{
    "dependencies": {
         //same as before  
         "Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.Json": "1.0.0"
    },

{
    "Key1": "Value1",
    "Auth": {
        "Users": [ "Test1", "Test2", "Test3" ]
    },
    "Logging": {
        "IncludeScopes": false,
        "LogLevel": {
            "Default": "Debug",
            "System": "Information",
            "Microsoft": "Information"
        }
    }
}

<appSettings>
   <add key="Logging-IncludeScopes" value="false" />
   <add key="Logging-Level-Default" value="verbose" />
   <add key="Logging-Level-System" value="Information" />
   <add key="Logging-Level-Microsoft" value="Information" />
</appSettings>

public class Startup
{
    public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { set; get; }
 
    public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)
    {
        var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
                            .SetBasePath(env.ContentRootPath)
                            .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json");
        Configuration = builder.Build();
    }

var key1 = Configuration["Key1"];
var user1 = Configuration["Auth:Users:0"];
var authUsers = Configuration.GetSection("Auth:Users").GetChildren().Select(x => x.Value).ToArray();
var loggingIncludeScopes = Configuration["Logging:IncludeScopes"];
var loggingLoggingLogLevelDefault = Configuration["Logging:LogLevel:Default"];

 var val = Configuration.GetValue<int>("key-name", defaultValue: 10);

public class Startup
{
    public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { set; get; }

var container = new Container();
container.Configure(config =>
{
    config.For<IConfigurationRoot>().Singleton().Use(() => Configuration);

{ 
    "dependencies": {
        //same as before 
        "Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.Abstractions": "1.0.0"
    }

public interface IMessagesService
{
    string GetSiteName();
}
 
public class MessagesService : IMessagesService
{
    private readonly IConfigurationRoot _configurationRoot;
 
    public MessagesService(IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot)
    {
        _configurationRoot = configurationRoot;
    }
 
    public string GetSiteName()
    {
        var key1 = _configurationRoot["Key1"];
        return $"DNT {key1}";
    }
}

public void Configure(
    IApplicationBuilder app,
    IHostingEnvironment env,
    IMessagesService messagesService)
{ 
    app.Run(async context =>
    {
        var siteName = messagesService.GetSiteName();
        await context.Response.WriteAsync($"Hello {siteName}");
    });
}

var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
                    .AddInMemoryCollection(new[]
                                {
                                    new KeyValuePair<string,string>("the-key", "the-value"),
                                });

 var theValue = Configuration["the-key"];

public class Startup
{
    public IConfigurationRoot Configuration { set; get; }
 
    public Startup(IHostingEnvironment env)
    {
        var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
                            .SetBasePath(env.ContentRootPath)
                            .AddInMemoryCollection(new[]
                                {
                                    new KeyValuePair<string,string>("the-key", "the-value"),
                                })
                            .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", reloadOnChange: true, optional: false)
                            .AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env}.json", optional: true);
        Configuration = builder.Build();
    }

 var builder = new ConfigurationBuilder()
.SetBasePath(env.ContentRootPath)
.AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true)
.AddJsonFile($"appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json", optional: true)
.AddEnvironmentVariables();

{
    "Key1": "Value1",
    "Auth": {
        "Users": [ "Test1", "Test2", "Test3" ]
    },
    "Logging": {
        "IncludeScopes": false,
        "LogLevel": {
            "Default": "Debug",
            "System": "Information",
            "Microsoft": "Information"
        }
    },
    "Smtp": {
        "Server": "0.0.0.1",
        "User": "user@company.com",
        "Pass": "123456789",
        "Port": "25"
    }
}

namespace Core1RtmEmptyTest.ViewModels
{
    public class SmtpConfig
    {
        public string Server { get; set; }
        public string User { get; set; }
        public string Pass { get; set; }
        public int Port { get; set; }
    }
}

{
    "dependencies": {
        // same as before        
        "Core1RtmEmptyTest.ViewModels": "1.0.0-*"
    },

public IServiceProvider ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
{
   services.Configure<SmtpConfig>(options => Configuration.GetSection("Smtp").Bind(options));

    "dependencies": {
        "Core1RtmEmptyTest.ViewModels": "1.0.0-*",
        "Microsoft.Extensions.Configuration.Abstractions": "1.0.0",
        "Microsoft.Extensions.Options": "1.0.0",
        "NETStandard.Library": "1.6.0"
    }

public interface IMessagesService
{
    string GetSiteName();
}
 
public class MessagesService : IMessagesService
{
    private readonly IConfigurationRoot _configurationRoot;
    private readonly IOptions<SmtpConfig> _settings;
 
    public MessagesService(IConfigurationRoot configurationRoot, IOptions<SmtpConfig> settings)
    {
        _configurationRoot = configurationRoot;
        _settings = settings;
    }
 
    public string GetSiteName()
    {
        var key1 = _configurationRoot["Key1"];
        var server = _settings.Value.Server;
        return $"DNT {key1} - {server}";
    }
}

 .AddJsonFile("appsettings.json", optional: true, reloadOnChange: true)

  var manager = new breeze.EntityManager({  
  dataService: dataService,          
  metadataStore: metadataStore,                     
  saveOptions: new breeze.SaveOptions({    allowConcurrentSaves: true, tag: [{}] })   
                 });

var dataService = new breeze.DataService({  
serviceName: "/breeze/"+ "Automobile",             
hasServerMetadata: false,
namingConvention: breeze.NamingConvention.camelCase        
});
var metadataStore = new breeze.MetadataStore({});

[BreezeController]
public class AutomobileController : ApiController
    {
        readonly EFContextProvider<ApplicationDbContext> _contextProvider =
        new EFContextProvider<ApplicationDbContext>();
        [HttpGet]
        public string Metadata()
        {
            return _contextProvider.Metadata();
        }
        [HttpGet]
        public IQueryable<Customer> Customers() {
           return _contextProvider.Context.Customers;
        }

        [System.Web.Http.HttpPost]
        public SaveResult SaveChanges(JObject saveBundle)
        {
           _contextProvider.BeforeSaveEntitiesDelegate = BeforeSaveEntities;
           _contextProvider.AfterSaveEntitiesDelegate = afterSaveEntities;
            return _contextProvider.SaveChanges(saveBundle);
        }
protected Dictionary<Type, List<EntityInfo>> BeforeSaveEntities(Dictionary<Type, List<EntityInfo>> saveMap)
        {
        }
private void afterSaveEntities(Dictionary<Type, List<EntityInfo>> saveMap, List<KeyMapping> keyMappings)
        {
        }
    }

Claim type: sid - Claim value: f3940d6e58cbb576669ee49c90e22cb1
Claim type: http://schemas.xmlsoap.org/ws/2005/05/identity/claims/nameidentifier - Claim value: d860efca-22d9-47fd-8249-791ba61b07c7
Claim type: http://schemas.microsoft.com/identity/claims/identityprovider - Claim value: local
Claim type: http://schemas.microsoft.com/claims/authnmethodsreferences - Claim value: pwd
Claim type: given_name - Claim value: Vahid
Claim type: family_name - Claim value: N

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public Startup(IConfiguration configuration)
        {
            Configuration = configuration;
            JwtSecurityTokenHandler.DefaultInboundClaimTypeMap.Clear();
        }

• Claim type: sid - Claim value: 91f5a09da5cdbbe18762526da1b996fb
• Claim type: sub - Claim value: d860efca-22d9-47fd-8249-791ba61b07c7
• Claim type: idp - Claim value: local
• Claim type: given_name - Claim value: Vahid
• Claim type: family_name - Claim value: N

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
// ...
              .AddOpenIdConnect("oidc", options =>
              {
  // ...
                  options.ClaimActions.Remove("amr");
                  options.ClaimActions.DeleteClaim("sid");
                  options.ClaimActions.DeleteClaim("idp");
              });
        }

• Claim type: sub - Claim value: d860efca-22d9-47fd-8249-791ba61b07c7
• Claim type: amr - Claim value: pwd
• Claim type: given_name - Claim value: Vahid
• Claim type: family_name - Claim value: N

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        // identity-related resources (scopes)
        public static IEnumerable<IdentityResource> GetIdentityResources()
        {
            return new List<IdentityResource>
            {
                new IdentityResources.OpenId(),
                new IdentityResources.Profile(),
                new IdentityResources.Address()
            };
        }

AllowedScopes =
{
    IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.OpenId,
    IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.Profile,
    IdentityServerConstants.StandardScopes.Address
},

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static List<TestUser> GetUsers()
        {
            return new List<TestUser>
            {
                new TestUser
                {
// ...
                    Claims = new List<Claim>
                    {
// ...
                        new Claim("address", "Main Road 1")
                    }
                },
                new TestUser
                {
// ...
                    Claims = new List<Claim>
                    {
// ...
                        new Claim("address", "Big Street 2")
                    }
                }
            };
        }

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
// ...
              .AddOpenIdConnect("oidc", options =>
              {
   // ...
                  options.Scope.Add("address");
   // …
   options.ClaimActions.DeleteClaim("address");
              });
        }

GET idphostaddress/connect/userinfo
Authorization: Bearer R9aty5OPlk

dotnet add package IdentityModel

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Authorize]
    public class GalleryController : Controller
    {
        public async Task<IActionResult> OrderFrame()
        {
            var discoveryClient = new DiscoveryClient(_configuration["IDPBaseAddress"]);
            var metaDataResponse = await discoveryClient.GetAsync();

            var userInfoClient = new UserInfoClient(metaDataResponse.UserInfoEndpoint);

            var accessToken = await HttpContext.GetTokenAsync(OpenIdConnectParameterNames.AccessToken);
            var response = await userInfoClient.GetAsync(accessToken);
            if (response.IsError)
            {
                throw new Exception("Problem accessing the UserInfo endpoint.", response.Exception);
            }

            var address = response.Claims.FirstOrDefault(c => c.Type == "address")?.Value;
            return View(new OrderFrameViewModel(address));
        }

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.ViewModels
{
    public class OrderFrameViewModel
    {
        public string Address { get; } = string.Empty;

        public OrderFrameViewModel(string address)
        {
            Address = address;
        }
    }
}

@model ImageGallery.MvcClient.ViewModels.OrderFrameViewModel
<div class="container">
    <div class="h3 bottomMarginDefault">Order a framed version of your favorite picture.</div>
    <div class="text bottomMarginSmall">We've got this address on record for you:</div>
    <div class="text text-info bottomMarginSmall">@Model.Address</div>
    <div class="text">If this isn't correct, please contact us.</div>
</div>

<li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="OrderFrame">Order a framed picture</a></li>

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static List<TestUser> GetUsers()
        {
            return new List<TestUser>
            {
                new TestUser
                {
//...
                    Claims = new List<Claim>
                    {
//...
                        new Claim("role", "PayingUser")
                    }
                },
                new TestUser
                {
//...
                    Claims = new List<Claim>
                    {
//...
                        new Claim("role", "FreeUser")
                    }
                }
            };
        }

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static IEnumerable<IdentityResource> GetIdentityResources()
        {
            return new List<IdentityResource>
            {
                // ...
                new IdentityResource(
                    name: "roles",
                    displayName: "Your role(s)",
                    claimTypes: new List<string>() { "role" })
            };
        }

namespace DNT.IDP
{
    public static class Config
    {
        public static IEnumerable<Client> GetClients()
        {
            return new List<Client>
            {
                new Client
                {
// ...
                    AllowedScopes =
                    {
// ...
                        "roles"
                    }
// ...
                }
             };
        }

options.Scope.Add("roles");

• Claim type: sub - Claim value: d860efca-22d9-47fd-8249-791ba61b07c7
• Claim type: amr - Claim value: pwd
• Claim type: given_name - Claim value: Vahid
• Claim type: family_name - Claim value: N

options.ClaimActions.MapUniqueJsonKey(claimType: "role", jsonKey: "role");

• Claim type: sub - Claim value: d860efca-22d9-47fd-8249-791ba61b07c7
• Claim type: amr - Claim value: pwd
• Claim type: given_name - Claim value: Vahid
• Claim type: family_name - Claim value: N
• Claim type: role - Claim value: PayingUser

@if(User.IsInRole("PayingUser"))
{
   <li><a asp-area="" asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="OrderFrame">Order a framed picture</a></li>
}

options.TokenValidationParameters = new TokenValidationParameters
{
    NameClaimType = JwtClaimTypes.GivenName,
    RoleClaimType = JwtClaimTypes.Role,
};

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp.Controllers
{
    [Authorize]
    public class GalleryController : Controller
    {
        [Authorize(Roles = "PayingUser")]
        public async Task<IActionResult> OrderFrame()
        {

using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc;

public class AuthorizationController : Controller
{
    public IActionResult AccessDenied()
    {
        return View();
    }
}

<div class="container">
    <div class="h3">Woops, looks like you're not authorized to view this page.</div>
    <div>Would you prefer to <a asp-controller="Gallery" asp-action="Logout">log in as someone else</a>?</div>
</div>

namespace ImageGallery.MvcClient.WebApp
{
    public class Startup
    {
        public void ConfigureServices(IServiceCollection services)
        {
            services.AddAuthentication(options =>
            {
                // ...
            }).AddCookie("Cookies", options =>
              {
                  options.AccessDeniedPath = "/Authorization/AccessDenied";
              })
// ...

using System;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using Newtonsoft.Json;

namespace WebToolkit
{
    public class SimpleHttp
    {
        public HttpStatusCode PostAsJson(string url, object data, JsonSerializerSettings settings)
        {
            if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(url))
                throw new ArgumentNullException("url");

            return PostAsJson(new Uri(url), data, settings);
        }

        public HttpStatusCode PostAsJson(Uri url, object data, JsonSerializerSettings settings)
        {
            if (url == null)
                throw new ArgumentNullException("url");

            var postRequest = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url);
            postRequest.Method = "POST";
            postRequest.UserAgent = "SimpleHttp/1.0";
            postRequest.ContentType = "application/json; charset=utf-8";

            using (var stream = new StreamWriter(postRequest.GetRequestStream()))
            {
                var serializer = JsonSerializer.Create(settings);
                using (var writer = new JsonTextWriter(stream))
                {
                    serializer.Serialize(writer, data);
                    writer.Flush();
                }
            }

            using (var response = (HttpWebResponse)postRequest.GetResponse())
            {
                return response.StatusCode;
            }
        }
    }
}

• در مثال قبل پروژه به صورت Desktop و با WPF پیاده سازی شده بود ولی در این مثال با Silverlight می‌باشد؛
• در مثال قبل از UnityBootstrapper استفاده شده بود ولی در این مثال از MefBootstrapper؛
• در مثال قبل هر View در یک ماژول قرار داشت ولی در این مثال هر دو View را در یک ماژول قرار دادم؛
• در مثال قبل از Prism Libary 2.x استفاده شده بود ولی در این مثال از PrismLibrary 4.x؛
• و...

نکته : برای فهم بهتر مفاهیم، آشنایی اولیه با MEF و مفاهیمی نظیر Export و Import و AggregateCatalog و AssemblyCatalog نیاز است. در صورتی که با این مطالب آشنایی ندارید می‌توانید از (^) شروع کنید.

<UserControl 
             x:Class="Module1.Module1View1"
             xmlns:sdk="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation/sdk" 
             xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" FlowDirection="RightToLeft" FontFamily="Tahoma">
    <StackPanel>
        <sdk:DataGrid Height="100">
            <sdk:DataGrid.Columns>
                <sdk:DataGridTextColumn Header="کد" Width="50"  />
                <sdk:DataGridTextColumn Header="عنوان" Width="200" />
                <sdk:DataGridTextColumn Header="نویسنده" Width="150"  />
            </sdk:DataGrid.Columns>
        </sdk:DataGrid>
        <Button x:Name="NextViewButton"
                Width="150"
                Height="25"
                Foreground="Red"
                Background="Blue"
                Content="لیست طبقه بندی ها" />
    </StackPanel>
</UserControl>

 [Export(typeof(Module1View1))]
    public partial class Module1View1 : UserControl
    {
        [Import]
        public IRegionManager TheRegionManager { private get; set; }

        public Module1View1()
        {
            InitializeComponent();

            NextViewButton.Click += NextViewButton_Click;
        }

        void NextViewButton_Click(object sender, RoutedEventArgs e)
        {
            TheRegionManager.RequestNavigate
            (
                "MyRegion1",
                new Uri("Module1View2", UriKind.Relative),
                a => { }
            );
        }
    }

<UserControl 
             xmlns:sdk="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation/sdk"  x:Class="Module1.Module1View2"
             xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml" FlowDirection="RightToLeft" FontFamily="Tahoma">
    <StackPanel>
        <sdk:DataGrid Height="100">
            <sdk:DataGrid.Columns>
                <sdk:DataGridTextColumn Header="کد" Width="150"/>
                <sdk:DataGridTextColumn Header="عنوان" Width="150"/>                
            </sdk:DataGrid.Columns>
        </sdk:DataGrid>
        <Button x:Name="NextViewButton"
                Width="150"
                Height="25"
                Foreground="Green"
                Background="Yellow"
                Content="لیست کتاب ها" />
    </StackPanel>
</UserControl>

using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Regions;
using System;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;

namespace Module1
{
    [Export]
    public partial class Module1View2 : UserControl
    {
        IRegion _region1;

        [ImportingConstructor]
        public Module1View2( [Import] IRegionManager regionManager )
        {
            InitializeComponent();
         
            ViewModel viewModel = new ViewModel();
            DataContext = viewModel;

            viewModel.ShouldNavigateFromCurrentViewEvent += () => { return true; };

            _region1 = regionManager.Regions["MyRegion1"];

            NextViewButton.Click += NextViewButton_Click;
        }

        void NextViewButton_Click( object sender, RoutedEventArgs e )
        {
            _region1.RequestNavigate
            (
                new Uri( "Module1View1", UriKind.Relative ),
                a => { }
            );
        }
    }
}

using System;
using System.Net;
using System.Windows;
using System.Windows.Controls;
using System.Windows.Documents;
using System.Windows.Ink;
using System.Windows.Input;
using System.Windows.Media;
using System.Windows.Media.Animation;
using System.Windows.Shapes;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition;
using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Regions;

namespace Module1
{
    public class ViewModel : IConfirmNavigationRequest
    {       
        public event Func<bool> ShouldNavigateFromCurrentViewEvent;      

        public bool IsNavigationTarget( NavigationContext navigationContext )
        {
            return true;
        }

        public void OnNavigatedTo( NavigationContext navigationContext )
        {

        }

        public void OnNavigatedFrom( NavigationContext navigationContext )
        {

        }         

        public void ConfirmNavigationRequest( NavigationContext navigationContext, Action<bool> continuationCallback )
        {
            bool shouldNavigateFromCurrentViewFlag = false;

            if ( ShouldNavigateFromCurrentViewEvent != null )
                shouldNavigateFromCurrentViewFlag = ShouldNavigateFromCurrentViewEvent();

            continuationCallback( shouldNavigateFromCurrentViewFlag );
        }    
    }
}

using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.MefExtensions.Modularity;
using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Modularity;
using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Regions;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition;

namespace Module1
{
    [ModuleExport(typeof(Module1Impl))]
    public class Module1Impl : IModule
    {       
        [Import]
        public IRegionManager TheRegionManager { private get; set; }     

        public void Initialize()
        {
            TheRegionManager.RegisterViewWithRegion("MyRegion1", typeof(Module1View1));

            TheRegionManager.RegisterViewWithRegion("MyRegion1", typeof(Module1View2));
        }
    }
}

<UserControl x:Class="NavigationViaViewModel.Shell"
             xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml/presentation"
             xmlns:x="http://schemas.microsoft.com/winfx/2006/xaml"
             xmlns:prism="http://www.codeplex.com/prism" FlowDirection="RightToLeft" FontFamily="Tahoma">

    <Grid x:Name="LayoutRoot"
          Background="White">
        <TextBlock Text="لیست کتاب‌ها به همراه طبقه بندی آن ها"
                   FontSize="19"
                   Foreground="Black"
                   HorizontalAlignment="Center"
                   VerticalAlignment="Top" />
        <ContentControl HorizontalAlignment="Center"
                        VerticalAlignment="Center"
                        prism:RegionManager.RegionName="MyRegion1" />
    </Grid>
</UserControl>

using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.MefExtensions;
using Microsoft.Practices.Prism.Modularity;
using System.ComponentModel.Composition.Hosting;
using System.Windows;

namespace NavigationViaViewModel
{
    public class TheBootstrapper : MefBootstrapper
    {
        protected override void InitializeShell()
        {
            base.InitializeShell();

            Application.Current.RootVisual = (UIElement)Shell;
        }

        protected override DependencyObject CreateShell()
        {
            return Container.GetExportedValue<Shell>();
        }

        protected override void ConfigureAggregateCatalog()
        {
            base.ConfigureAggregateCatalog();        
            AggregateCatalog.Catalogs.Add(new AssemblyCatalog(this.GetType().Assembly));
        }

        protected override IModuleCatalog CreateModuleCatalog()
        {
            ModuleCatalog moduleCatalog = new ModuleCatalog();
    
            moduleCatalog.AddModule
            (
                new ModuleInfo
                {
                    InitializationMode = InitializationMode.WhenAvailable,
                    Ref = "Module1.xap",
                    ModuleName = "Module1Impl",
                    ModuleType = "Module1.Module1Impl, Module1, Version=1.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null"
                }
            );

            return moduleCatalog;
        }
    }
}

00000000 00000000 00000000 00001100

00000000 00000000 00000000 00000110

uint e = 0b_1001;
Console.WriteLine($"Before: {Convert.ToString(e, toBase: 2),4}");
// Before: 1001

uint f = e >> 2;
Console.WriteLine($"After:  {Convert.ToString(f, toBase: 2).PadLeft(4, '0'),4}");
// After:  0010

10000000 00000000 00000000 01100000

11111000 00000000 00000000 00000110

int x = -8;
Console.WriteLine($"Before: {x,11}, hex: {x,8:x}, binary: {Convert.ToString(x, toBase: 2),32}");
// Before: -8, hex: fffffff8, binary: 11111111111111111111111111111000

int y = x >> 2;
Console.WriteLine($"After  >>: {y,11}, hex: {y,8:x}, binary: {Convert.ToString(y, toBase: 2),32}");
// After  >>: -2, hex: fffffffe, binary: 11111111111111111111111111111110

int z = x >>> 2;
Console.WriteLine($"After >>>: {z,11}, hex: {z,8:x}, binary: {Convert.ToString(z, toBase: 2).PadLeft(32, '0'),32}");
// After >>>:  1073741822, hex: 3ffffffe, binary: 00111111111111111111111111111110

public static int UnsignedRightShift(this int signed, int places)
{
    unchecked
    {
        var unsigned = (uint)signed;
        unsigned >>= places;
        return (int)unsigned;
    }
}

public static long UnsignedRightShift(this long signed, int places)
{
    unchecked
    {
        var unsigned = (ulong)signed;
        unsigned >>= places;
        return (long)unsigned;
    }
}

public class Customer
{
    public string Password { get; set; }
    public string Stno { get; set; }
    public int value { get; set; }
    public bool Active { get; set; }
}

public class RequestContext
{
    public int VamValue { get; set; }
    public Customer student { get; set; }
}

public class ResponseContext
{
    public string Response { get; set; }
}

public abstract class GetVam
{
    protected readonly GetVam successor;
    
    public GetVam(GetVam _getVam)
    {
        this.successor = _getVam;
    }

    public abstract ResponseContext execute(RequestContext requestContext);
}

public class CheckUseractive : GetVam
{
    public CheckUseractive(GetVam _getVam) : base(_getVam)
    {
    }

    public override ResponseContext execute(RequestContext requestContext)
    {
        if (requestContext.student.Active == true)
        {
            return successor.execute(requestContext);
        }

        else
        {

            return new ResponseContext
            {
                Response = "student is inactive"
            };
        }
    }
}

public class ChechPassword : GetVam
{
    public ChechPassword(GetVam _getVam) : base(_getVam)
    {
    }

    public override ResponseContext execute(RequestContext requestContext)
    {
        if (requestContext.student.Password == "123")
        {
            return successor.execute(requestContext);
        }
        else
        {
            return new ResponseContext
            {
                Response = "invalid pass",
            };
        }
    }
}

public class ChechUserBedehkar : GetVam
{
    public ChechUserBedehkar(GetVam _getVam) : base(_getVam)
    {
    }

    public override ResponseContext execute(RequestContext requestContext)
    {
        if (requestContext.student.value < requestContext.VamValue)
        {
            return successor.execute(requestContext);
        }
        else
        {
            return new ResponseContext
            {
                Response = "you are dont permission"
            };
        }
    }
}

public class AssignVam : GetVam
{
    public AssignVam(GetVam _getVam) : base(_getVam)
    {
    }

    public override ResponseContext execute(RequestContext requestContext)
    {
        return new ResponseContext
        {
            Response = "value of vam: " + (requestContext.VamValue - requestContext.student.value).ToString();
        };
    }
}

partial class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        Customer customer = new Customer()
        {
            Active = true,
            Password = "123",
            Stno = "111",
            value = 2000

        };

        RequestContext requestContext = new RequestContext()
        {

            student = customer,
            VamValue = 3000,
        };

        var GetVam = new CheckUseractive(new ChechPassword(new ChechUserBedehkar(new AssignVam(null))));
        var res = GetVam.execute(requestContext);
        Console.Write(res.Response);
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

    public class ProductService
    {
        public IEnumerable<Product> GetOrderedProducts()
        {
            using (var ctx = new Entites())
            {
                return ctx.Products.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ToList();
            }
        }
    }

• Using Entity Framework in integration tests
  
• How We Do Database Integration Tests With Entity Framework Migrations
  

    public class ProductService
    {
        private readonly IDbSet<Product> _products;
        private readonly IUnitOfWork _uow;
        public ProductService(IUnitOfWork uow)
        {
            _uow = uow;
            _products = _uow.Set<Product>();
        }
     public IEnumerable<Product> GetOrderedProducts()
        {
            return _products.OrderBy(x => x.Name).ToList();
        }
    }

   [TestFixture]
    public class ProductServiceTest
    {
        private readonly ProductService _productService;
        public ProductServiceTest()
        {
            IQueryable<Product> data = GetRoadNetworks().AsQueryable();
            var mockSet = new Mock<DbSet<Product>>();
            mockSet.As<IQueryable<Product>>().Setup(m => m.Provider).Returns(data.Provider);
            mockSet.As<IQueryable<Product>>().Setup(m => m.Expression).Returns(data.Expression);
            mockSet.As<IQueryable<Product>>().Setup(m => m.ElementType).Returns(data.ElementType);
            mockSet.As<IQueryable<Product>>().Setup(m => m.GetEnumerator()).Returns(data.GetEnumerator());
            var context = new Mock<Entites>();
            context.Setup(c => c.Products).Returns(mockSet.Object);
            context.Setup(m => m.Set<Product>()).Returns(mockSet.Object);
            _productService = new ProductService(context.Object);
        }
        private IEnumerable<Product> GetRoadNetworks()
        {
            return new List<Product>
            {
                new Product
                {
                    Id = 1,
                    Name = "A"
                },
                new Product
                {
                    Id = 2,
                    Name = "B"
                },
                new Product
                {
                    Id = 3,
                    Name = "C"
                }
            };
        }
        [Test]
        public void GetOrderedProductTest()
        {
            IEnumerable<Product> products = _productService.GetOrderedProducts();
            List<string> names = products.Select(x => x.Name).ToList();
            var expected = new List<string> {"A", "B", "C"};
            CollectionAssert.AreEqual(names, expected);
        }
    }