PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR

 PM> Install-Package Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR -Version 1.1.3

 <script src="Scripts/jquery-1.6.4.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="Scripts/jquery.signalR-1.1.3.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<script src="signalr/hubs" type="text/javascript"></script>

using Microsoft.AspNet.SignalR;

namespace WebFormsSample03.Common
{
    public class ProgressHub : Hub
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// این متد استاتیک تعریف شده تا در برنامه به صورت مستقیم قابل استفاده باشد
        /// یا می‌شد اصلا این متد تعریف نشود و از همان دریافت زمینه هاب در کنترلر استفاده گردد
        /// </summary>        
        public static void UpdateProgressBar(int value, string connectionId)
        {
            var ctx = GlobalHost.ConnectionManager.GetHubContext<ProgressHub>();
            ctx.Clients.Client(connectionId).updateProgressBar(value); //فراخوانی یک متد در سمت کلاینت
        }
    }
}

using System.Threading;
using System.Web.Http;
using WebFormsSample03.Common;

namespace WebFormsSample03
{
    public class DownloadRequest
    {
        public string Url { set; get; }
        public string ConnectionId { set; get; }
    }

    public class DownloaderController : ApiController
    {
        public void Post([FromBody]DownloadRequest data)
        {
            //todo: start downloading the data.Url ....

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(10, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(2000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(40, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(3000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(64, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(2000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(77, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(2000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(92, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(3000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(99, data.ConnectionId);
            Thread.Sleep(2000);

            ProgressHub.UpdateProgressBar(100, data.ConnectionId);
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Web.Http;
using System.Web.Routing;

namespace WebFormsSample03
{
    public class Global : System.Web.HttpApplication
    {
        protected void Application_Start(object sender, EventArgs e)
        {
            // Register the default hubs route: ~/signalr
            RouteTable.Routes.MapHubs();

            RouteTable.Routes.MapHttpRoute(
                name: "DefaultApi",
                routeTemplate: "api/{controller}/{id}",
                defaults: new { id = RouteParameter.Optional }
            );
        }
    }
}

    <form id="form1" runat="server">
    <div>
    <input id="txtUrl" value="http://www.site.com/file.rar" type="text" />
        <input id="send" type="button" value="start download ..." />
        <br />
        <div id="bar" style="border: #000 1px solid; width:300px;"></div>
    </div>
    </form>
    <script type="text/javascript">
        $(function () {
            $.connection.hub.logging = true; //اطلاعات بیشتری را در جاوا اسکریپت کنسول مرورگر لاگ می‌کند
            var progressHub = $.connection.progressHub; //این نام مستعار پیشتر توسط ویژگی نام هاب تنظیم شده است
            progressHub.client.updateProgressBar = function (value) {
                //متدی که در اینجا تعریف شده دقیقا مطابق نام متد پویایی است که در هاب تعریف شده است
                //به این ترتیب سرور می‌تواند کلاینت را فراخوانی کند
                $("#bar").html(GaugeBar.generate(value));
            };
            $.connection.hub.start() // فاز اولیه ارتباط را آغاز می‌کند
            .done(function () {
                $("#send").click(function () {
                    $("#send").attr('disabled', 'disabled');
                    var myClientId = $.connection.hub.id;
                    // اکنون اتصال برقرار است به سرور
                    $.ajax({
                        type: "POST",
                        contentType: "application/json",
                        url: "/api/Downloader",
                        data: JSON.stringify({ Url: $("#txtUrl").val(), ConnectionId: myClientId })
                    }).success(function () {
                        $("#send").removeAttr('disabled');
                    }).fail(function () {
                        //                    
                    });
                });
            });
        });
    </script>

Type Safety

string text = “String value”;
int textLength = text.Length;
int textMonth = text.Month; // won’t compile

public interface IGeometricShape
{
     double Circumference { get; }
     double Area { get; }
}
public class Square : IGeometricShape
{
     public double Side { get; set; }
     public double Circumference => 4 * Side;
     public double Area => Side * Side;
}
public class Circle : IGeometricShape
{
     public double Radius { get; set; }
     public double Circumference => 2 * Math.PI * Radius;
     public double Area => Math.PI * Radius * Radius;
}

IGeometricShape circle = new Circle { Radius = 1 };
Square square = ((Square)circle); // no compiler error
var side = square.Side;

dynamic text = “String value”;
int textLength = text.Length;
int textMonth = text.Month; // throws exception at runtime

public dynamic GetAnonymousType()
{
  return new
    {
        Name = “John”,
        Surname = “Doe”,
        Age = 42
    };
}

dynamic value = GetAnonymousType();
Console.WriteLine($”{value.Name} {value.Surname}, {value.Age}”);

string json = @"
{
     ""name"": ""John"",
     ""surname"": ""Doe"",
     ""age"": 42
}";

dynamic value = JObject.Parse(json);
Console.WriteLine($"{ value.name} { value.surname}, { value.age}");

dynamic person = new ExpandoObject();
person.Name = "John";
person.Surname = "Doe";
person.Age = 42;
person.ToString = (Func<string>)(() => $”{person.Name} {person.Surname}, {person. Age}”);

Console.WriteLine($"{ person.Name}{ person.Surname}, { person.Age}");

var dictionary = (IDictionary<string, object>)person;
foreach (var member in dictionary)
{
     Console.WriteLine($”{member.Key} = {member.Value}”);
}
dictionary.Remove(“ToString”);

class MyDynamicObject : DynamicObject
{
       private readonly Dictionary<string, object> members = new Dictionary<string, object>();

       public override bool TryGetMember(GetMemberBinder binder, out object result)
       {
              if (members.ContainsKey(binder.Name))
              {
                  result = members[binder.Name];
                  return true;
              }
              else
              {
                  result = null;
                  return false;
             }
       }

      public override bool TrySetMember(SetMemberBinder binder, object value)
      {
               members[binder.Name] = value;
              return true;
      }

      public bool RemoveMember(string name)
      {
            return members.Remove(name);
      }

}

dynamic person = new MyDynamicObject();
person.Name = “John”;
person.Surname = “Doe”;
person.Age = 42;
person.AsString = (Func<string>)(() => $”{person.Name} {person.Surname}, {person.
Age}”);

namespace DynamicSearch.Model
{
    public class Person
    {
        public Person(string name, string family, string fatherName)
        {
            Name = name;
            Family = family;
            FatherName = fatherName;
        }

        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Family { get; set; }
        public string FatherName { get; set; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;

namespace DynamicSearch.Model
{
    public class Teacher : Person
    {
        public Teacher(int id, string name, string family, string fatherName)
            : base(name, family, fatherName)
        {
            ID = id;
        }

        public int ID { get; set; }

        public override string ToString()
        {
            return string.Format("Name: {0}, Family: {1}", Name, Family);
        }
    }
}

namespace DynamicSearch.Model
{
    public class Student : Person
    {
        public Student(int stdId, Teacher teacher, string name, string family, string fatherName)
            : base(name, family, fatherName)
        {
            StdID = stdId;
            Teacher = teacher;
        }

        public int StdID { get; set; }
        public Teacher Teacher { get; set; }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using DynamicSearch.Model;

namespace DynamicSearch.Service
{
    public class StudentService
    {
        public IList<Student> GetStudents()
        {
            return new List<Student>
                {
                    new Student(1,new Teacher(1,"Ali","Rajabi","Reza"),"Mohammad","Hoeyni","Sadegh"),
                    new Student(2,new Teacher(2,"Hasan","Noori","Mohsen"),"Omid","Razavi","Ahmad"),
                };
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Linq.Expressions;

namespace DynamicSearch.ViewModel.Base
{
    public class AndOr
    {
        public AndOr(string name, string title,Func<Expression,Expression,Expression> func)
        {
            Title = title;
            Func = func;
            Name = name;
        }

        public string Title { get; set; }
        public Func<Expression, Expression, Expression> Func { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
    }
}

using System;

namespace DynamicSearch.ViewModel.Base
{
    public class Feild : IEquatable<Feild>
    {
        public Feild(string title, Type type, string name)
        {
            Title = title;
            Type = type;
            Name = name;
        }

        public Type Type { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Title { get; set; }
        public bool Equals(Feild other)
        {
            return other.Title == Title;
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Linq.Expressions;

namespace DynamicSearch.ViewModel.Base
{
    public class Operator
    {
        public enum TypesToApply
        {
            String,
            Numeric,
            Both
        }

        public Operator(string title, Func<Expression, Expression, Expression> func, TypesToApply typeToApply)
        {
            Title = title;
            Func = func;
            TypeToApply = typeToApply;
        }

        public string Title { get; set; }
        public Func<Expression, Expression, Expression> Func { get; set; }
        public TypesToApply TypeToApply { get; set; }
    }
}

using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;

namespace DynamicSearch.ViewModel.Base
{
    public abstract class SearchFilterBase<T> : BaseViewModel
    {
        protected SearchFilterBase()
        {
            var containOp = new Operator("شامل باشد", (expression, expression1) => Expression.Call(expression, typeof(string).GetMethod("Contains"), expression1), Operator.TypesToApply.String);
            var notContainOp = new Operator("شامل نباشد", (expression, expression1) =>
            {
                var contain = Expression.Call(expression, typeof(string).GetMethod("Contains"), expression1);
                return Expression.Not(contain);
            }, Operator.TypesToApply.String);
            var equalOp = new Operator("=", Expression.Equal, Operator.TypesToApply.Both);
            var notEqualOp = new Operator("<>", Expression.NotEqual, Operator.TypesToApply.Both);
            var lessThanOp = new Operator("<", Expression.LessThan, Operator.TypesToApply.Numeric);
            var greaterThanOp = new Operator(">", Expression.GreaterThan, Operator.TypesToApply.Numeric);
            var lessThanOrEqual = new Operator("<=", Expression.LessThanOrEqual, Operator.TypesToApply.Numeric);
            var greaterThanOrEqual = new Operator(">=", Expression.GreaterThanOrEqual, Operator.TypesToApply.Numeric);

            Operators = new ObservableCollection<Operator>
                {
                      equalOp, 
                      notEqualOp,
                      containOp,
                      notContainOp,
                      lessThanOp,
                      greaterThanOp,
                      lessThanOrEqual,
                      greaterThanOrEqual,
                };


            SelectedAndOr = AndOrs.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Name == "Suppress");
            SelectedFeild = Feilds.FirstOrDefault();
            SelectedOperator = Operators.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Title == "=");
        }

        public abstract IQueryable<T> GetQuarable();

        public virtual ObservableCollection<AndOr> AndOrs
        {
            get
            {
                return new ObservableCollection<AndOr>
                    {
                        new AndOr("And","و", Expression.AndAlso), 
                        new AndOr("Or","یا",Expression.OrElse),
                        new AndOr("Suppress","نادیده",(expression, expression1) => expression),
                    };
            }
        }
        public virtual ObservableCollection<Operator> Operators
        {
            get { return _operators; }
            set { _operators = value; NotifyPropertyChanged("Operators"); }
        }
        public abstract ObservableCollection<Feild> Feilds { get; }

        public bool IsOtherFilters
        {
            get { return _isOtherFilters; }
            set { _isOtherFilters = value; }
        }
        public string SearchValue
        {
            get { return _searchValue; }
            set { _searchValue = value; NotifyPropertyChanged("SearchValue"); }
        }
        public AndOr SelectedAndOr
        {
            get { return _selectedAndOr; }
            set { _selectedAndOr = value; NotifyPropertyChanged("SelectedAndOr"); NotifyPropertyChanged("SelectedFeildHasSetted"); }
        }
        public Operator SelectedOperator
        {
            get { return _selectedOperator; }
            set { _selectedOperator = value; NotifyPropertyChanged("SelectedOperator"); }
        }
        public Feild SelectedFeild
        {
            get { return _selectedFeild; }
            set
            {
                Operators = value.Type == typeof(string) ? new ObservableCollection<Operator>(Operators.Where(a => a.TypeToApply == Operator.TypesToApply.Both || a.TypeToApply == Operator.TypesToApply.String)) : new ObservableCollection<Operator>(Operators.Where(a => a.TypeToApply == Operator.TypesToApply.Both || a.TypeToApply == Operator.TypesToApply.Numeric));
                if (SelectedOperator == null)
                {
                    SelectedOperator = Operators.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Title == "=");
                }

                NotifyPropertyChanged("SelectedOperator");
                NotifyPropertyChanged("SelectedFeild");
                _selectedFeild = value;
                NotifyPropertyChanged("SelectedFeildHasSetted");
            }
        }
        public bool SelectedFeildHasSetted
        {
            get
            {
                return SelectedFeild != null &&
                       (SelectedAndOr.Name != "Suppress" || !IsOtherFilters);
            }
        }

        private ObservableCollection<Operator> _operators;
        private Feild _selectedFeild;
        private Operator _selectedOperator;
        private AndOr _selectedAndOr;
        private string _searchValue;
        private bool _isOtherFilters = true;
    }
}

using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;
using AutoMapper;

namespace DynamicSearch.ViewModel.Base
{
  public static  class ExpressionExtensions
    {
        public static List<T> CreateQuery<T>(Expression whereCallExpression, IQueryable entities)
        {
            return entities.Provider.CreateQuery<T>(whereCallExpression).ToList();
        }

        public static MethodCallExpression CreateWhereCall<T>(Expression condition, ParameterExpression pe, IQueryable entities)
        {
            var whereCallExpression = Expression.Call(
                typeof(Queryable),
                "Where",
                new[] { entities.ElementType },
                entities.Expression,
                Expression.Lambda<Func<T, bool>>(condition, new[] { pe }));
            return whereCallExpression;
        }

        public static void CreateLeftAndRightExpression<T>(string propertyName, Type type, string searchValue, ParameterExpression pe, out Expression left, out Expression right)
        {
            var typeOfNullable = type;
            typeOfNullable = typeOfNullable.IsNullableType() ? typeOfNullable.GetTypeOfNullable() : typeOfNullable;
            left = null;

            var typeMethodInfos = typeOfNullable.GetMethods();
            var parseMethodInfo = typeMethodInfos.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Name == "Parse" && a.GetParameters().Count() == 1);

            var propertyInfos = typeof(T).GetProperties();
            if (propertyName.Contains("."))
            {
                left = CreateComplexTypeExpression(propertyName, propertyInfos, pe);
            }
            else
            {
                var propertyInfo = propertyInfos.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Name == propertyName);
                if (propertyInfo != null) left = Expression.Property(pe, propertyInfo);
            }

            if (left != null) left = Expression.Convert(left, typeOfNullable);

            if (parseMethodInfo != null)
            {
                var invoke = parseMethodInfo.Invoke(searchValue, new object[] { searchValue });
                right = Expression.Constant(invoke, typeOfNullable);
            }
            else
            {
                //type is string
                right = Expression.Constant(searchValue.ToLower());
                var methods = typeof(string).GetMethods();
                var firstOrDefault = methods.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Name == "ToLower" && !a.GetParameters().Any());
                if (firstOrDefault != null) left = Expression.Call(left, firstOrDefault);
            }
        }

        public static Expression CreateComplexTypeExpression(string searchFilter, IEnumerable<PropertyInfo> propertyInfos, Expression pe)
        {
            Expression ex = null;
            var infos = searchFilter.Split('.');
            var enumerable = propertyInfos.ToList();
            for (var index = 0; index < infos.Length - 1; index++)
            {
                var propertyInfo = infos[index];
                var nextPropertyInfo = infos[index + 1];
                if (propertyInfos == null) continue;
                var propertyInfo2 = enumerable.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Name == propertyInfo);
                if (propertyInfo2 == null) continue;
                var val = Expression.Property(pe, propertyInfo2);
                var propertyInfos3 = propertyInfo2.PropertyType.GetProperties();
                var propertyInfo3 = propertyInfos3.FirstOrDefault(a => a.Name == nextPropertyInfo);
                if (propertyInfo3 != null) ex = Expression.Property(val, propertyInfo3);
            }

            return ex;
        }

        public static Expression AddOperatorExpression(Func<Expression, Expression, Expression> func, Expression left, Expression right)
        {
            return func.Invoke(left, right);
        }

        public static Expression JoinExpressions(bool isFirst, Func<Expression, Expression, Expression> func, Expression expression, Expression ex)
        {
            if (!isFirst)
            {
                return func.Invoke(expression, ex);
            }

            expression = ex;
            return expression;
        }
    }
}

using System.Collections.ObjectModel;
using System.Linq;
using DynamicSearch.Model;
using DynamicSearch.Service;
using DynamicSearch.ViewModel.Base;

namespace DynamicSearch.ViewModel
{
    public class StudentSearchFilter : SearchFilterBase<Student>
    {
        public override ObservableCollection<Feild> Feilds
        {
            get
            {
                return new ObservableCollection<Feild>
                    {
                        new Feild("نام دانش آموز",typeof(string),"Name"), 
                         new Feild("نام خانوادگی دانش آموز",typeof(string),"Family"),
                        new Feild("نام خانوادگی معلم",typeof(string),"Teacher.Name"),
                        new Feild("شماره دانش آموزی",typeof(int),"StdID"),
                    };
            }
        }

        public override IQueryable<Student> GetQuarable()
        {
            return new StudentService().GetStudents().AsQueryable();
        }
    }
}

<Window x:Class="DynamicSearch.View.MainWindow"
             xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
             xmlns:mc="http://schemas.openxmlformats.org/markup-compatibility/2006" 
             xmlns:d="http://schemas.microsoft.com/expression/blend/2008"
        xmlns:viewModel="clr-namespace:DynamicSearch.ViewModel;assembly=DynamicSearch.ViewModel"
        xmlns:view="clr-namespace:DynamicSearch.View"
        mc:Ignorable="d" 
             d:DesignHeight="300" d:DesignWidth="300">
    <Window.Resources>
        <viewModel:StudentSearchViewModel x:Key="StudentSearchViewModel" />
        <view:VisibilityConverter x:Key="VisibilityConverter" />
    </Window.Resources>
    <Grid   DataContext="{StaticResource StudentSearchViewModel}">
        <WrapPanel Orientation="Vertical">
            <DataGrid AutoGenerateColumns="False" Name="asd" CanUserAddRows="False" ItemsSource="{Binding BindFilter}">
                <DataGrid.Columns>
                    <DataGridTemplateColumn>
                        <DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
                            <DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type viewModel:StudentSearchFilter}">
                                <ComboBox MinWidth="100"  DisplayMemberPath="Title" ItemsSource="{Binding AndOrs}" Visibility="{Binding IsOtherFilters,Converter={StaticResource VisibilityConverter}}"
                                          SelectedItem="{Binding SelectedAndOr,Mode=TwoWay,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" />
                            </DataTemplate>
                        </DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
                    </DataGridTemplateColumn>
                    <DataGridTemplateColumn >
                        <DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
                            <DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type viewModel:StudentSearchFilter}">
                                <ComboBox IsEnabled="{Binding SelectedFeildHasSetted}" MinWidth="100"   DisplayMemberPath="Title" ItemsSource="{Binding Feilds}" SelectedItem="{Binding SelectedFeild,Mode=TwoWay,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged }"/>
                            </DataTemplate>
                        </DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
                    </DataGridTemplateColumn>
                    <DataGridTemplateColumn>
                        <DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
                            <DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type viewModel:StudentSearchFilter}">
                                <ComboBox MinWidth="100"  DisplayMemberPath="Title" ItemsSource="{Binding Operators}" IsEnabled="{Binding SelectedFeildHasSetted}"
                                          SelectedItem="{Binding SelectedOperator,Mode=TwoWay,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}" />
                            </DataTemplate>
                        </DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
                    </DataGridTemplateColumn>
                    <DataGridTemplateColumn Width="*">
                        <DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
                            <DataTemplate DataType="{x:Type viewModel:StudentSearchFilter}">
                                <TextBox IsEnabled="{Binding SelectedFeildHasSetted}" MinWidth="200" Text="{Binding SearchValue,Mode=TwoWay,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}"/>
                                <!--<TextBox Text="{Binding SearchValue,Mode=TwoWay,UpdateSourceTrigger=PropertyChanged}"/>-->
                            </DataTemplate>
                        </DataGridTemplateColumn.CellTemplate>
                    </DataGridTemplateColumn>
                </DataGrid.Columns>
            </DataGrid>

            <Button Content="+" HorizontalAlignment="Left" Command="{Binding AddFilter}"/>
            <Button Content="Result" Command="{Binding ExecuteSearchFilter}"/>
            <DataGrid ItemsSource="{Binding Results}">
                
            </DataGrid>
        </WrapPanel>
    </Grid>
</Window>

1- Inline Constraints

app.UseMvc(routes =>
{
    routes.MapRoute("Values",
        "api/values/{id:int}",
        new { controller = "Values", action = "Get" });
});

[Route("api/[controller]")]
public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
{
    [HttpGet("{name:minlength(2):maxlength(10):alpha}")]
    public IActionResult Get(string name)
    {
        return Ok(name);
    }
}

2- MapRoute's Constraints Argument

app.UseMvc(routes =>
{
    routes.MapRoute(
        name: "Values",
        template: "api/values/{name}",
        defaults: new { controller = "Values", action = "Get" },
        constraints: new
        {
            name = new CompositeRouteConstraint(new List<IRouteConstraint>
            {
                new AlphaRouteConstraint(),
                new MinLengthRouteConstraint(2),
                new MaxLengthRouteConstraint(10)
            })
        });
});

public class StartsWithConstraint : IRouteConstraint
{
    public StartsWithConstraint(string startsWith)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(startsWith))
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(StartsWith));
        StartsWith = startsWith;
    }

    private string StartsWith { get; }

    public bool Match(HttpContext httpContext,
        IRouter route,
        string parameterName,
        RouteValueDictionary values,
        RouteDirection routeDirection)
    {
        if (parameterName == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(parameterName));

        if (values == null)
            throw new ArgumentNullException(nameof(values));

        if (!values.TryGetValue(parameterName, out var value) || value == null) 
            return false;

        string valueString = Convert.ToString(value, CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
        return valueString.StartsWith(StartsWith);
    }
}

services.Configure<RouteOptions>(opt =>
opt.ConstraintMap.Add("startsWith", typeof(StartsWithConstraint)));

[Route("api/[controller]")]
public class ValuesController : ControllerBase
{
    [HttpGet("{name:minlength(2):maxlength(10):alpha:startsWith(Mo)}")]
    public IActionResult Get(string name)
    {
        return Ok(name);
    }
}

namespace SameInterfaceDifferentClasses.Services.Contracts
{
  public interface IMessageService
  {
   void Send(string message);
  }
}

public class EmailService : IMessageService
{
  public void Send(string message)
  {
   // ...
  }
}

public class SmsService : IMessageService
{
  public void Send(string message)
  {
   //todo: ...
  }
}

public interface IUsersManagerService
{
  void ValidateUserByEmail(int id);
}

public class UsersManagerService : IUsersManagerService
{
  private readonly IMessageService _emailService;
  private readonly IMessageService _smsService;
 
  public UsersManagerService(IMessageService emailService, IMessageService smsService)
  {
   _emailService = emailService;
   _smsService = smsService;
  }
 
  public void ValidateUserByEmail(int id)
  {
   _emailService.Send("Validated.");
  }
}

ioc.For<IMessageService>().Use<SmsService>();
ioc.For<IMessageService>().Use<EmailService>();

public static class SmObjectFactory
{
  private static readonly Lazy<Container> _containerBuilder =
   new Lazy<Container>(defaultContainer, LazyThreadSafetyMode.ExecutionAndPublication);
 
  public static IContainer Container
  {
   get { return _containerBuilder.Value; }
  }
 
  private static Container defaultContainer()
  {
   return new Container(ioc =>
   {
    // map same interface to different concrete classes
    ioc.For<IMessageService>().Use<SmsService>();
    ioc.For<IMessageService>().Use<EmailService>();
 
    ioc.For<IUsersManagerService>().Use<UsersManagerService>()
     .Ctor<IMessageService>("smsService").Is<SmsService>()
     .Ctor<IMessageService>("emailService").Is<EmailService>();
   });
  }
}

 var usersManagerService = SmObjectFactory.Container.GetInstance<IUsersManagerService>();
usersManagerService.ValidateUserByEmail(id: 1);

public class NewProduct
    {
        [Required]
        public string Name { get; set; }

        public double Price { get; set; }

        public byte[] Pic { get; set; }
    }

public class ProductsController : ApiController
    {
        [HttpPost]
        public HttpResponseMessage PostProduct(NewProduct model)
        {
            if (ModelState.IsValid)
            {
                //  ثبت محصول 

                return new HttpResponseMessage(HttpStatusCode.Created);
            }

            return Request.CreateErrorResponse(HttpStatusCode.BadRequest, ModelState);
        }

    }

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
    <title></title>
</head>
<body>
    <h1>ساخت MediaTypeFormatter برای Multipart/form-data</h1>
    <h2>محصول جدید</h2>

    <form id="newProduct" method="post" action="/api/products" enctype="multipart/form-data">
        <div>
            <label for="name">نام محصول : </label>
            <input type="text" id="name" name="name" />
        </div>
        <div>
            <label for="price">قیمت : </label>
            <input type="number" id="price"  name="price" />
        </div>
        <div>
            <label for="pic">تصویر : </label>
            <input type="file" id="pic" name="pic" />
        </div>
        <div>
            <button type="submit">ثبت</button>
        </div>
    </form>
</body>
</html>

یک کلاس به نام MultiPartMediaTypeFormatter می‌سازیم و کلاس MediaTypeFormatter را به عنوان کلاس پایه آن قرار می‌دهیم .

public class MultiPartMediaTypeFormatter : MediaTypeFormatter
{
    ...
}

ابتدا در تابع سازنده کلاس فرمت هایی که می‌خواهیم توسط این کلاس خوانده شوند را تعریف می‌کنیم :

        public MultiPartMediaTypeFormatter()
        {
            SupportedMediaTypes.Add(new MediaTypeHeaderValue("multipart/form-data"));
        }

سپس با پیاده سازی توابع CanReadType و CanWriteType مربوط به کلاس MediaTypeFormatter مشخص می‌کنیم که چه مدل‌هایی را می‌توان توسط این کلاس  serialize / deserialize کرد. در اینجا چون می‌خواهیم این کلاس محدود به یک مدل خاص نباشد، از یک اینترفیس برای شناسایی کلاس‌های مجاز استفاده می‌کنیم .

    public interface INeedMultiPartMediaTypeFormatter
    {
    }

و آنرا به کلاس newProduct اضافه می‌کنیم :

public class NewProduct : INeedMultiPartMediaTypeFormatter
{
 ...
}

        public override bool CanReadType(Type type)
        {
            return typeof(INeedMultiPartMediaTypeFormatter).IsAssignableFrom(type);
        }

        public override bool CanWriteType(Type type)
        {
            return false;
        }

و اما تابع ReadFromStreamAsync که کار خواندن محتوای ارسال شده و بایند کردن آنها به پارامترها را برعهده دارد 

public async override Task<object> ReadFromStreamAsync(Type type, Stream stream, HttpContent content, IFormatterLogger formatterLogger)

ابتدا محتوای ارسال شده را خوانده و اطلاعات فرم را استخراج می‌کنیم و از طرف دیگر با استفاده از کلاس Activator یک نمونه از مدل جاری را ساخته و لیست property‌های آنرا استخراج می‌کنیم.

            MultipartMemoryStreamProvider provider = await content.ReadAsMultipartAsync();
            IEnumerable<HttpContent> formData = provider.Contents.AsEnumerable();

            var modelInstance = Activator.CreateInstance(type);
            IEnumerable<PropertyInfo> properties = type.GetProperties();

سپس در یک حلقه به ترتیب برای هر property متعلق به مدل، در میان اطلاعات فرم جستجو می‌کنیم. برای پیدا کردن اطلاعات متناظر با هر property در هدر Content-Disposition که در بالا توضیح داده شد، به دنبال فیلد همنام با property می‌گردیم .

            foreach (PropertyInfo prop in properties)
            {
                var propName = prop.Name.ToLower();
                var propType = prop.PropertyType;

                var data = formData.FirstOrDefault(d => d.Headers.ContentDisposition.Name.ToLower().Contains(propName));

 گفتیم که هر فیلد یک هدر، Content-Type هم می‌تواند داشته باشد. این هدر به صورت پیش فرض معادل text/plain است و برای فیلدهای عادی قرار داده نمی‌شود . در این مثال چون فقط یک فیلد غیر رشته ای داریم فرض را بر این گرفته ایم که در صورت وجود Content-Type، فیلد مربوط به تصویر است. در صورتیکهContentType  وجود داشته باشد، محتوای فیلد را به شکل Stream خوانده به byte[] تبدیل و با استفاده از متد SetValue در property مربوطه قرار می‌دهیم.

                if (data != null)
                {
                    if (data.Headers.ContentType != null)
                    {
                        using (var fileStream = await data.ReadAsStreamAsync())
                        {
                            using (MemoryStream ms = new MemoryStream())
                            {
                                fileStream.CopyTo(ms);
                                prop.SetValue(modelInstance, ms.ToArray());
                            }                            
                        }
                    }

در صورتی که Content-Type غایب باشد بدین معنی است که محتوای فیلد از نوع رشته است ( عدد ، تاریخ ، guid ، رشته ) و باید به نوع مناسب تبدیل شود. ابتدا آن را به صورت یک رشته می‌خوانیم و با استفاده از Convert.ChangeType آنرا به نوع مناسب تبدیل می‌کنیم و در property متناظر قرار می‌دهیم .

                if (data != null)
                {
                    if (data.Headers.ContentType != null)
                    {
                        //...
                    }
                    else
                    {
                        string rawVal = await data.ReadAsStringAsync();
                        object val = Convert.ChangeType(rawVal, propType);

                        prop.SetValue(modelInstance, val);
                    }
                }

return modelInstance;

config.Formatters.Add(new MultiPartMediaTypeFormatter());

//dynamic reflection
PropertyInfo property = typeof (MyClass).GetProperty("Name");
MethodInfo method = typeof (MyClass).GetMethod("SomeMethod");

public string TextBoxFor<T>(Expression<Func<T,object>> expression);

<%= this.TextBoxFor(model => model.FirstName); %>

public PropertyInfo GetProperty<T>(Expression<Func<T, object>> expression)
{
 var memberExpression = expression.Body as MemberExpression;

 if (memberExpression == null)
     throw new InvalidOperationException("Not a member access.");

  return memberExpression.Member as PropertyInfo;
}

public class AddressMap : DomainMap<Address>
{
 public AddressMap()
 {
    Map(a => a.Address1);
 }
}

• Expression Tree Basics

• Functional Programming for Everyday .NET Development

• Introduction to static reflection

• The basics behind static reflection

• Dynamic reflection versus static reflection

• Static Reflection of property names

• Lisp is sin

http://hostname/api/products/28

namespace ProductStore.Models
{
    public class Product
    {
        public int Id { get; set; }
        public string Name { get; set; }
        public string Category { get; set; }
        public decimal Price { get; set; }
    }
}

namespace ProductStore.Models
{
    public interface IProductRepository
    {
        IEnumerable<Product> GetAll();
        Product Get(int id);
        Product Add(Product item);
        void Remove(int id);
        bool Update(Product item);
    }
}

namespace ProductStore.Models
{
    public class ProductRepository : IProductRepository
    {
        private List<Product> products = new List<Product>();
        private int _nextId = 1;

        public ProductRepository()
        {
            Add(new Product { Name = "Tomato soup", Category = "Groceries", Price = 1.39M });
            Add(new Product { Name = "Yo-yo", Category = "Toys", Price = 3.75M });
            Add(new Product { Name = "Hammer", Category = "Hardware", Price = 16.99M });
        }

        public IEnumerable<Product> GetAll()
        {
            return products;
        }

        public Product Get(int id)
        {
            return products.Find(p => p.Id == id);
        }

        public Product Add(Product item)
        {
            if (item == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("item");
            }
            item.Id = _nextId++;
            products.Add(item);
            return item;
        }

        public void Remove(int id)
        {
            products.RemoveAll(p => p.Id == id);
        }

        public bool Update(Product item)
        {
            if (item == null)
            {
                throw new ArgumentNullException("item");
            }
            int index = products.FindIndex(p => p.Id == item.Id);
            if (index == -1)
            {
                return false;
            }
            products.RemoveAt(index);
            products.Add(item);
            return true;
        }
    }
}

using ProductStore.Models;

public class ProductsController : ApiController
{
    static readonly IProductRepository repository = new ProductRepository();
}

public class ProductsController : ApiController
{
    public IEnumerable<Product> GetAllProducts()
    {
        return repository.GetAll();
    }
    // ....
}

public Product GetProduct(int id)
{
    Product item = repository.Get(id);
    if (item == null)
    {
        throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound); 
    }
    return item;
}

public IEnumerable<Product> GetProductsByCategory(string category)
{
    return repository.GetAll().Where(
        p => string.Equals(p.Category, category, StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase));
}

// Not the final implementation!
public Product PostProduct(Product item)
{
    item = repository.Add(item);
    return item;
}

public HttpResponseMessage PostProduct(Product item)
{
    item = repository.Add(item);
    var response = Request.CreateResponse<Product>(HttpStatusCode.Created, item);

    string uri = Url.Link("DefaultApi", new { id = item.Id });
    response.Headers.Location = new Uri(uri);
    return response;
}

public void PutProduct(int id, Product product)
{
    product.Id = id;
    if (!repository.Update(product))
    {
        throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
    }
}

public void DeleteProduct(int id)
{
    Product item = repository.Get(id);
    if (item == null)
    {
        throw new HttpResponseException(HttpStatusCode.NotFound);
    }

    repository.Remove(id);
}

public interface IShoppingCartService
{
    ShoppingCart GetContents();
    ShoppingCart AddItemToCart(int itemId, int quantity);
}
public class ShoppingCartService : IShoppingCartService
{
    public ShoppingCart GetContents()
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException("Get cart from Persistence Layer");
    }
    public ShoppingCart AddItemToCart(int itemId, int quantity)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException("Add Item to cart then return updated cart");
    }
}
public class ShoppingCart
{
    public List<product> Items { get; set; }
}
public class Product
{
    public int ItemId { get; set; }
    public string ItemName { get; set; }
}
public class ShoppingCartController : Controller
{
    //Concrete object below points to actual service
    //private ShoppingCartService _shoppingCartService;
    //loosely coupled code below uses the interface rather than the 
    //concrete object
    private IShoppingCartService _shoppingCartService;
    public ShoppingCartController()
    {
        _shoppingCartService = new ShoppingCartService();
    }
    public ActionResult GetCart()
    {
        //now using the shared instance of the shoppingCartService dependency
        ShoppingCart cart = _shoppingCartService.GetContents();
        return View("Cart", cart);
    }
    public ActionResult AddItemToCart(int itemId, int quantity)
    {
        //now using the shared instance of the shoppingCartService dependency
        ShoppingCart cart = _shoppingCartService.AddItemToCart(itemId, quantity);
        return View("Cart", cart);
    }
}

//loosely coupled code below uses the interface rather 
//than the concrete object
private IShoppingCartService _shoppingCartService;
//MVC uses this constructor 
public ShoppingCartController()
{
    _shoppingCartService = new ShoppingCartService();
}
//You can use this constructor when testing to inject the    
//ShoppingCartService dependency
public ShoppingCartController(IShoppingCartService shoppingCartService)
{
    _shoppingCartService = shoppingCartService;
}

[TestClass]
public class ShoppingCartControllerTests
{
    [TestMethod]
    public void GetCartSmokeTest()
    {
        //arrange
        ShoppingCartController controller = 
           new ShoppingCartController(new ShoppingCartServiceStub());
        // Act
        ActionResult result = controller.GetCart();
        // Assert
        Assert.IsInstanceOfType(result, typeof(ViewResult));
    }
}
/// <summary>
/// This is is a stub of the ShoppingCartService
/// </summary>
public class ShoppingCartServiceStub : IShoppingCartService
{
    public ShoppingCart GetContents()
    {
        return new ShoppingCart
        {
            Items = new List<product> {
                new Product {ItemId = 1, ItemName = "Widget"}
            }
        };
    }
    public ShoppingCart AddItemToCart(int itemId, int quantity)
    {
        throw new NotImplementedException();
    }
}