$moduleSettings = @{
    Path                 = './PingModule.psd1'
    Description          = 'A module to ping a remote system'
    RootModule           = 'PingModule.psm1'
    ModuleVersion        = '1.0.0'
    FunctionsToExport    = @(
        'Get-PingReply'
    )
    PowerShellVersion    = '5.1'
    CompatiblePSEditions = @(
        'Core'
        'Desktop'
    )
}
New-ModuleManifest @moduleSettings

$moduleSettings = @{
    Author = 'John Doe'
    Description = 'This is a sample module'
}

New-ModuleManifest $moduleSettings

New-ModuleManifest : A parameter cannot be found that matches parameter name 'Author'.

#
# Module manifest for module 'PingModule'
#
# Generated by: sirwanafifi
#
# Generated on: 01/01/2023
#

@{

    # Script module or binary module file associated with this manifest.
    RootModule           = './PingModule.psm1'

    # Version number of this module.
    ModuleVersion        = '1.0.0'

    # Supported PSEditions
    CompatiblePSEditions = 'Core', 'Desktop'

    # ID used to uniquely identify this module
    GUID                 = '3f8561fc-c004-4c8e-b2fc-4a4191504131'

    # Author of this module
    Author               = 'sirwanafifi'

    # Company or vendor of this module
    CompanyName          = 'Unknown'

    # Copyright statement for this module
    Copyright            = '(c) sirwanafifi. All rights reserved.'

    # Description of the functionality provided by this module
    Description          = 'A module to ping a remote system'

    # Minimum version of the PowerShell engine required by this module
    PowerShellVersion    = '5.1'

    # Name of the PowerShell host required by this module
    # PowerShellHostName = ''

    # Minimum version of the PowerShell host required by this module
    # PowerShellHostVersion = ''

    # Minimum version of Microsoft .NET Framework required by this module. This prerequisite is valid for the PowerShell Desktop edition only.
    # DotNetFrameworkVersion = ''

    # Minimum version of the common language runtime (CLR) required by this module. This prerequisite is valid for the PowerShell Desktop edition only.
    # ClrVersion = ''

    # Processor architecture (None, X86, Amd64) required by this module
    # ProcessorArchitecture = ''

    # Modules that must be imported into the global environment prior to importing this module
    # RequiredModules = @()

    # Assemblies that must be loaded prior to importing this module
    # RequiredAssemblies = @()

    # Script files (.ps1) that are run in the caller's environment prior to importing this module.
    # ScriptsToProcess = @()

    # Type files (.ps1xml) to be loaded when importing this module
    # TypesToProcess = @()

    # Format files (.ps1xml) to be loaded when importing this module
    # FormatsToProcess = @()

    # Modules to import as nested modules of the module specified in RootModule/ModuleToProcess
    # NestedModules = @()

    # Functions to export from this module, for best performance, do not use wildcards and do not delete the entry, use an empty array if there are no functions to export.
    FunctionsToExport    = 'Get-PingReply'

    # Cmdlets to export from this module, for best performance, do not use wildcards and do not delete the entry, use an empty array if there are no cmdlets to export.
    CmdletsToExport      = '*'

    # Variables to export from this module
    VariablesToExport    = '*'

    # Aliases to export from this module, for best performance, do not use wildcards and do not delete the entry, use an empty array if there are no aliases to export.
    AliasesToExport      = '*'

    # DSC resources to export from this module
    # DscResourcesToExport = @()

    # List of all modules packaged with this module
    # ModuleList = @()

    # List of all files packaged with this module
    # FileList = @()

    # Private data to pass to the module specified in RootModule/ModuleToProcess. This may also contain a PSData hashtable with additional module metadata used by PowerShell.
    PrivateData          = @{

        PSData = @{

            # Tags applied to this module. These help with module discovery in online galleries.
            # Tags = @()

            # A URL to the license for this module.
            # LicenseUri = ''

            # A URL to the main website for this project.
            # ProjectUri = ''

            # A URL to an icon representing this module.
            # IconUri = ''

            # ReleaseNotes of this module
            # ReleaseNotes = ''

            # Prerelease string of this module
            # Prerelease = ''

            # Flag to indicate whether the module requires explicit user acceptance for install/update/save
            # RequireLicenseAcceptance = $false

            # External dependent modules of this module
            # ExternalModuleDependencies = @()

        } # End of PSData hashtable

    } # End of PrivateData hashtable

    # HelpInfo URI of this module
    # HelpInfoURI = ''

    # Default prefix for commands exported from this module. Override the default prefix using Import-Module -Prefix.
    # DefaultCommandPrefix = ''

}

PS /> Test-ModuleManifest ./PingModule.psd1   

ModuleType Version    PreRelease Name                                ExportedCommands
---------- -------    ---------- ----                                ----------------
Script     1.0.0                 PingModule                          Get-PingReply

PS /> [Parameter]::new()

ExperimentName                  :
ExperimentAction                : None
Position                        : -2147483648
ParameterSetName                : __AllParameterSets
Mandatory                       : False
ValueFromPipeline               : False
ValueFromPipelineByPropertyName : False
ValueFromRemainingArguments     : False
HelpMessage                     :
HelpMessageBaseName             :
HelpMessageResourceId           :
DontShow                        : False
TypeId                          : System.Management.Automation.ParameterAttribute

Function Ping-Website {
    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, ValueFromPipeline = $true)]
        [ValidatePattern('^www\..*')]
        [string[]]$Websites,
        [ValidateRange(1, 3)]
        [int]$Count = 3
    )
    $Results = @()
    $Websites | ForEach-Object {
        $Website = $_
        $Result = Test-Connection -ComputerName $Website -Count $Count -Quiet
        $ResultText = $Result ? 'Success' : 'Failed'
        $Results += @{
            Website = $Website
            Result  = $ResultText
        }
        Write-Verbose "The result of pinging $Website is $ResultText"
    }
    $Results | ForEach-Object { 
        $_ | Select-Object @{ Name = "Website"; Expression = { $_.Website }; }, @{ Name = "Result"; Expression = { $_.Result }; }, @{ Name = "Number Of Attempts"; Expression = { $Count }; } 
    }
}

Function Ping-Website {
    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param(
        [Parameter(Mandatory = $true, ValueFromPipeline = $true)]
        [ValidateScript({
                If (-Not ($_ | Test-Path) ) {
                    Throw "File or folder does not exist" 
                }
                If (-Not ($_ | Test-Path -PathType Leaf) ) {
                    Throw "The Path argument must be a file. Folder paths are not allowed."
                }
                If ($_ -NotMatch "(\.json)$") {
                    throw "The file specified in the path argument must be either of type json"
                }
                Return $true
            })]
        [Alias("src", "source", "file")]
        [System.IO.FileInfo]$Path,
        [int]$Count = 1
    )
    $Results = [System.Collections.ArrayList]@()
    $Urls = Get-Content -Path $Path | ConvertFrom-Json
    $Urls | ForEach-Object -Parallel {
        $Website = $_.url
        $Result = Test-Connection -ComputerName $Website -Count $using:Count -Quiet
        $ResultText = $Result ? 'Success' : 'Failed'
        $Item = @{
            Website = $Website
            Result  = $ResultText
        }
        $null = ($using:Results).Add($Item)
    }
    
    $Results | ForEach-Object -Parallel { 
        $_ | Select-Object @{ Name = "Website"; Expression = { $_.Website }; }, @{ Name = "Result"; Expression = { $_.Result }; }, @{ Name = "Number Of Attempts"; Expression = { $using:Count }; } 
    }
}

Function Ping-Website {
    [CmdletBinding()]
    Param(
        # As before
    )
    # As before
    $Urls | ForEach-Object -Parallel {
        $DebugPreference = $using:DebugPreference 
        $VerbosePreference = $using:VerbosePreference 
        $InformationPreference = $using:InformationPreference 
        
        # As before
    }
    
    # As before
}

$scriptBlock = {
    $logOutput = {
        param($message)
        Write-Host $message
    }

    [int]$someVariable = 10
    $doSomeWork = {
        & $logOutput -message "Some variable value: $someVariable"
    }
    $someVariable = 20

    & $doSomeWork
}

$scriptBlock = {
    $logOutput = {
        param($message)
        Write-Host $message
    }

    [int]$someVariable = 10
    $doSomeWork = {
        & $logOutput -message "Some variable value: $someVariable"
    }.GetNewClosure()
    $someVariable = 20

    & $doSomeWork
}

PS /> "www.google.com", "www.yahoo.com" | Ping-Website                 

Website       Result  Number Of Attempts
-------       ------  ------------------
www.yahoo.com Success                  3

برای پیاده سازی distributed tracing، می‌توانیم از ابزار متن باز و محبوب Jaeger (با تلفظ یِگِر)  که ابتدا توسط شرکت Uber منتشر شد، استفاده کنیم. نحوه کارکرد Jaeger بصورت زیر می‌باشد:

ساده‌ترین روش  برای راه‌اندازی Jager، استفاده از داکر ایمیج All in one که شامل ماژول های agent ، collector،  query  و ui  است. پورت 6831 مربوط به agent  و پورت 16686 مربوط به ui می‌باشد. برای جزئیات مربوط به ماژول‌های مختلف از این لینک استفاده کنید.

docker run -d -p 6831:6831/udp -p 6832:6832/udp -p 14268:14268 -p 14250:14250 -p 16686:16686 -p 5778:5778  
--name jaeger jaegertracing/all-in-one:latest

بعد از اجرای دستور بالا، اطلاعات مربوط به سرویس‌ها و trace ها  در ماژول Jager UI  با آدرس http://localhost:16686 قابل مشاهده است. 

جهت استفاده از Jaeger از پروژه تستی که شامل دو سرویس User و Gateway می‌باشد، استفاده می‌کنیم. در سرویس User، متد AddUser در صورت عدم وجود کاربر در دیتابیس، اطلاعات کاربر از گیت‌هاب را دریافت و در دیتابیس ذخیره می‌کند. سرویس Gateway از Ocelot برای مسیردهی درخواست‌ها استفاده می‌کند. برای آشنایی با ocelot‌ این پست را  مطالعه نمایید. 

    public async Task<ApiResult<Models.User>> AddUserAsync(string username)
        {

            var result = new ApiResult<Models.User>();
            
            var user = await _applicationDbContext.Users.FirstOrDefaultAsync(x => x.Login == username);

            if (user is null)
            {
                try
                {
                    var url = string.Format(_appConfig.Github.ProfileUrl, username);
                    var apiResult = await _httpClient.GetStringAsync(url);
                    var userDto = JsonSerializer.Deserialize<UserDto>(apiResult);
                    user = _mapper.Map<Models.User>(userDto);
                    await _applicationDbContext.Users.AddAsync(user);
                    await _applicationDbContext.SaveChangesAsync();
                    result.Result = user;
                    result.Message = "User successfully Created";
                    return result;
                }
                catch (Exception e)
                {
                    result.Message = "User not found";
                    return result;
                }
            }

            result.Message = "User already exist";
            result.Result = user;

            return result;

        }

برای ثبت Trace مربوط به درخواست‌ها در Jaeger ، بعد از نصب  پکیج‌های Jaeger و OpenTracing.Contrib.NetCore در هر دو سرویس، در کانفیگ هریک از سرویس‌ها مورد زیر را اضافه می‌کنیم:

"JaegerConfig": {
    "Host": "localhost",
    "Port": 6831,
    "IsEnabled": true,
  "SamplingRate": 0.5
  }

و برای اضافه شدن tracer به برنامه از متد الحاقی زیر استفاده می‌کنیم:

 public static class Extensions
    {
        public static void AddJaeger(this IServiceCollection services, IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            var config = configuration.GetSection("JaegerConfig").Get<JaegerConfig>();
            
            if (!(config?.IsEnabled ?? false))
                return;

            if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(config?.Host))
                throw new Exception("invalid JaegerConfig");

            services.AddSingleton<ITracer>(serviceProvider =>
            {
                string serviceName = Assembly.GetEntryAssembly()?.GetName().Name;

                ILoggerFactory loggerFactory = serviceProvider.GetRequiredService<ILoggerFactory>();

                var sampler = new ProbabilisticSampler(config.SamplingRate); 

                var reporter = new RemoteReporter.Builder()
                    .WithLoggerFactory(loggerFactory)
                    .WithSender(new UdpSender(config.Host, config.Port, 0))
                    .WithFlushInterval(TimeSpan.FromSeconds(15))
                    .WithMaxQueueSize(300)
                    .Build();
                
                ITracer tracer = new Tracer.Builder(serviceName)
                    .WithLoggerFactory(loggerFactory)
                    .WithSampler(sampler)
                    .WithReporter(reporter)
                    .Build();

                GlobalTracer.Register(tracer);

                return tracer;
            });

            services.AddOpenTracing();
        }
    }

برای ثبت trace‌ها استراتژی‌های متفاوتی وجود دارد. در اینجا از ProbabilisticSampler استفاده شده‌است که در سازنده‌ی آن می‌توان درصد ثبت Trace‌ها را مقدار دهی کرد. در نهایت این متد الحاقی را در Startup اضافه می‌کنیم:

builder.Services.AddJaeger(builder.Configuration);

بعد از اجرای پروژه و فراخوانی https://localhost:6000/gateway/Users/Add ، سرویس Gateway، درخواست را به سرویس User ارسال می‌کند و این سرویس‌ها در  Jaeger UI  قابل مشاهده هستند.

جهت مشاهده trace ‌ها ، سرویس مورد نظر را انتخاب و روی Find Traces کلیک کنید. با کلیک روی Trace مورد نظر، جزئیات فعالیت هایی مثل فراخوانی سرویس و مراجعه به دیتابیس قابل مشاهده است. 

برای اضافه کردن لاگ سفارشی به یک span، می‌توان از اینترفیس ITracer  استفاده کرد:

        private readonly IUserService _userService;
        private readonly ITracer _tracer;

        public UsersController(IUserService userService, ITracer tracer)
        {
            _userService = userService;
            _tracer = tracer;
        }

        [HttpPost]
        public async Task<ActionResult> AddUser(AddUserDto model)
        {
            var actionName = ControllerContext.ActionDescriptor.DisplayName;
            
            using var scope = _tracer.BuildSpan(actionName).StartActive(true);
            
            scope.Span.Log($"Add user log username: {model.Username}");
            
            return Ok(await _userService.AddUserAsync(model.Username));
        }  
 

کدهای مربوط به این مطلب در اینجا قابل دسترسی است.