهبری می‌شدند، را پیاده سازی نمی‌کنیم. این پروکسی ردیاب تغییر، همه‌ی خواص راهبری مجموعه ای را تحریف کرده و ار نوع مجموعه ای مخصوص خود(EntityCollection<T>) استفاده می‌کند. این نوع مجموعه ای، هر تغییری که در این مجموعه صورت می‌گیرد را زیر نظر گرفته و به ردیاب تغییر گزارش می‌دهد. اگر تلاش کنید تا نوع دیگری مانند List<T> که معمولا در سازنده کلاس از آن استفاده می‌کردیم را به آن انتساب دهیم، پروکسی، استثنایی را پرتاب می‌کند.

namespace EntitySample1.DomainClasses
{
    public class Person
    {
        public virtual int Id { get; set; }
        public virtual string FirstName { get; set; }
        public virtual string LastName { get; set; }
        public virtual DateTime BirthDate { get; set; }
        public virtual PersonInfo PersonInfo { get; set; }
        public virtual ICollection<PhoneNumber> PhoneNumbers { get; set; }
        public virtual ICollection<Address> Addresses { get; set; }
    }
}

        private static void TestForChangeTrackingProxy()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                var person = context.Persons.First();
                var isProxy = person is IEntityWithChangeTracker;
                Console.WriteLine("person is a proxy: {0}", isProxy);
            }
        }

Before DetectChanges: Modified
After DetectChanges: Modified

Before DetectChanges: will
After DetectChanges: will

        private static void CreateNewProxies()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                var phoneNumber = new PhoneNumber { Number = "987" };

                var davidPersonProxy = context.Persons.Create();
                davidPersonProxy.FirstName = "david";
                davidPersonProxy.PhoneNumbers.Add(phoneNumber);

                Console.WriteLine(phoneNumber.Person.FirstName);
            }
        }

var newStudent = context.Persons.Create<Student>();

        private static void PrintPersonsWithoutChangeTracking()
        {
            using (var context = new PhoneBookDbContext())
            {
                var persons = context.Persons.AsNoTracking().ToList();

                foreach (var person in persons)
                {
                    Console.WriteLine(person.FirstName);
                }

            }
        }

var query = from p in context.Persons.AsNoTracking()
                            where p.FirstName == "joe"
                            select p;

شما همچنین از AsNoTracking می‌توانید برای تبدیل یک کوئری LINQ موجود، به یک کوئری فاقد ردیابی استفاده کنید. این نکته را به یاد داشته باشید که فقط AsNoTracking بر روی کوئری، فرانخوانده شده است، بلکه متغیر query را با نتیجه‌ی حاصل از فراخوانی AsNoTracking بازنویسی(override)  کرده است و این، از این جهت لازم است که AsNoTracking ،تغییری در کوئری ای که بر روی آن فراخوانده شده نمی‌دهد، بلکه یک کوئری جدید بر می‌گرداند. 

                var query = from p in context.Persons
                            where p.FirstName == "joe"
                            select p;
                query = query.AsNoTracking();

using System;

namespace WpfLargeLists.Models
{
    public class User
    {
        public int Id { set; get; }
        public string FirstName { set; get; }
        public string LastName { set; get; }
        public string Address { set; get; }
        public DateTime DateOfBirth { set; get; }
    }
}

                    <ListView ItemsSource="{Binding UsersTab1}" Grid.Row="1" Margin="3">
                        <ListView.View>
                            <GridView>
                                <GridViewColumn Header="Id" Width="50" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding Id, Mode=OneTime}" />
                                <GridViewColumn Header="FirstName" Width="100" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding FirstName, Mode=OneTime}" />
                                <GridViewColumn Header="LastName" Width="100" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding LastName, Mode=OneTime}" />
                                <GridViewColumn Header="Address" Width="100" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding Address, Mode=OneTime}" />
                                <GridViewColumn Header="DateOfBirth" Width="150" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding DateOfBirth, Mode=OneTime}" />
                            </GridView>
                        </ListView.View>
                    </ListView>

 Height="{Binding Path=RowDefinitions[1].ActualHeight, RelativeSource={RelativeSource AncestorType=Grid}}"

   VirtualizingStackPanel.IsVirtualizing="True"
  VirtualizingStackPanel.VirtualizationMode="Recycling"

 <ListBox.ItemsPanel>
    <ItemsPanelTemplate>
          <VirtualizingStackPanel IsVirtualizing="True" VirtualizationMode="Recycling" />
    </ItemsPanelTemplate>
</ListBox.ItemsPanel>

 <ListView.ItemsPanel>
    <ItemsPanelTemplate>
          <VirtualizingStackPanel
               IsVirtualizing="True"
               VirtualizationMode="Recycling" />
    </ItemsPanelTemplate>
</ListView.ItemsPanel>

                    <ListView ItemsSource="{Binding UsersTab2}" Grid.Row="1" Margin="3"
                              ScrollViewer.HorizontalScrollBarVisibility="Disabled"
                              ScrollViewer.CanContentScroll="True"
                              VirtualizingStackPanel.IsVirtualizing="True"
                              VirtualizingStackPanel.VirtualizationMode="Recycling">
                        <ListView.ItemsPanel>
                            <ItemsPanelTemplate>
                                <VirtualizingStackPanel 
                                        IsVirtualizing="True" 
                                        VirtualizationMode="Recycling" />
                            </ItemsPanelTemplate>
                        </ListView.ItemsPanel>
                        <ListView.View>
                            <GridView>
                                <GridViewColumn Header="Id" Width="50" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding Id, Mode=OneTime}" />
                                <GridViewColumn Header="FirstName" Width="100" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding FirstName, Mode=OneTime}" />
                                <GridViewColumn Header="LastName" Width="100" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding LastName, Mode=OneTime}" />
                                <GridViewColumn Header="Address" Width="100" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding Address, Mode=OneTime}" />
                                <GridViewColumn Header="DateOfBirth" Width="150" DisplayMemberBinding="{Binding DateOfBirth, Mode=OneTime}" />
                            </GridView>
                        </ListView.View>
                    </ListView>

    public class Person_BeforeCS8
    {
        [Required]
        public string FirstName { get; set; }  // NOT NULL

        public string MiddleName { get; set; } // NULL
    }

    public class Person_AfterCS8
    {
        public string FirstName { get; set; } = null!; // NOT NULL

        public string? MiddleName { get; set; } // NULL
    }

var parentPosts = db.Posts.Where(p => p.ParentPost.Id == postId).ToList();

var parentPosts = db.Posts.Where(p => p.ParentPost!.Id == postId).ToList();

using var dbContext = new MyDbContext();
var objectToDelete = await dbContext.Objects.FirstAsync(o => o.Id == id);
dbContext.Objects.Remove(objectToDelete);
await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();

using var dbContext = new MyDbContext();
var objectToDelete = new MyObject { Id = id };
dbContext.Objects.Remove(objectToDelete);
await dbContext.SaveChangesAsync();

await dbContext.Objects.Where(x => x.Id == id).ExecuteDeleteAsync();

public class User
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public required string FirstName { get; set; }
    public required string LastName { get; set; }
    public virtual List<Book> Books { get; set; } = new();
    public virtual Address? Address { get; set; }
}

public class Book
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public required string Type { get; set; }
    public required string Name { get; set; }

    public virtual User User { get; set; } = default!;
    public int UserId { get; set; }
}

public class Address
{
    public int Id { get; set; }
    public required string Street { get; set; }
    
    public virtual User User { get; set; } = default!;
    public int UserId { get; set; }
}

public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
{
    public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions<ApplicationDbContext> options) : base(options)
    {
    }

    public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; } = default!;

    public DbSet<Book> Books { get; set; } = default!;

    public DbSet<Address> Addresses { get; set; } = default!;
}

context.Books.Where(book => book.Name.Contains("1")).ExecuteDelete();

DELETE FROM [b]
FROM [Books] AS [b]
WHERE [b].[Name] LIKE N'%1%'

context.Users.Where(user => user.Id <= 500).ExecuteDelete();

DELETE FROM [u]
FROM [Users] AS [u]
WHERE [u].[Id] <= 500

The DELETE statement conflicted with the REFERENCE constraint "FK_Books_Users_UserId".
The conflict occurred in database "EF7BulkOperations", table "dbo.Books", column 'UserId'.

public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
{
    public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions<ApplicationDbContext> options) : base(options)
    {
    }

    public DbSet<User> Users { get; set; } = default!;

    public DbSet<Book> Books { get; set; } = default!;

    public DbSet<Address> Addresses { get; set; } = default!;

    protected override void OnModelCreating(ModelBuilder modelBuilder)
    {
        base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);

        modelBuilder
            .Entity<User>()
            .HasMany(user => user.Books)
            .WithOne(book => book.User)
            .OnDelete(DeleteBehavior.Cascade);

        modelBuilder
            .Entity<User>()
            .HasOne(user => user.Address)
            .WithOne(address => address.User)
            .HasForeignKey<Address>(address => address.UserId)
            .OnDelete(DeleteBehavior.Cascade);
    }
}

context.Users.Where(user => user.Id <= 400)
   .ExecuteUpdate(p => p.SetProperty(user => user.LastName,  user => "Updated"));

UPDATE [u]
SET [u].[LastName] = N'Updated'
FROM [Users] AS [u]
WHERE [u].[Id] <= 400

UPDATE [u]
SET [u].[LastName] = N'Updated' + [u].[LastName]
FROM [Users] AS [u]
WHERE [u].[Id] <= 300

context.Users.Where(user => user.Id <= 800)
   .ExecuteUpdate(p => p.SetProperty(user => user.LastName,
        user => "Updated" + user.LastName)
             .SetProperty(user => user.FirstName,
                 user => "Updated" + user.FirstName));

UPDATE [u]
SET [u].[FirstName] = N'Updated' + [u].[FirstName],
[u].[LastName] = N'Updated' + [u].[LastName]
FROM [Users] AS [u]
WHERE [u].[Id] <= 800

 • All .NET application (Console, ASP.NET 4, WinForms, WPF)
 • Mac and Linux applications (Mono)
 • UWP (Universal Windows Platform)
 • ASP.NET Core applications
 • Can use EF Core in Windows phone and Windows store app

PM> Install-Package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools -Pre
PM> Install-Package Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer.Design

{
    "dependencies": {
       // same as before
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer": "1.0.0",
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools": "1.0.0-preview2-final",
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer.Design": "1.0.0"
    }
}

{
    "dependencies": {
       // same as before
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer": "1.0.0",
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools": {
            "version": "1.0.0-preview2-final",
            "type": "build"
        },
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer.Design": {
            "version": "1.0.0",
            "type": "build"
        }
    },

    "tools": {
       // same as before
        "Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.Tools": {
            "version": "1.0.0-preview2-final",
            "imports": [
                "portable-net45+win8"
            ]
        }   
   }
}

{
    "dependencies": {
       // same as before
        "Microsoft.AspNetCore.Diagnostics.EntityFrameworkCore": "1.0.0"
    }
}

public void Configure(IApplicationBuilder app, IHostingEnvironment env)
{
   if (env.IsDevelopment())
   {
      app.UseDatabaseErrorPage();
   }

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Entities
{
    public class Person
    {
        public int PersonId { get; set; }
        public string FirstName { get; set; }
        public string LastName { get; set; }
    }
}

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Entities
{
    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
        public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions<ApplicationDbContext> options) : base(options)
        {
        }

        public DbSet<Person> Persons { get; set; }
    }
}

protected DbContext()
   : this((DbContextOptions) new DbContextOptions<DbContext>())
{
}

public DbContext([NotNull] DbContextOptions options)
{
  // …
}

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Entities
{
    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
        public DbSet<Person> Persons { get; set; }

        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer(@"... connection string ...");
        }
    }
}

{
    "ConnectionStrings": {
        "ApplicationDbContextConnection": "Data Source=(local);Initial Catalog=TestDbCore2016;Integrated Security = true"
    }
}

    public class Startup
    {
        public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { set; get; }

        public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)
        {
            var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
                                .SetBasePath(env.ContentRootPath)
                                .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", reloadOnChange: true, optional: false)
                                .AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env}.json", optional: true);
            Configuration = builder.Build();
        }

        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddSingleton<IConfigurationRoot>(provider => { return Configuration; });
            services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>(options =>
            {
                options.UseSqlServer(Configuration["ConnectionStrings:ApplicationDbContextConnection"]);
            });

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration;

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Entities
{
    public class ApplicationDbContext : DbContext
    {
        private readonly IConfigurationRoot _configuration;

        public ApplicationDbContext(IConfigurationRoot configuration)
        {
            _configuration = configuration;
        }

        //public ApplicationDbContext(DbContextOptions<ApplicationDbContext> options) : base(options)
        //{
        //}

        public DbSet<Person> Persons { get; set; }

        protected override void OnConfiguring(DbContextOptionsBuilder optionsBuilder)
        {
            optionsBuilder.UseSqlServer(_configuration["ConnectionStrings:ApplicationDbContextConnection"]);
        }
    }
}

public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
    services.AddDbContext<ApplicationDbContext>();

using System.Linq;
using Core1RtmEmptyTest.Entities;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.Controllers
{
    public class TestDBController : Controller
    {
        private readonly ApplicationDbContext _ctx;

        public TestDBController(ApplicationDbContext ctx)
        {
            _ctx = ctx;
        }

        public IActionResult Index()
        {
            var name = _ctx.Persons.First().FirstName;
            return Json(new { firstName = name });
        }
    }
}

// ...

app.UseHttpsRedirection();

app.MapGet("/api/authors", async (MinimalBlogDbContext ctx) =>
{
    var authors = await ctx.Authors.ToListAsync();
    return authors;
});

app.Run();

//...

app.UseHttpsRedirection();

//...

app.MapPost("/api/authors", async (MinimalBlogDbContext ctx, AuthorDto authorDto) =>
{
    var author = new Author();
    author.FirstName = authorDto.FirstName;
    author.LastName = authorDto.LastName;
    author.Bio = authorDto.Bio;
    author.DateOfBirth = authorDto.DateOfBirth;

    ctx.Authors.Add(author);
    await ctx.SaveChangesAsync();

    return author;
});

app.Run();

internal record AuthorDto(string FirstName, string LastName, DateTime DateOfBirth, string? Bio);

using Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore;
using MinimalBlog.Dal;

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Extensions;

public static class ServiceCollectionExtensions
{
    public static IServiceCollection AddApplicationServices(this IServiceCollection services,
        WebApplicationBuilder builder)
    {
        if (builder == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(builder));
        }

        builder.Services.AddEndpointsApiExplorer();
        builder.Services.AddSwaggerGen();

        var connectionString = builder.Configuration.GetConnectionString("Default");
        builder.Services.AddDbContext<MinimalBlogDbContext>(opt => opt.UseSqlServer(connectionString));

        return services;
    }
}

namespace MinimalBlog.Api.Extensions;

public static class WebApplicationExtensions
{
    public static WebApplication ConfigureApplication(this WebApplication app)
    {
        if (app == null)
        {
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(app));
        }

        if (app.Environment.IsDevelopment())
        {
            app.UseSwagger();
            app.UseSwaggerUI();
        }

        app.UseHttpsRedirection();

        return app;
    }
}

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
builder.Services.AddApplicationServices(builder);

var app = builder.Build();
app.ConfigureApplication();

An unhandled exception of type 'System.InvalidOperationException' occurred in EntityFramework.dll

Additional information: Multiplicity constraint violated. The role 'Center_Persons_Source' of the relationship 'Yarigaran.DataLayer.Center_Persons' has multiplicity 1 or 0..1.

 [DataContract] 
    public abstract class Person
    {
        [DataMember]
        public int Code { get; set; }

        [DataMember]
        public string Name { get; set; }     
}

 [DataContract]  
    public class Student : Person
    {
        [DataMember]
        public int StudentId { get; set; }
    }

[DataContract]
    public class Teacher : Person
    {
        public int TeacherId { get; set; }
    }

[ServiceContract]
    public interface IStudentService
    {
        [OperationContract]
        IEnumerable<Person> GetAll();
    }

 public class StudentService : IStudentService
    {
        public IEnumerable<Person> GetAll()
        {
            List<Person> listOfPerson = new List<Person>();

            listOfPerson.Add( new Student() { Code = 1, StudentId = 123, Name = "Masoud Pakdel" } );
            listOfPerson.Add( new Student() { Code = 1, StudentId = 123, Name = "Mostafa Asgari"} );
            listOfPerson.Add( new Student() { Code = 1, StudentId = 123, Name = "Saeed Alizadeh"} );          

 
            listOfPerson.Add( new Teacher() { Code = 1, TeacherId = 321, Name = "Mahdi Rad"} );
            listOfPerson.Add( new Teacher() { Code = 1, TeacherId = 321, Name = "Mohammad Heydari" } );
            listOfPerson.Add( new Teacher() { Code = 1, TeacherId = 321, Name = "Saeed Khatami"} );

            return listOfPerson;
        }

 class Program
    {
        static void Main( string[] args )
        {
            StudentService.StudentServiceClient client = new StudentService.StudentServiceClient();

            client.GetAll().ToList().ForEach( _record => 
            {
                Console.Write( "Name : {0}", _record.Name );
                Console.WriteLine( "Code : {0}", _record.Code );
            } );

            Console.ReadLine();
        }
    }

   [DataContract]
    [KnownType( typeof( Student ) )]
    [KnownType( typeof(Teacher) )]
    public abstract class Person
    {
        [DataMember]
        public int Code { get; set; }

        [DataMember]
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }